EKT 450 Mobile Communication System

Chapter 1: Introduction to

Mobile Communication System

Prof Dr. Sabira Khatun,

Dr. Muzammil Jusoh, Dr. Norsuhaida Ahmad

School of Computer and Communication Engineering

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Course Outcomes (CO)

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• Ability to identify important components and

functions of a mobile communication system.

• Ability to explain, evaluate and compare the

differences in characteristics and areas of

applications between different types of mobile

communication systems.

• Ability to apply and analyze the issues in

mobile communication system.

• Ability to identify and describe the latest

techniques and standards in mobile

communication system.

Course Assessments

3

• Examination : 70%

• Test(s) : 10%

• Final Exam : 60%

• Course work : 30%

• Mini Project : 20%

• Assignments/Quizzes : 10%

Text Books / References

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• Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications

– Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 2002.

• David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals

of Wireless Communications, Cambridge Press,

2005.

• Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications,

Cambridge University Press, 2005.

• Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia:

http://www.skmm.gov.my

• Tharek Abd Rahman, ‘Mobile Communication

System,’ Lecture Notes, Fakulti Kejuruteraan

Elektrik, Universiti Teknologi M’sia.

The Electronics Boom !

Figure 1.1 The growth of mobile telephony as compared with other popular inventions of the 20th century. 5

Radio Frequency Spectrum

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Frequenc

y Wavelength

Mobile Radio Telephony in the U.S.

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Mobile Radio Telephony in Malaysia

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IMT-2000 or 3G in Malaysia

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IMT-2000

3G - the third generation of mobile telecommunications

technology.

• 3G telecommunication networks support services that

provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s.

• Later 3G releases (often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G), also

provide mobile broadband access of

several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop

computers.

• Application in wireless voice telephony, mobile

Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video

calls and mobile TV.

• Use services and networks that comply with the International

Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications

by the International Telecommunication Union.

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World Interoperability for

Microwave Access (WiMAX) in

Malaysia

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Mobile Radio Systems Around the

World

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Mobile Radio Systems Around the

World

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Mobile Radio Systems Around the

World

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Mobile Communication Systems

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Analogue

Digital

Types Mobile Radio

Pagers

Walkie Talkie

Cellular

Telephone

(1G)

(2G & 3G)

Cellular Radio

Radio Taxi [ NMT450,NMT900,

TACS, AMPS etc]

[GSM900, GSM1800,GSM19000,

DAMPS, PDC, IS 95 and IMT2000]

Wireless Communication Systems

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Example of Wireless

Communication Systems – Paging

Systems

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• Systems that send brief messages (called ‘page’) to a

subscriber – via paging system access number.

• Paging system transmits the page throughout the service area

using base stations which broadcast the page using radio

carrier.

• Paging systems are designed to provide reliable

communication to subscribers wherever they are.

Why do paging system need to :

• use large transmitter power?

• provide low data rates?

• How does a low data rate lead to better

coverage?

solution

Wide Area Paging System

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Example of Wireless

Communication Systems –

Cordless Telephone Systems

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• Full duplex system.

• Modern cordless telephones are sometimes combined with

paging receiver – subscriber is paged and respond to the

page using the cordless phone.

Example of Wireless

Communication Systems – Cellular

Telephone Systems

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• Provides a wireless connection to the Public Switched

Telephone Network (PSTN) for any user location within the

radio range of the system.

• Accommodate large number of users + large geographic

area – within limited frequency spectrum.

• How to increase capacity? – smaller geographic area called

‘cell’.

• How to deal with limited frequency spectrum? – frequency

reuse.

• Switching technique between ‘cells’ – handoff.

Cellular System

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Cellular System – Basic Entities

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• Mobile Stations

• Transceiver

• Antenna

• Control circuitry

• Moves at pedestrian or vehicle speed

• Base Stations

• Several transmitters and receivers

• Tower that supports several transmitting and receiving

antennas

• Link between all mobile users and the MSC

• Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

• Connects mobiles to Public Switching Telephone Network

(PSTN)

• Coordinates activities of all BS

• Controls billing and system maintenance functions.

Comparison of Mobile

Communication Systems

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Comparison of Mobile

Communication Systems

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Problem 1

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Qualitatively describe how the power supply

requirements differ between:

a) Mobile and portable cellular phones?

b) Pocket pagers and cordless phones?

How does coverage range impact battery life in

a mobile radio system?

solution

Problem 2

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Assume a 1 Amp-hour battery is used on a cellular

telephone. Also assume that the cellular telephone

draws 35mA in idle mode and 250 mA during a call.

How long would the phone work (what is the

battery life) if the user leaves the phone on

continually and has:

a) 3-minute call everyday?

b) 3-minute call every 6 hours?

c) 3-minute call every hours?

d) What is the maximum talk time available?

solution

Modern Wireless

Communication Systems

Figure 2.1 Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the world. 27

2G Cellular Networks

Figure 2.2 Worldwide subscriber base as a function of cellular technology in late 2001. 28

2G Cellular Networks

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Figure 2.3 Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies.

From 2G to 3G

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From 2G to 3G

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Third Generation (3G) Wireless

Networks

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Evolution of Cellular Systems

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80‘s 2000‘s 90‘s

1 G

Analog

AMPS,NMT,

TACS etc

2 G

Digital

GSM900,GSM1800,

DAMPS,PDC,IS95, etc

3 G

IMT-2000

450MHz

800MHz

900MHz

800MHZ

900MHZ

1500MHz

1800MHz

1900MHz

2000MHz

Voice Voice & Low Data Rate Multimedia Application:

Frequency

Band:

2.5G

GPRS

Evolution of Cellular Systems

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AMPS NMT

1G TACS

GSM/UMTS

(WCDMA)

CDMA2000 3G

Additional wireless

access technologies:

• BlueTooth

• WLAN

• WiMAX

GPRS

2G GSM

PDC IS.95

D-AMPS

Evolution of Cellular Systems

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Applications

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• Analog : You could only easily use analogue cellular to make voice calls, and typically only in one country.

• Digital mobile phone systems added fax, data and messaging capabilities as well as voice telephone services in many countries.

• Multimedia services add high speed data transfer to mobile devices, allowing new video, audio and other applications through mobile phones allowing music and television and the Internet to be accessed through a mobile terminal.

1G

2G

3G

3G Concept

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Satellite

"Macro" Cell "Micro” Cell

Pedestrian In-Building

"Pico" Cell

Multimedia Services

High Quality

Global Roaming

Backward Compatibility

Anywhere, Anytime, Anyone

Figure 2.4 Example of the emerging applications and markets for broadband services. (Courtesy of Harris

Corporation, ©1999, all rights reserved.)

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Broadband Wireless Spectrum

Figure 2.5 Allocation of broadband wireless spectrum throughout the world. (Courtesy of Ray W. Nettleton and

reproduced by permission of Formus Communications.) 39

Received Power in Clear Sky

Figure 2.8 Measured received power levels over a 605 m 38 GHz fixed wireless link in clear sky, rain, and hail.

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Received Power during Storm

Figure 2.9 Measured received power during rain storm at 38 GHz [from [Xu00], ©IEEE].

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Wireless Local Area Networks

(WLANs)

Figure 2.10 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard.

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WLAN Products

Figure 2.11 Photographs of popular 802.11b WLAN equipment. Access points and a client card are shown on left, and PCMCIA Client card is shown on right. (Courtesy of Cisco Systems, Inc.)

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WLAN Coverage (3 Access Points)

Figure 2.13 A predicted coverage plot for three access points in a modern large lecture hall. (Courtesy of Wireless Valley

Communications, Inc., ©2000, all rights reserved.)

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WLAN Coverage Predictions

Figure 2.15 A typical neighborhood where high speed license free

WLAN service from the street might be contemplated [Dur98b].

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Figure 2.16 Measured values of path loss using a street-mounted lamp-post transmitter at 5.8 GHz, for various types of customer premise antenna [from [Dur98], ©IEEE].

Bluetooth and Personal Area

Networks (PANs)

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Personal Area Network (PAN)

Figure 2.17 Example of a Personal Area Network (PAN) as provided by the Bluetooth standard. 47