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8/6/2019 M u ti chnh cng

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Chng 1Why Study Public Finance?

Jonathan Gruber

Public Finance and Public Policy

Aaron S. Yelowitz - Copyright 2005 Worth Publishers

Translated by CuongPT


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Gii thiu

Cc gc nhn t

ng phn v

chnh quy

n

Vai tr ca chnh quyn l to ra mt mi trng mcc doanh nhn s sn sng chp nhn ri ro v c khnng thu c li nhun t nhng ri ro .

George W. Bush

Cc chnh sch ng n c th nui dng mtmi trng m c th gip tng trng mnh m hn

v to ra vic lm d dng hn .

From Kerry and Edwards Our Plan For America


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Gii thiu

vai tr ng n c

a chnh quy

n?

C mt svn xy ra trongti chnh cng.

Vai tr ng n ca chnh quyn trong nn kinht?

V mt chi ph: nhng dch v g chnh quyn nncung cp?

V mt thu thu: chnh quyn s thu tin ca mnhbng cch no?


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Bn cu hi v ti chnh cng

When khi no th chnh quyn nn can thip vonn kinh t?

Howchnh quyn nn can thip nh th no?

Whatnhngnh hng ca s can thip ln nnkinh t ra sao?

Whyti sao chnh quyn chn cch can thip vo

nn kinh t theo cch h lm?


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Khi no chnh quyn nn can thip vonn kinh t?

Thng thng, cc th trng ring cung cp mtcch hiu qu li nhun cho nn kinh t.

Nhn chung, khng c l do g bo cha cho vicchnh quyn can thip vo th trng. Nhng chai l do c th xem xt :

S tht bi ca cc th trng (market failure)

Ti phn phi li th trng (redistribution)


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Khi no chnh quyn nn can thip ?Tht bi ca th trng

Trong mt th trng in hnh, the efficientoutcomelni ng cong cung v cu giao nhau. Trong phmvi bo him y t, s c mt s ngi khng c

hng bo him.


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KhiKhi nono chnhchnh quyquynn nnnn cancan thithipp??ThTh trtrngng ththtt bbii

Nm 2003, c 45 triu ngi khng c nhn bohim y t M, chim 15.6% dn s.

Khng c bo him c th l gytc ng tiu cc

tr

c cc dch b

nh truy

n nhi

mnh

ng ng

ikhng c bo him s xung t li ch vi nhng

ngi khc. Dch si giai on 1989-1991, khi pht bi s

min dch yu ca tr em tng l mt vn .

Kt qu l chnh quyn phi ti trvac-xin chonhng gia nh thu nhp thp.


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Khi no chnh quyn nn can thip?Ti phn phi (Redistribution)

Chnh quyn c th iu phi ming bnh kinh tcng nh phn bnh ca mi ngi trong mingbnh .

V d, x hi c th coi trng vic tng $1 mua smca ngi ngho hn nhiu so vi tng $1 mua smca mt ngi giu.

T

i phn phil vi

c chuy

n m

t ph

n c

a c

i t

mt nhm no trong x hi sang cho nhmkhc.


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Khi no chnh quyn nn can thip?Ti phn phi (cont.)

Trli v d bo him, c 3 /4 s gia nh thu nhpdi mc trung bnh M. X hi c th cm thy cn thit phi ti phn phi

vi trng hp bo him (i vi nhng ngi thunhp cao) cho nhng ngi khng c bo him(nhng ngi thu nhp thp hn).

Ti phn phi thng gy ra mt mt nng sut(efficiency).

ng thi ti phn phi c th thay i hnh vi camt c nhn. nh thu ngi giu phn phitin cho ngi ngho c th lm c hainhm laong km hn.


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Chnh quyn can thip nh th no?

Nu chnh quyn mun can thip vo mt th trng, cmt vi la chn sau: S dngcng cgi (pricemechanism) bng thu hoc trcp.

Khu tr thu c th lm gim gi thc t (effective price) ca

bo him y t. Mnh lnh (mandates) p t ln cc c nhn hoc t chc

cung cp hng ha. Cc o lut Pay-or-play yu cu gii ch phi cung cp bo

him y t, vd Californias Health Insurance Act.

Trcp x hi (public provision) Vd chng trnh Medicare cho cc cng dn cao tui M

(chm sc ngi trn 65 tui).

Public FinancingofPrivateProvision

Medicare prescription drug cards, where private companies

administer the drug insurance.


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Nhng tc ngca cc hnh thc can thip?

Nhiu mc tiu ca empirical public financec dnhcho vic nh gi tc ngtrc tip v gin tipca cc hnh ng can thip ca chnh quyn.

Cc tc ng trc tip ca cc ng thi ca chnhquyn gi nh rngno behavioral responses vkho st cc tc ng c mong i ca cc ngthi .

Cc tc ng gin tip xut hin bi mt s ngi thayi hnh vi ca h khi phn ng li cc tc ng.iu ny i khi c gi l law of unintendedconsequences.


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nh hng ca cc hnh thc can thip?Mrng bo him y t

nh hng trc tip ca cc quy nh v bo him y t chonhng ngi cha c bo him: Chng 44 triu ngi M c thc m bo, chi ph cho lut l 88 t la. y l iu d tnhca lut.

nh hnggin tip ca mt chnh sch: mt s tham giabo him y t ngun khc s c th b buc phi chuyn dngloi hnh bo him y t min ph ca chnh quyn. Nhng tim n ln, gn 200 triu ngi M dng bo him

t c nhn nm 2003.

Nu 90 triu ngi hy b bo him c nhn, iu ny stng chi ph ln ti 268 t la. Nu ch 10% s ngi (20 triu) b hy bo him, chi ph

cng tng ln ti 124 t la. Cuhi t ra:Bao nhiu ngi trong s h s phn ng li?

Cc l thuyt khng gip c nh c iu ny.


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HHii ngng ququnn ll ngnngn schsch (CBO)(CBO)

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) cung cp ccnh gi c lp, phi chnh tr cn thit cho ccquyt sch kinh t ca chnh ph.

ng vai tr scorekeeper bng cch c lngchi ph.

ng mt vai tr trong vic bc b d lut chm

sc s

c kh

e (health care plan) c

a Clinton nm1994 bng cc c lng chi ph ca n.


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Ti sao cc chnh ph thc hin nhngiu ?

Bi cc chnh ph khng n thun ch l cc thch n ha ch can thip khi th trng tht bi vti phn phi.

Cc cng c ca kinh tchnh trgip chng ta hiubng cch no cc chnh ph a ra c nhngchnh sch cng.

Ch cn th trng tht bi s dn ti marketinefficiency, s c mt nguyn ccho ccgovernmentfailuresth m s dn ti cc hnh ng can thipkhng hp l ca chnh quyn.


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Ti sao cc chnh ph thc hin nhngiu (cont.)?

V d, cc thay i cc nc pht trin trong viccung cp dch v chm sc y t cho thy hiu quv ti phn phi khng ch l nhng cn nhc.

U.S.: Private health insurance

Canada:National public health insurance

Germany: Mandates private health coverage

U

.K.:

Free national health care


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Thc trng v chnh quynKch cv s pht trin

Kch c(size) ca mt chnh quyn thng c olng lin quan ti mt s nh gi (benchmark),ph bin nht l theo GDP. N phn nh kch c

ca chnh quyn theo lm pht v gia tng dn s.Thp k 30: chnh quyn M tiu tn 5% GDP.

Thp k 70 v sau: Khong 20% GDP (Figure 1Figure 1).

Xu hng ny chung cho nhiu quc gia khc thp k 60; chnh ph M pht trin chm li v sau

(Figure 2Figure 2).


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Figure 1

Source: OMB Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2004


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Figure 2

Source: OECD Historical Statistics


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Thc trng v chnh quynS phn quyn v t chc ngn sch

Cc c trng khc:

S phn quyn: M, cc chnh quyn a phng,bang v lin bang u tiu tn mt khon tin nht

nh (Figure 3Figure 3). Chi tiu, thu, thm ht, nnn: chnh quyn Lin

bang ch c c mt ngn sch cn bng khi tigia thp k 70 (Figure 4Figure 4).


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Figure 3



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Figure 4



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Thc trng v chnh quynPhn b chi tiu

Cc c trng khc:

S phn b chi tiu (Figure 7Figure 7). Nm 1960: hn na chi tiu chnh quyn lin bang dng

cho quc phng (c gi l public good). nm 2001: di 20% ngn sch cho quc phng, tng

ngn sach cho cc chng trnh bo him x hi.

Phn b chi tiu ca bang v a phng thng khng

thay i t ngt; gio dc l thnh phn c chi tiunhiu nht.


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Figure 7


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Thc trng v chnh quynPhn b cc ngun thu (cont.)

Cc c im khc

Phn b ngn sch khc bit gia cc cp bang/aphng. Thu tiu th (Sales taxes) Tin trcp (Grants-in-aid, t chnh quyn lin bang)

Thu thu nhp (Income taxes)

Thu ti sn (Property taxes)

Nhn chung l tng ng v tm quan trng.


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Figure 8a


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Figure 8b


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Thc trng v chnh quynVai tr iu tit ca chnh quyn

Mt s c im khc

Vai tr iu tit thng khng ni bt ln vi ngha gi tr ca chnh ph nhng n gip gia tng

nh hng ca chnh ph. FDA (Cc thc phm v dc phm M) iu tit

gn 25% chi tiu ca ngi dng.

OSHA (B sc khe v an ton lao ng) iu tit 7

triu vic lm an ton. FCC, EPA.


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Tng qut ni dung kha hc

Cc ch ti chnh cng lun l cc ti tranhlun hng u ca cc chnh sch cng. Sc khcbit v ci nhn ca nhng ngi ch ngha bo th

v ch ngha t do. Cc v d s xoay quanh:An ninh x hi (social security): T hu ha

(Privatize) hay tng thu tin lng (payroll taxes)?

Chm sc sc khe: x hi ha y t hay trcp v

thu? Gio dc: Tr lng cao cho gio vin (higher

teacher pay) hay gim hc ph (vouchers)?


30/30

Ni dung cn nhtrong bi hc

4 cu hi chnh v ti chnh cng

Chnh quyn can thip nh th no?

Kch c(size) ca chnh quyn ?

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