mnemiopsis leidyi
TRANSCRIPT
Mnemiopsis leidyi
M.leidyi
MINISTRY OF JIHAD - E - AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, EDUCATION & EXTENTION ORGANIZATION
IRANIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH ORGANIZATION- Caspian Sea Ecology Research
Center
Title:
Study on distribution of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea (Iranian Coasts)
Executor :
Abolghasem Roohi
Registration Number
2009.1161
Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, EDUCATION & EXTENTION ORGANIZATION IRANIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH ORGANIZATION
Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center
Title : Study on distribution of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea (Iranian CoastsApprpved Number: 2-032-20-04-84032 Author: Abolghasem Roohi Executor : Abolghasem Roohi Collaborator(s) : M.Nazaran,N.Khoodaparast,F.Vahadi,M.T.Rostamian,S.A.Varedi,H.Yoonesipor,Y.Oolomi,A.R.Kayhan Sani,A.Nacrolah Tabar,F.S.Tahami,T.M.Poormand Advisor(s): A. Nikoeyan, B.Hassan Zadeh KiabiLocation of execution : Mazandaran province Date of Beginning :2005 Period of execution : 2 years Publisher : Iranian Fisheries Research Organization Circulation : 15 Date of publishing : 2009 All Right Reserved . No Part of this Publication May be Reproduced or Transmitted without indicating the Original Reference
Mnemiopsis leidyi
M.leidyi
M.leidyi
Mnemiopsis leidyi (Agassiz)
M. leidyi
M. leidyi
RotatoriaCopepodaCilliophoraCladocera
RotatoriaCopepoda
Pseudocumidae Gamaridae
AmphartidaeOligochaetaBalanidaeXantidaeNereidaeScarbicularidae
Carididae
MytilidaeHerpobdellidaeChironomidaeOligochaeta
Bivalve
Chrysophyta
CyanophytChlorophyta PyrhophytaEuglenophyta
CrysophytaPyrhophyta
Euglenophyta
ppt
M.leidyi
Mnemiopsis leidyiCtenophoraLobata
Harbinson and Volovik, 1993
Vinogradov et al., 1989
Shiganova, 1997Ivanov et al.,
2000M. leidyiGESAMP,1997
Ivanov
Mnemiopsis leidyi)
,1980Mountford
Deason and Smayda 1982Greve ,1994 Brodeur,2002
M. leidyiShiganova, 1997Vinogradov et al., 1989
Vinogradov et al., 1989
Engraulis encrasicolums
Kideys, 1994
Kideys et al., 2005
Vinogradov et al., 1989Shiganova, 1997Konsulov and kamburska, 1998
M. leidyi
et al. 1993Volovik1997Prodanov et al.,Shiganova et al., 1998
Shiganova , 2002
Shiganova et al. (2001)
Kideys & Moghim (2003)
M.leidyi
M. leidyi
M. leidyiMETU Net
Kideys and Shiganova, 2001)
.
M. leidyi
M.leidyi
M.leidyi
×L W
= n RwL(Kideys and Shiganova, 2001)
CorrelationANOVA
1997Newel and Newel,
1977Newel and Newel,
1974Vollenweider,
1978Sorina,
1978Sorina,
grabVanveen
Mcintyre and Holmes, 1984
Secchi DiscpHpH
Clesceri et al., 1970
M.leidyi
M. leidyi
726670437100468011618791063 757 1127 1228 1702
94.183.554.5
110.3
69.6
162.3153.1156.7132.3
155.5
104.7
139.3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1384 1385
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
M. leidyi
/p
M.leidyi
1384
66.04
17.127.23 3.47 1.74 1.15 0.98 0.69 0.53 0.48 0.57 0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
1385
71.48
11.416.25 3.41 1.90 1.71 1.04 0.60 0.72 0.95 0.00 0.54
0
20
40
60
80
100
0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0-5 0-10 0-20 20-50 50-100
0
10
20
30
40
50
M. leidyi
M. leidyi
M
.
M. leidyi
M. leidyi
M.leidyi
M. leidyi
Meroplankton,
Spp15 . , 46%
Rotatoria,
Spp 8 . , 25%
Copepoda,
Spp 4 . , 13%
Cladocera,
Sp1 . , 3%
Cilliophora,
Spp 4 . , 13%
32
M. leidyi
HolozooplanktonMeroplankton
Rotatoria
CopepodaCilliophoraCladocera
Acartia clausi
Eurytemora sp. (minor or grimmi)
M.leidyi
Meroplankton
Meroplankton,
Spp 8 . , 44%
Rotatoria,
Spp4 . , 22%
Copepoda,
Spp 2 . , 11%
Cladocera,
Sp1 . , 6%
Cill iophora,
Spp3 . ,17%
18
1384 (
Cill iophora,
Spp2 . ,10%
Cladocera,
Sp1 . ,5%
Copepoda,
Spp 4 . , 20%
Rotatoria,
Spp4 . , 20%
Meroplankton,
Spp 9 . , 45%
20
1385
(
M.leidyi
MeroplanktonRotatoriaCopepoda
CilliophoraCladocera
RotatoriaNeritidae
CilliophoraBivalvia
Cilliophora
CopepodaCladocera
RotatoriaCopepodaRotatoria
Copepoda
Cilliophora
Merozooplankton
M.leidyi
Copepo
d
Cladocera
Cilliophor
Rotatoria
Merozoopla
Copepoda
Cladocera
Cilliophora
Rotatoria
Merozooplankton
Copepoda Copepoda
Acartia clause
BivalviaBalanidaeNeridae
CopepodaCilliophoraRotatoria
Rotatoria
Eurytemora spp.Copepodao No E
M.leidyi
M. leidyi
o No E
o N
o ERotatoria
1384 1385
Acartia clausi 569 2.93 293 1.42
Limnocalanus grimaldii 0 0.00 0 0.00
Calanipeda aquae dulcis 0 0.00 0 0.00
Eurytemora grimmi +minor 0 0.00 5 0.10
other copepoda 110 0.73 6 0.11
Copepoda 678 3.66 304 1.64
Podon polyphemoides 164 0.66 275 1.10
Polyphemus exicus 0 0.00 0 0.00
Cladocera 164 0.66 275 1.10
Asplanchna sp. 55 1.10 1120 22.40
Synchaeta sp. 0 0.00 1 0.001
Rotatoria 55 1.10 1121 22.40
Cilliophora 682 0.09 101 0.01
Merozooplankton 286 0.62 521 2.19
Total Zooplankton 1865 6.13 2322 27.33
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Copepoda
Cladocera
Cilliophora
Rotatoria
Meroplankton
1384
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1385
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0-5 0-10 0-20 20-50 50-100
0
50
100
150
M.leidyi
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0-5 0-10 0-20 20-50 50-100
CopepodaCladoceraCilliophoraRotatoriaMeroplankton
Copepoda
Rotatoria
CladoceraCilliophoraCopepoda
Pseudocumidae GamaridaeAmphartidae
OligochaetaBalanidaeXantidaeNereidaeScarbicularidae
CarididaeMytilidaeHerpobdellidae
Chironomidae
Chironomidae sp, 1 .,
5%
Cardidae sp, 1 .,
5%
Mytilidae sp, 1 .,
5%
Amphartidae spp, 3 .,
14%
Nereidae sp, 1 .,
5%
Scrabicularidae sp, 1 .,
5%
Psedocumidae spp, 5 .,
23%
Herpobdellidae sp, 1 .,
5%
Oligocheta sp, 1 .,
5%
Xantidae sp, 1 .,
5%
Gammaridae spp, 4 .,
18%
Balanidae sp, 1 .,
5%
21
.
MolluscaAnnelidaArthropoda
M.leidyi
Order ( ) Family ( ) Species ( )
Mollusca
(3) Bivalvia
(3) Scrabicularidae
(1) Abra ovata
Cardidae
(1) Cerastoderma lamarcki
Mytilidae
(1)
Annelida
(6) Polychaeta
(5) Amphartidae
(3) Hypania invalida
Hypaniola kawalewski
Parahypania brevipinis
Nereidae
(1) Nereis diversicolar
Herpobdellidae
(1) Archeobdella sp
.
Oligocheta
(1)
Arthropoda
(12) Crustacea
(11) Balanidae
(1) Balanus sp
.
Gammaridae
(4) Cardiophilus baeri
Niphargoides sp
.
Niphargoides carausi
Niphargoides compractus
Xantidae
(1) Rhithropanopeaus harrasii
Psedocumidae
(5) Peterocum pectina
Schizorhynchus eudorellodes
Stenocuma diastyloides
Stenocuma garcilis
Stenocuma garciloides
Insecta
(1) Chironomidae
(1)
AnnelidaArthropodaMollusca
MolluscaAnnelida
Arthropoda
OligochaetaPolychaeta
Parahypania brevipinis
PolychaetaBalanidaeCumaceaBivalveGammaridaeXantidae
Herpobdellidae
Bivalve
Oligochaeta
%
%
Oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Balanidae
Cumacea
Bivalvia
Gammaridae
Diptera
Xantidae
Herpobdellidae
Annelida
Arthropoda
Mollusca
M.leidyi
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Oligochaeta
P o lyc hae ta
B a lan id ae
C u ma cea
B iva lv ia
G am m a r id ae
D ip te r a
X an t id a e
H e rpob de ll ida e
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Oligochaeta PolychaetaBalanidae CumaceaBivalvia Gammaridae
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
Oligochaeta
PolychaetaBivalve
Gammaridae
Cumacea
OligochaetaPolychaeta
Bivalve
OligochaetaPolychaetaBalanidae
CumaceaBivaleGammaridae
OligochaetaPolychaeta
OligochaetaPolychaeta
M.leidyi
OligochaetaPolychaeta
Oligochaeta
Bivalve
OligochaetaPolychaetaCumaceaBalanidaeGammaridae
BivalveOligochaeta
BivalveOligochaeta
Bivalve
%
%
%
%
Oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Balanidae
Cumacea
Bivalvia
Gammaridae
Oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Balanidae
Cumacea
Bivalvia
Gammaridae
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
50
100
150
200
OligochaetaPolychaetaBivalve
M.leidyi
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 Balanidae PolychaetaOligochaeta GammaridaeCumacea Bivalvia
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Balanidae PolychaetaOligochaeta GammaridaeCumacea Bivalvia
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
5 10 20 50 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
OligochaetaPolychaeta
Bivalve
Bivalve
Oligochaeta
Cumacea
M.leidyi
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
5 10 20 50 100
Bananidae BivalviaCumacea GammaridaeOligochaeta Polychaeta
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
5 10 20 50 100
Bananidae BivalviaCumacea GammaridaeOligochaeta Polychaeta
Chrysophyta
CyanophytaChlorophyta PyrhophytaEuglenophyta
172
Cyanophyta19%
Pyrrophyta14%
Euglenophyta8%
Chlorophyta17%
Chrysophyta42%
Chrysophyta
Cyanophyta
Chlorophyta
Pyrhophyta
Euglenophyta
M.leidyi
Crysophyta
CrysophytaPyrhophyta
Euglenophyta
37 107 106
Cyanophyta
19%
Pyrrophyta
22%
Euglenophyta
3%
Chlorophyta
27%
Chrysophyta
29%
304/5 142/6
Cyanophyta
3%
Pyrrophyta
53%
Euglenophyta
2%
Chlorophyta
1%
Chrysophyta
41%A
B
AB
ChlorophytaCyanophyta
Pyrrophyta
M.leidyi
ChlorophytaPyrrophytaChrysophyta
CyanophytaEuglenophyta
, A
Pyrrophyta
ChrysophytaChlorophytaCyanophytaEuglenophyta
, B
A
B
AB
Chrysophyta
Pyrrophyta
Chlorophyta
Cyanophyta
Euglenophyta
M.leidyi
0
20
40
60
80
100
x106
Chrysophyta
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350Pyrrophyta
0
50
100
150
200
0 10 20 50 100
x106
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 50 100
x106
Chlorophyta
0 10 20 50 100
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350Cyanophyta
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 50 100
x106
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350Euglenophyta
0
2
4
6
8
1384 1385
106
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chlorophyta
Pyrrophyta
M.leidyi
pH
pH
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
12.42
12.20
11.95
12.1512.03
0
20
40
60
80
100
11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00
(ppt)
.
ppt
ppt
pptppt
M.leidyi
8.718.768.29
8.26
7.82
7.03
0
20
40
60
80
100
5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
pH
No2
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
No3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
NH4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 N-TOTAL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
P-TOTAL
05
101520253035404550 SiO2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
<
M.leidyi
A
B
C
D
ABCD
.
rp<r
M.leidyi
Mnemio
psis (ind.m-2)
water ToC PH
SALINITY
(ppt)
TRANSPARANC
Y (m) O2
(µg.l-1) Mnemiopsis
(ind.m-2)
Pearson
Correlation 1 .789(**
) .252 -.104 -.498 -.641(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) . .004 .454 .761 .119 .033
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 water ToC Pearson
Correlation .789(**) 1 .233 .117 -.178 -.863(**)
Sig. (2-tailed) .004 . .490 .732 .601 .001
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 PH Pearson
Correlation .252 .233 1 -.136 .170 .022
Sig. (2-tailed) .454 .490 . .690 .617 .950
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 SALINITY
(ppt) Pearson
Correlation -.104 .117 -.136 1 .200 .073
Sig. (2-tailed) .761 .732 .690 . .555 .831
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 TRANSPARA
NCY (m) Pearson
Correlation -.498 -.178 .170 .200 1 .194
Sig. (2-tailed) .119 .601 .617 .555 . .568
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 O2 (µg.l-1) Pearson
Correlation -.641(*) -
.863(**)
.022 .073 .194 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .033 .001 .950 .831 .568 .
N 11 11 11 11 11 11
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
y x = -20.155 2 x + 200.96 + 848.5
R2 = 0.0679
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1384 1385
y x = -41.475 2 x + 495.17
R2 = -0.0082
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
1384 1385
M. leidyi
M.leidyi
Mnemiopsis
(ind.m-2) NO2
(µg.l-1) NO3
(µg.l-1) NH4
(µg.l-1) NTOTAL (µg.l-1)
PINORGAN
(µg.l-1) PTOTAL
(µg.l-1) SIO2
(µg.l-1) Mnemiopsis
(ind.m-2) Pearson
Correlation 1 -.322 -.237 -.016 -.009 -.104 .310 -.357
Sig. (2-tailed) . .333 .483 .963 .978 .762 .353 .281
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NO2 (µg.l-
1) Pearson
Correlation -.322 1 .802(**) .273 .054 .088 .472 .272
Sig. (2-tailed) .333 . .003 .417 .874 .797 .143 .419
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NO3 (µg.l-
1) Pearson
Correlation -.237 .802(**) 1 .452 .387 .543 .601 .219
Sig. (2-tailed) .483 .003 . .162 .239 .085 .051 .517
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NH4 (µg.l-
1) Pearson
Correlation -.016 .273 .452 1 .068 .049 .363 -.017
Sig. (2-tailed) .963 .417 .162 . .842 .886 .273 .959
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NTOTAL
(µg.l-1) Pearson
Correlation -.009 .054 .387 .068 1 .280 .053 .078
Sig. (2-tailed) .978 .874 .239 .842 . .404 .877 .819
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 PINORGAN (µg.l-1)
Pearson Correlation
-.104 .088 .543 .049 .280 1 .462 -.024
Sig. (2-tailed) .762 .797 .085 .886 .404 . .153 .945
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 PTOTAL (µg.l-1)
Pearson Correlation
.310 .472 .601 .363 .053 .462 1 -.260
Sig. (2-tailed) .353 .143 .051 .273 .877 .153 . .440
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 SIO2 (µg.l-
1) Pearson
Correlation -.357 .272 .219 -.017 .078 -.024 -.260 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .281 .419 .517 .959 .819 .945 .440 .
N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Cladocera
Cladocera
MerozooplanktonP
Mnemiopsis (ind.m-2)
Zooplankton (ind.m-2)
Copepoda (ind.m-2)
Cladocera (ind.m-2)
Rotatoria (ind.m-2)
Cilliophora (ind.m-2)
Merozooplankton (ind.m-2)
Mnemiopsis (ind.m-2)
Pearson Correlation
1 -.402 -.272 -.745(**) -.376 .060 -.572(*)
Sig. (2-tailed) . .220 .419 .149 .255 .898 .066
N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 Zooplankton
(ind.m-2) Pearson
Correlation -.402 1 .781(**) .502 .871(**) -.222 .868(**)
Sig. (2-tailed) .220 . .005 .388 .000 .633 .001
N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 COPNM2 Pearson
Correlation -.272 .781(**) 1 .432 .397 -.161 .485
Sig. (2-tailed) .419 .005 . .468 .227 .729 .131
N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 Cladocera (ind.m-
2) Pearson
Correlation -.745(**) .502 .432 1 .338 -.335 .385
Sig. (2-tailed) .149 .388 .468 . .578 .665 .522
N 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 Rotatoria (ind.m-2) Pearson
Correlation -.376 .871(**) .397 .338 1 -.187 .935(**)
Sig. (2-tailed) .255 .000 .227 .578 . .688 .000
N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 Cilliophora (ind.m-
2) Pearson
Correlation .060 -.222 -.161 -.335 -.187 1 .014
Sig. (2-tailed) .898 .633 .729 .665 .688 . .976
N 7 7 7 4 7 7 7 Merozooplankton
(ind.m-2) Pearson
Correlation -.572(*) .868(**) .485 .385 .935(**) .014 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .066 .001 .131 .522 .000 .976 .
N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
M.leidyi
y x = -41.475 2 x + 495.17
R2 = -0.0082
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12
- 20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Cla
doce
ra
Cladocera
1384 1385
y x = -41.475 2 x + 495.17
R2 = -0.0082
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Mer
ozoo
plan
kton
Merozooplankton
1384 1385
`
Cladocera
Merozooplankton
.
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Reeve et al.,
;
;Shiganova et al., ;
Kideys, ;Bagheri
and Kideys (2003);Kideys & Moghim (2003) ;Kideys et al., 2005;
Shiganova
Dumont
ppt
ppt
Dumont, 1998
M.leidyi
M. leidyi
2003Kideys and Moghim
M. leidyi
Shiganova
wintering
CopepodaCladocera
M. leidyi
M. leidyi
M.leidyi
M.
leidyi
Vinogradov et al., 1989
pH
Chlorophyta
antropogenic
Kideys and Moghim , 2003;
Shiganova et al,. 1997Kovalev
M. leidyiKremer 1993;
Zaika and Revkov 1994; Purcell et al., 2001
Shiganova et al,. 2001
Kideys et al,. 2001Shiganova et al., 1997
:~Shiganova et al., 2001
M.leidyi
Shiganova et al., 2002
;; Kideys and Moghim 2003
Bagheri and Kideys 2002VinogradovVolovik
ctenophore
Mutlu 1999
copepoda
CladoceraKovalev 1998
Copepoda
Centropages mediteraneaCladocera
Puracell at al., 2001
Copepoda Cladocera
PolychaetaOligochaeta
deposit feeder
NereisParahypania
GammaridaeCumacea
M.leidyi
Kideys et al, 2005
pptppt
Shiganova
2002
Fazli and Roohi 2002
M.leidyi
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Prof.Dr. Ahmet Kideys
Mianzam H.Mnemiopsis leidyi
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Mnemiopsis leidyi
.
M. leidyi
Bagheri, S and Sabkara, J., 2003 Stomach Contents of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Iranian Coastal waters of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. Vol. 12, Autumn 2003 Brodeur R. D., H. Sugisaki and G. L. Hunt Jr 2002. Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 233: 89-103. Clesceri S. Lenore; Greenberge E. Arnold and trussell R. Rhodes (1970) Standard Methods, American Public Health association 1015 Fifteenth street NW Washington, DC 20005, USA. Deason, E.E., and Smayda, T.J., Experimental Evaluation of Herbivory in the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi Relevant to Ctenophore Zooplankton Phytoplankton Interactions in Narragansett Bay, USA, J. Plankton Res., 1982, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 219 236 Esmueili, S.A., Khodabandeh, S., Ablalii, B., et al., First Report on Occurrence of Comb Jelly in the Caspian Sea, J. Env. Sci. Tech., 2000, no. 3, pp. 10 18. Fazli H. and Roohi. A., 2002. The Impacts of Mnemiopsis leidyi on Kilka Resources in the Southern Caspian Sea. Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal, Vol. 11 no. 1, Spring 2002. GESAMP. (1997). Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea. Reports and Studies no. 58, GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), London. Harbinson , G. R. and Volovik, S. P., 1993. Methods for the control of the Ctenophora Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Black and Azov seas. FAO fisheries Report. Rom. Pp.32-44 Hossini A., Roohi A., Ganjian khanari A., Roshantabari M., Hashemian A., Solimanroudi A. Nasroolazadeh H., Najafpour S., Varedi A., Vahedi F. (1996). Hydrology and Hydrobiology of the Southern Caspian Sea, mazandaran Fisheries Research Center, sari, Iran. 510 p. (in Persian). Greve W. 1994. The 1889 German Bight invasion of Muggiaea atlantica. ICES Journal of Marine Science 51: 355-358. Ivanov P.I., Kamakim A., Ushivtzev V., Shiganova T., Zhukova O., Aladin N., Wilson S., Harbison G., Dumont H. (2000). Invasion of Caspian Sea by the comb jelly fish Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora). Biological Invasions 2: 255-258. Kideys A. E. 1994. Recent dramatic changes in the Black Sea ecosystem: The reason for the sharp decline in Turkish anchovy fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems 5: 171-181. Kideys, A.E.,Shiganova, T.,(2001). Methodology for the Mnemiopsis monitoring in the Caspian Sea. A report prepared for the Caspian Environment Programme, Baku,Azerbaijan. Kideys A.E. and M. Moghim 2003. Distribution of the alien ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea in August 2001. Marine Biology 142: 163-171.
M.leidyi
Kideys, A; Roohi, A; Bagheri, S; Finenko, G & Kamburska, L, 2005. Impact of Invasive Ctenophores on the Fisheries of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Oceanography Black Sea. Vol. 18, No.2, June 2005. Kremer, P. M. (1993). Ctenophore population dynamics: patterns of abundance for Mnemiopsis leidyi in U.S. coastal waters. ICES Statutory meeting L.36: 1-9. Mcintyre A. and Holmes N.A.E.1984. Methods for marine benthos, IBP. Handbook , No. 16, second edition, Oxford, 387 pp. Konsulov A. S. and L. T. Kamburska 1998. Ecological determination of the new ctenophora - Beroe ovata invasion in the Black Sea. Oceanology (Bulgaria) 2: 195-198. Mountford, K., 1980. Occurence and predation by Mnemiopsis leidyi in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Estuar. and Coast. Mar. Sci., 10: 393-402. Newel, G.E and Newel, R.C. 1977. Marine Plankton, Hutchinson ans sons co. London. Prodanov, K., K. Mikhailov, G. Daskalov, K. Maxim, A. Chashchin, A. Arkhipov, V. Shlyakhov & E.
Ozdamar, 1997. Environmental impact on fish resources in the Black Sea. In E. Ozsoy & A. Mikaelyan (eds), Sensivity of North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea to antropogenic and climatic changes. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht /Boston /London: 163-181. Shiganova T.A., (1997).Mnemiopsis Leidyi abundance in the Black Sea and its impact on the pelagic community. In: Ozsoy E,Mikaelyan A (eds) Sensitivity of North Sea, Baltic Sea and Blank Sea toanthropogenic and climatic changes Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 117-130 Shiganova, A. T.; Kamakin, A.M.; Zhukova, O. P.; Ushivtsev, V.B.; Dulimov, A. B. and Museava, E. I., 2001. The Invader into the Caspian Sea Ctenophora Mnemiopsis and its initial effect on the pelagic ecosystem. Oceanology, Vol. 41. pp. 542-549. Shiganova, A.T., 2002. Environmental Impact Assessment including Risk Assessment regarding a proposed Introduction of Beroe ovata to the Caspian Sea. Institute of Ocean logy RAS, Russia, 45 P. Sorina A. 1978.Phytoplankton manual. Unesco, Paris.337 P. Vinogradov M. E., Shushkina E. A., Musaeva E. I. and Sorokin P. Yu. (1989). A new acclimated species in the Black Sea: The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora: Lobata). Oceanology 29: 220-224. Vollenweider, A.R.1974. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environmental, Blackwell scientific publication, Oxford, London. Volovik, S.P. and Ed., Rostov-on-Don, 2000.Grebnevik Mnemiopsis leidyi (A. Agassiz) v Azovskomi Chernom moryakh i posledstviya ego vseleniya (Grebnevik Mnemiopsis leidyi (A. Agassiz) in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea and Aftereffects of its Invasion).
M.leidyi
M.leidyi
Abstract: In the early 1980s, an alien ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi already known as a gelatinous zooplankton was transported (likely via ballast waters) to the Caspian Sea from its introduced or native water of the Black Sea or western Atlantic which caused negative impacts. In this report, distribution of M. Leidyi, planktonic and benthic organisms had been investigated in the Southern Caspian Sea (Iranian waters) in 6 transects consisted of Lisar, Anzali, Sefidroud, Nowshar, Babolsar and Amirabad at 26 stations during 2005 and 2006. As a whole, 1422 samples had been analized included 258, 346, 217, 117 and 484 belong to ctenophore, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and physichochemical parameters, respectively. M. leidyi abundance and biomass were fluctuated between 284-2751 ind.m-2 and 16.9- 390/9 g.m-2 respectively in 2005 while maximum abundance and biomass were recorded in autumn and minimum in winter. In 2006, its mean abundance and biomass were 184-2150 ind.m-2 and 9.1- 209/8 g.m-2 respectively. M. leidyi maximum abundance and biomass were noted in summer and its minimum in spring and winter months. Overall, mean M. leidyi abundance and biomass were recorded in 20 m within 1202 ind.m-2 and 139.5 g.m-2 respectively. Maximum size of the ctenophore was recorded as 55 and 60 mm in 2005 to 2006 respectively, while less than 10 mm length frequency consisted 83.16 and 82.88 per cent of total population. Spatial_ temporal distribution of M. leidyi in different regions showed it was more abundant in west and east (714- 4494 ind.m-2) ratio to central parts (13-1519 ind.m-2) of the Southern Caspian Sea. Species composition of zooplankton had shown the negatively impacts of M. leidyi invasion in the period of sampling as the only 17 holozooplankton were determined with Rotatoria (7 species), Copepoda (4 species), Cilliophora (4 species) and cladocera (1 species). Zooplankton maximum abundance and biomass were recorded
in February (30397 42901 ind.m-3 and 372.1 575.4 mg.m-3) respectively and its minimum were in July
(1221 1601 ind.m-3 and 6.9 7.7 mg.m-3) respectively which was belonged to Rotatoria (76%) and Copepoda (10%). In this study, 21 species of benthic fauna were deter minted belong to Pseudocumidae (5 species), Gamaridae (4 species) Amphartidae (3 species), Oligochaeta, Balanidae, Xantidae, Nereidae, Scarbicularidae, Carididae, Mytilidae, Herpobdellidae and Chironomidae (each 1 species). Oligocheata was recorded with maximum
abundance (943 2502 ind.m-2) and Bivalve consisted of higher biomass (68.7
162.5 g.m-2). From five phyla of phytoplankton, 172 species were determined of Chrysophyta (74 species), Cyanophyta (32 species), Chlorophyta (32 species), Pyrhophyta (24 species) and Euglenophyta (13 species), in which Chrysophyta and Pyrhophyta were noted as main groups with their maximum abundance (up to 65%) and biomass (93%).
Maximum water temperature was recorded in August with 29.5
2.5 oC and minimum in February by 9.3
1.3 oC. Mean value of salinity was 12.01
0.90 ppt, scchsi disk ranged between 0.2 to 7 m and oxygen demand varied from 5.95 to 10.54 mg. l-1). Moreover, silicate concentration was recorded between 200 to 300µg.L-1, Phosphate measured from 31-47 µg.L-1, Ammonia varied in 10-29 µg.L-1, Nitrite (0.6- 1.7 µg.L-1), Nitrate (0.06-4.20 µg.L-1, which mainly accumulated in coastal waters of the southern Caspian Sea.