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Design Manual

Building a Sustainable Road to DaweiEnhancing Ecosystem Services

and Wildlife Connectivity

2016

REPORTMMR

JANUARY 2016

Design Manual

Building a Sustainable Road to DaweiEnhancing Ecosystem Services

and Wildlife Connectivity

JANUARY 2016

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

Engineered or Hybrid Landscape Solutions?

1.1 Infrastructure impact on Cost, Community & the Environment

1.2 WhataretheBenefitsofEcosystemServices?

1.3 Whyconsiderwildlifeconnectivitynow?

1.4 How to use this Design Manual

2. Design Toolbox

Best Practices, Materials, and Details

2.1 Alignment and Earthworks

2.2 Details and Construction

2.3 Wildlife Considerations

3. Design Approaches along the Dawei Road

Enhancing Ecosystem Services and Accommodating Wildlife

3.1 East of Myitta: River Edge and Tiger Corridor

3.2 Tha Khat Done: Road Straightening and Edge Species

3.3 NearSinHpyuTaing:RiverConfluence

4. References

4.1 Wildlife Corridor Case Studies

4.2 Bibliography

1

3

4

6

8

10

13

14

18

22

39

42

54

62

69

70

74

Contents

Authors Dorothy Tang and Ashley Scott Kelly (The University of Hong Kong)

Research Assistance & Graphics Amanda Ton, Kity Tsz Yung Pang, Isaac Ho Wan Chiu

Special Thanks To Hanna Helsingen, Ashley Brooks, Nirmal Bhagabati, Nicholas Cox, Thomas Gray, Oliver Nelson, and A. Christy Williams (WWF) Elke Hahn, Lazaros Georgiadis and Hans Bekker (Infra Eco Network Europe / IENE) Rodney van der Ree (Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology) Lisa Mandle (The Natural Capital Project)

This project was made possible with funding from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.

Disclaimer This report draws on work from a number of sources and has not undergone a full academic peer review. The views and recommendations in this report are based on available information and contributing authors will not be liable for damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.

Published: January 2016 by WWF-Myanmar

© 2016 Dorothy Tang and Ashley Scott Kelly. All rights reserved. This report or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the authors.

iv Sustainable Road to Dawei 1

Executive SummaryDesign Manual for Building a Sustainable Road to Dawei

Background and Introduction

The Dawei-Kanchanaburi Road Link, connects the Thai border province of Kanchanaburi with the planned Dawei Special Economic Zone (DSEZ) on the Andaman Sea in Myanmar, is an important component for the viability of the Tanintharyi Region. However, the potential impact of the proposed infrastructure on local communities, water resources, geotechnical stability, and wildlife is significant. Any new transportation infrastructure in the Tenasserim Range should take special consideration to protect a landscape that provides natural and economic resources to communities—local and global—for the long-term sustainable development of Myanmar and Thailand.

A comprehensive approach—especially in the pre-planning and environmental assessment phases—would lessen some of the negative impacts on ecosystem services of the region. As illustrated on the following page, roads impact the landscape in two primary aspects: first, the immediate environmental alterations due to the construction of the road, such as slope erosion and the interruption of wildlife migration; second, the land use changes and deforestation that accompany increased access to a once difficult terrain, which can bring illegal logging, poaching, and mining and large scale agriculture. Mitigation measures for road construction are easier to achieve with appropriate design and funding, while minimizing a road’s secondary effects relies on land use planning and its enforcement via policy and community-based initiatives.

Design Toolbox

Three aspects of road planning: its alignment and earthworks, its details and construction, and wildlife consideration—are critical to the success of the Dawei Kanchanabui Road Link. This includes practical measures to lessen the overall impact of

road structures and alignment to the ecological health of the landscape; suggestions for alternative slope protection and stormwater management technologies that are less costly and provide ecological value; and detailed wildlife data compiled to provide various actors information to assess the feasibility of wildlife mitigation measures along the road.

Design Approaches along the Dawei Road

In the last section, three sites along the Dawei Road Link have been selected as a demonstration of how to prioritize the alignment and design of the road. The three sites chosen are located in three distinct zones of the road: the first is at the edge of human settlements and intact forest cover that requires significant road straightening and where edge species would migrate; the second is at the core of an important tiger migration corridor along a river bank; the last is located near the confluence of a river and near the sighting of significant bird species such as the Great Hornbill that typically dwell in intact forest.

This design manual elaborates on issues primarily part of the planning and design phases, with intent to mitigate localized and systematic impacts to the regional landscape caused during and after the implementation of the road. In contrast to upfront capital-based infrastructure projects, the prosperity of the communities and ecosystems along the Dawei Road Link rely on a hybrid approach—one that depends on collaborative landscape management between the government, the road operator and surrounding communities. This design manual provides a resource for the myriad actors of the cross-border region to identify opportunities for preserving the valuable natural capital of the entire Dawna-Tenasserim landscape.

Poor water quality in a tributary of the Dawei River near Heinda Mine. (Photo: Dorothy Tang)

2 Sustainable Road to Dawei 3Introduction

1. IntroductionEngineeredorHybridLandscapeSolutions?

Earliest visions of the Dawei-Kanchanaburi Road Link, connecting the Thai border province of Kanchanaburi with the planned Dawei Special Economic Zone (DSEZ) on the Andaman Sea in Myanmar, portrayed a massive multimodal transportation corridor with power and gas infrastructure traversing the steep mountains and valleys of the Tenasserim Range. The road link is an important component for the viability of the DSEZ, especially in its role as the final segment of the Greater Mekong Subregion Southern Economic Corridor. However, the potential impact of the proposed infrastructure on local communities, water resources, geotechnical stability, and wildlife is significant. While the scope and the ambition of the roadlink has been reduced greatly, any new transportation infrastructure in the Tenasserim Range should take special consideration to protect a landscape that provides natural and economic resources to communities—local and global—for the long-term sustainable development of Myanmar and Thailand.

The preceding report, “A Better Road to Dawei: protecting wildlife, sustaining nature, benefiting people”, outlined the environmental risks of the Dawei-Kanchanburi Road Link with respect to the planned road itself and to its adjacent communities and environs. A comprehensive approach—especially in the pre-planning and environmental assessment phases—would lessen some of the negative impacts on ecosystem services of the region. As illustrated on the following page, roads impact the landscape in two primary aspects: first, the immediate environmental alterations due to the construction of the road, such as slope erosion and the interruption of wildlife migration; second, the land use changes and deforestation that accompany increased access to a once difficult terrain, which can bring illegal logging, poaching, and mining and

large scale agriculture. Mitigation measures for road construction are easier to achieve with appropriate design and funding, while minimizing a road’s secondary effects relies on land use planning and its enforcement via policy and community-based initiatives.

Increased connectivity and access to existing economic networks is a critical component of economic development and planning. However, typical practices of infrastructure development have often prioritized cost and efficiency over quality and long-term sustainability. With proper planning and design strategies, the Dawei Road Link could benefit from long-term cost savings by considering ecosystem services and accommodating wildlife connectivity from the beginning. This is more cost efficient in the near term than later modifying or retrofitting built infrastructure to mitigate the negative impacts of the road.

This design manual elaborates on issues primarily part of the planning and design phases, with intent to mitigate localized and systematic impacts to the regional landscape caused during and after the implementation of the road. In contrast to upfront capital-based infrastructure projects, the prosperity of the communities and ecosystems along the Dawei Road Link rely on a hybrid approach—one that depends on collaborative landscape management between the government, the road operator and surrounding communities. This design manual provides a resource for the myriad actors of the cross-border region to identify opportunities for preserving the valuable natural capital of the entire Dawna-Tenasserim landscape.

DEGRADED FOREST

DEFORESTATION & HABITAT

DESTRUCTION

SOIL EROSION DUE TO LACK OF VEGETATIVE

COVER

LANDSLIDE RISKS

HEALTHY RIPARIAN EDGE PREVENTS EROSION AND

CATCHES SEDIMENT

FISHERIES BENEFIT FROM HEALTHY

RIVERS

PROTECTED NATURAL

TRIBUTARYVEGETATED SWALES TO

ENCOURAGE INFILTRATION AND REDUCE PEAK FLOW

VILLAGE COMMUNITIES BENEFIT FROM HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS AND

MAINTAIN HILLSIDE VEGETATION AND SLOPE STABILITY

BIOENGINEERED SLOPES REDUCE EROSION AND

INCREASE HABITAT VALUE

DENSE FORESTS PROTECT SLOPES AND INCREASE

BIODIVERSITY

POOR WATER QUALITY DUE TO INCREASED SEDIMENT AND

ROADSIDE CHEMICALS

ILLEGAL CONSTRUCTION WASTE BLOCKS WATERWAYS AND INCREASES FLOOD RISK

SCOURING OF RIVER EDGE DESTABILIZES ROAD

CONCRETE RETAINING WALL INCREASES PEAK

FLOW AND REDUCES HABITAT VALUE

SLOPE FAILURE DUE TO POOR VEGETATIVE

COVER AND STEEP SLOPES

WILDLIFE CROSSING TO PREVENT COLLISIONS

BRIDGES AND FLYOVERS

INCREASE WILDLIFE CONNECTIVITY

COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY PROTECTS SLOPES,

INCREASES BIODIVERSITY, AND PROVIDES INCOME FOR

LOCAL VILLAGERS

ACCESS TO UNDEVELOPED AREAS

INCREASE ILLEGAL DEFORESTATION

SLASH AND BURN

AGRICULTURELARGE SCALE

PLANTATIONS DECREASE SLOPE STABILITY AND

BIODIVERSITY

WILDLIFE COLLISIONS AND

ROADKILLILLEGAL MINING POLLUTES RIVER

INCREASED TRAFFIC SPEED AND VOLUME CREATES WILDLIFE DISTURBANCE

AND BARRIER


1.1 Impact of Infrastructure on Cost, Community & Environment

Adapted from Hearn & Hunt (2011)

Ecosystem services are the multitude of benefits to people from robust wildlife and natural systems; these range from the pollination of crops by insects and production of clean water to flood regulation. In the steep Tenasserim Range, ecosystem services are even more important as healthy tropical forests are essential to a stable geotechnical environment to support the Dawei Road Link.

The challenges of building roads in tropical mountainous regions with erosion and landslide risks are often addressed through significant capital costs to build and maintain highly rigid engineered structures. While this approach reduces the maintenance intervals, it requires equally large capital, shifting maintenance costs from one problem to another. For example, impervious surfaces cause increased peak flow during rain events, which in turn cause damaging floods and erosion downstream. This is especially the case for the region surrounding the Dawei Road Link, as it receives an annual average of about 5,500 mm precipitation (1951-2007 baseline).

Recent approaches to engineering have shifted to flexible and adaptable systems—such as bioengineering—that potentially reduce upfront capital costs but rely on more frequent cycles of basic management and maintenance. These approaches also recognize that protecting the vegetative cover surrounding the road provides erosion control and prevents landslides, reduces peak flows and regulates floods, and finally improves the air quality surrounding the road.

FILL SLOPE FAILURE

CUT SLOPE FAILURE

DEEP SEATED LANDSLIDE

FAILURE OF HILLSIDE ABOVE ROAD

PROGRESSIVE FAILURE FROM BELOW

ROAD FAILURE DUE TO LACK OF VEGETATIVE COVER

ROAD FAILURE DUE TO LACK OF VEGETATIVE COVER

SOIL EROSION DUE TO DEFORESTATION

TOE EROSION BY STREAM SCOURING

Failure in hill slope but not cut slope: debris may flow into

side drain or onto road

Deep failure of hillside beneath road level: a whole section of the road will eventually be lost and difficult to replace

Failure in cut slope extending into hill slope above: debris will block drain and may block road

Failure in fill slope only: part of the road will be lost

Failure in fill slope and original valley slope: road

is seriously endangered

Failure in cut slope only: debris will block drains

Erosion of cut slope surface: debris will block drains

Erosion of fill slope surface: Part of the road might eventually be lost

Failure in original valley slope only:

headward retreat will endanger road

River scour: scouring could undercut valley slope causing failure

Failure due to drain cut too deep

ORIGINAL SLOPE


1.2 What are the Benefits of Ecosystem Services?

Healthy ecosystems rely on the interaction between abiotic and biotic elements, between flora and fauna, and between humans and nature. Wildlife has become one of the most important indicators of healthy landscapes and is under great threat due to rapid urbanization. Roads directly impact wildlife through loss and fragmentation of habitat, vehicular collisions, and increased poaching. With already substantially depleted natural habitats, this is of critical concern for particular animal species that migrate seasonally or over their lifetimes. Habitat fragmentation isolates these species, reduces their ability to escape predators, and decreases genetic diversity; each of these factors gradually leads to reduced resiliency and potential extinction. The Dawna-Tenasserim Landscape is home to some of the most important remaining species in South East Asia. The mitigation measures outlined in this design manual are a crucial part in global efforts to preserve species diversity and ecological health.

Traffic safety for vehicles traveling along the Dawei Road is equally important for the economic growth and communities of the region. Appropriate planning measures could prevent animal-vehicular collisions and reduce the human injuries and financial loss along the road.

Post-construction modification, using bridges and tunnels, for wildlife crossings is a recent trend in Europe and North America. While these efforts are worthwhile, they are extremely expensive and potentially less impact than mitigation designed and installed during road construction. Lessons learned from Europe and North America have shown that it is important to consider wildlife connectivity now, before large-scale construction and expansion of the Dawei Road; slight planning and design changes can potentially prevent significant habitat fragmentation, while incurring significantly less costs to readapt the road in the future. Planning for wildlife also provides an opportunity for the scientific community to monitor and assess the health of the landscape systematically, thereby also benefitting the region in its efforts to grow eco-tourism and sustainably manage ecosystem services.

HABITAT FRAGMENTATIONThe road is a physical barrier to animals, cutting off movement and migration routes.

POLLUTIONExhaust from vehicles pollute the air while additional noise and light will cause disturbance to wildlife

POACHINGRoads provide additional access for poachers to approach valuable wildlife

WILDLIFE COLLUSIONSAnimals might collide with oncoming traffic causing injuries and financial loss

DEFORESTATIONRoads increase access for heavy machinery and increased logging activities


1.3 Why Consider Wildlife Connectivity Now?

Design Wildlife Crossings& Mitigation MeasuresDesign overpasses orunderpasses tomaintain connectivity

Land Use PlanTo avoid negative impact tocommunities, wildlife and thenatural environment

Natural ResourceManagement PlanTo ensure water purification,protect forests, and preventpoaching and illegal wildlife trade

Culverts for WildlifeMovementTo allow small or medium-sizedwildlife to cross the road

Fencing & ScreeningTo guild wildlife to safe areas forcrossing the road

Signs & WarningSystemsPlace in sensitive areas to reducewildlife-vehicle collisions

Wildlife PassageMaintenanceAppropriate collision-mitigation measuresshould be implemented

Wildlife MonitoringMonitor wildlife movementsand behaviour and preventwildlife poaching

Strategic Environmental Assessment

Evironmental Impact Assessment

Civil Society & LocalCommunity ConsultationAffected communities should beinvolved and fairly compansated

Adjust Road Alignment(Avoidance)Adjusted to the topographyusing engineering elementsto minimize earthwork

Temporary SlopeStabilizationTo maintain slope stability duringconstruction period

Long-term SlopeMaintenance

Multi-disciplinaryTechnical ConsultationTo ensure the roaddevelopment will meet technical, environmental and social requirements

OffsetingHabitat offesting as last resort when avoidance and mitigation measures are not sufficient

PLANNING & CONSULTATION DESIGN CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE

The Road Map: Towards a Better Road to Dawei

Building a sustainable road to Dawei is a complex process that involves many agencies and communities. While responsibility for different aspects of the road is necessarily borne by liable parties, it is important to have a shared vision and toolbox of potential solutions for maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services of the entire landscape. There are three subsequent sections in this manual: Chapter Two is a design manual that provides basic principles and technical tools for the construction of the road, including how to incorporate bio-engineering techniques to maximize ecosystem services, and how to design for wildlife; Chapter Three applies these principles and techniques on example sites along the road to help illustrate how such a comprehensive approach would be implemented; the Fourth and final chapter provides a list of references and resources that are publically available.

For Policy Makers:

This manual provides insight into the value of a landscape-based approach to infrastructure projects that can be incorporated into land use planning, SEA/EIA, policies, regulations and future enforcement.

For Road Builders:

The manual summarizes best practices, approaches, and technologies that could be appropriate for implementation, considering the long-term ecosystem services and communities adjacent to projects and the road’s lifecycle costs. This information could be used by operators of the road as enforcing government agencies.

For Communities:

This manual outlines principles and practices that build awareness of appropriate implementation, monitoring, knowledge, and social integration along the Dawei Road and similar projects.


1.2 How to use this Design Manual

Service Road along the Dawei-Kanchanburi Road Link (Photo: Ashley Scott Kelly)

In his seminal book “Road Ecology,” Landscape Ecologist Richard Forman describes the impacts of roads on the environment and connects the practices of engineering with those of landscape ecology. Through this lens, he proposes four basic principles of road engineering: minimize erosion for cutbanks and fillslopes, reduce compaction, minimize release of chemicals from vehicles, and create diverse roadside micro-relief. These engineering principles are integrated with ecological concepts of water management—erosion, sediment and deposition, water quality—and aquatic ecologies, microclimate, vegetation structure, and habitat structure. For the Dawei Road, this integration is critical to ensure the integrity of the landscape structure for the security of the road and adjacent communities. This section outlines design and management priorities for the Dawei Road, and provides alternatives for road alignment, erosion control, and mitigation measures to accommodate wildlife.

Alignment and Earthworks

The alignment of a road—mostly determined during the planning and design phases of a project—has the greatest physical impact on hilly terrain, affecting its stability, productivity, hydrology, and ecology. The mode in which the road meets the ground—whether on cutbanks, fill slopes, elevated, tunneled, or bridged—modifies the slope directly, disrupting continuous vegetated slopes and existing hydrological patterns, often causing increased erosions and unstable slopes as well as interrupting important wildlife migration routes. Another significant problem associated with the alignment of roads is the disposal of waste fill material along water channels or without adequate planning and stabilization, increasing sediment load and reducing water quality in natural waterways. Many of these pitfalls can be avoided with appropriate planning and consultation to avoid excessive cut-slopes, manage drainage, and accommodate wildlife movements.

Details and Construction

The re-vegetation of slopes adjacent to roads following construction plays an important role in maintaining slope stability and preventing soil erosion. While reinforced concrete structures are also effective, they are less successful in providing habitat for animals and regulating water flow. In hilly terrain, the rapid and concentrated flow of water creates greater risk for erosion and landslips. Vegetated slopes and check dams retain and slow drainage, not only regulating peak flow, but also potentially providing micro-habitats for small animals. Vegetated slopes also maintain forest cover, reducing edge effects especially in a landscape where some of the most valuable wildlife are considered interior species. Vegetation is easily established and maintained on slopes of 1:2 (vertical : horizontal), but requires additional reinforcement, such as biodegradable erosion mats or other geotextiles, for steeper slopes.

Wildlife Considerations

The greatest threat to the safety of road users in a wildlife corridor is vehicle collisions with large animals; on the other hand, the greatest threat to wildlife is vehicles on a road. There is a range of design strategies from slowing traffic, wildlife barriers, to wildlife crossing that address this danger, and appropriate alignment is one of the most effective ways of avoiding this conflict. In addition, there are also many ways that the road design could accommodate smaller mammals and amphibians through minor alterations in the details such as drainage infrastructure. Wildlife connectivity ensures survival of rare and endangered species, but also enhances the genetic pool of small isolated populations due to habitat fragmentation. Last but not least, there are great opportunities to monitor these designated crossings to understand species diversity and evaluate the success of these interventions—advancing ecological understanding of the Dawna-Tenasserim Landscape.

12 Sustainable Road to Dawei 13Design Toolbox

2. Design ToolboxBest Practices, Materials, and Details

Elevated Roadway for Wildlife Crossings

PLAINS MID-SLOPE TOE OF SLOPE DRAINAGE WAY VALLEY

1. Balance Cut and Fill

While roads on cutbanks are more economical than on filled slopes, it is important to minimize waste soil disposal to prevent sedimentation and protect the water quality of streams and rivers.

2.1 Alignment & Earthworks

Creating a shoulder for wildlife and potentially recreational trails

2. Road Structures to Accommodate Wildlife

Simple modifications to bridges and elevated structures can encourage animal movement and prevent collisions with vehicles.

3. Planning for High Priority Wildlife Corridors

Consider elevated road structures in highly sensitive ecological areas to protect wildlife migration corridors.

PLAINS

Landscape Impacts of Roads

RUNOFF FROM ROAD POLLUTES

SURROUNDING SOIL AND WATER

IN FLATTER AREAS, ROADS HAVE GREATER IMPACT WILDLIFE MOVEMENT

BECAUSE OF INCREASED LIGHT AND NOISE

DISTURBANCE

FLATTER TOPOGRAPHY ENCOURAGES FASTER TRAFFIC

SPEEDS AND INCREASES POSSIBILITY OF WILDLIFE

COLLISIONS

TRAFFIC SLOWING MEASURES, WILDLIFE

FENCES CROSSINGS TO REDUCE COLLISIONS

BIOSWALES TO FILTER AND TREAT RUNOFF FROM ROAD

VEGETATION AND LANDFORMS TO GUIDE

WILDLIFE MOVEMENTS AND REDUCE IMPACT OF LIGHT

AND NOISE

IMPACTS MITIGATION

DSEZ

DAWEI

MYITTA


RAIN WATER CAUSES EROSION ON STEEP

SLOPES

RAIN WATER CAUSES EROSION ON STEEP

SLOPES

CUT SLOPES ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO

EROSION

ARMOURED BIOSWALE

TO PREVENT UNDERCUTTING

AND TREAT POLLUTED WATER

FOREBAY & ARMOURED SLOPE AROUND CULVERT

TO MINIMIZE EROSION AND SLOW

WATER FLOW

VEGETATED SLOPE AND BIOENGINEERING TECHNIQUES PREVENTS SOIL EROSION AND

REDUCES HABITAT DEGRADATION

VEGETATED SLOPE AND BIOENGINEERING

TECHNIQUES PREVENTS SOIL EROSION

REPAIR RIPARIAN VEGETATION TO MINIMIZE SEDIMENTATION AND REDUCE STREAM BED

EROSION

DRAINAGE WAYMID-SLOPE

VALLEYTOE OF SLOPE

ROADS IMPACT WILDLIFE MOVEMENT BECAUSE OF

INCREASED DISTURBANCE AND ADJACENT HABITAT

DEGRADATION

ROAD DISRUPTS NATURAL DRAINAGE PATTERNS, CULVERTS CONCENTRATE FLOW OF WATER

AND CAUSES EROSION

ROADS IMPACT WILDLIFE MOVEMENT BECAUSE OF

INCREASED DISTURBANCE AND ADJACENT HABITAT

DEGRADATION

ERODED SLOPES DESTABILIZE ROAD

BED

TRAFFIC INCREASES POSSIBILITY OF WILDLIFE

COLLISIONS

SHEET FLOW FROM ROAD AND RIVER SCOURING

INCREASES EROSION

CUT SLOPE PREVENTS ANIMALS FROM

ESCAPING UPHILL

DAMAGED RIPARIAN ZONES AND RIVER SCOURING

CAUSES SEDIMENTATION AND FLOODING DOWNSTREAM

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF EXISTING

TOPOGRAPHY WITH WILDLIFE FENCES & CROSSINGS TO

REDUCE COLLISIONS

DIVERSION CHANNELS TO DISTRIBUTE RATHER THAN CONCENTRATE FLOWS AND

REDUCE EROSION



AND NOISE



AND NOISE

ARMOURED DRAINAGE WAY TO SLOW RAINWATER FLOW

AND PREVENT EROSION

BIOSWALES TO FILTER AND SLOW RAIN WATER

ALONG ROAD

IMPACTSIMPACTS MITIGATIONMITIGATION

IMPACTSIMPACTS MITIGATIONMITIGATION


> 45%

$$$$$

25-35%

$$$

15-35%

$$$

>35%

$$$

>35%

$$

>35%

$

15-35%

$

15-35%

$

15-25%

$$$

CUT SLOPE / IN SITUCoir Mesh Hydroseeded with Native Grasses

FILL SLOPEVegetated Geotextile (Coir Mesh) Earth Structures

1. Slope Protection

Prioritize flexible/vegetated systems over rigid structures to slow rainwater runoff and encourage possible infiltration. Vegetated systems require less capital maintenance over the lifetime of the slope and provide opportunities for local employment.

Check dams slow rain water flow and create favourable micro-habitats for animals

2. Minimize Deforestation

Reinforced vegetated slopes, while still might be difficult for some animals to navigate, but are valuable as buffers especially for interior species. This also prevents additional habitat degradation along the roadside.

3. Storm Water Management

Prioritize water retention structures to slow peak flow downstream and minimize erosion/flooding. Decentralize water drainage structures to minimize concentrated flows and erosion.

2.2 Details & Construction Slope Retention Technologies

SLOPE RANGE (%)

ECOLOGICAL VALUE

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

COST

COMMUNITY MAINTENANCE

SLOPE RANGE (%)

ECOLOGICAL VALUE

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

COST

COMMUNITY MAINTENANCE

CONCRETE WALLS

GEOTEXTILE WALLS

CONCRETE WALLS

GEOTEXTILE WALLS

GABION WALLS

BRUSH LAYERING

GABION WALLS

BRUSH LAYERING

DRY-LAID STONE WALL

TIMBER CRIB WALLS

DRY-LAID STONE WALL

TIMBER CRIB WALLS

LIVE GRATING

LIVE CUTTINGS

FASCINE

LIVE GRATING

FASCINELIVE CUTTINGS


CONCRETE WALLS

GEOTEXTILE WALLSGABION WALLS

BRUSH LAYERINGDRY-LAID STONE WALL

TIMBER CRIB WALLS VEGETATED GABIONS

LIVE GRATING LIVE CUTTINGS

TIMBER CRIB WALLSFASCINE

BIO SWALES

STONE RUBBLE

TIMBER CRIB HEADERS

LONG LIVE OR TIMBER STAKE

EROSION CONTROL BLANKET

FILTER FABRICROAD

PERFORATED PIPEGRAVEL

TIMBER CRIB STRETCHERS

FASCINE MADE OF WILLOW STEM CUTTINGS TIED BY WIRE

CAP STONE

COMPACTED FILL MATERIAL

POROUS BACKFILL

GEOTEXTILE / GEOGRID

DOUBLE LAYER GRATING

BRUSH LAYER

COMPACTED FILL MATERIAL

LIVE CUTTINGSMIXED SOIL AND

STONE FILL

LIVE CUTTINGS

WELL DRAINED SOILS

NATIVE PLANTS

FILTER STRIP

TIMBER POLES

LIVE WILLOW CUTTINGS

LIVE CUTTINGS

GABION OR CONCRETE

FOOTING

LIVE CUTTINGS

PERFORATED PIPE DRAIN

FOUNDATION

GABION BASKET

NATIVE STONE

HARD NATIVE STONE

POROUS BACKFILL


Ground Bioengineering Details Water Bioengineering Details

NOTE: All slope protection measures should be designed and specified by qualified engineering professionals

RIPARIAN CORRIDOR SPECIES

SHRUBLAND/ GRASSLAND / EDGE SPECIES

INTERIOR FOREST SPECIES

2.3 Wildlife Considerations

1. Reduce Collisions

Install crossings, barriers, and warnings for both animals and vehicles to minimize collisions.

2. Multipurpose Design Components

Simple modifications of standard engineered structures could also accommodate wildlife. For example, retaining walls are also barrier fences, grassy ditches are suitable habitat for amphibians, and culverts could be crossings for small animals.

3.ScientificMonitoring

Designed crossings are excellent locations to monitor biodiversity and prevent illegal hunting

Banded Linsang Asian Elephant Tiger

Banded Palm Civet

Sambar Deer

Barking Deer

Sun Bear

Black Bear

Wild Boar

Serow

Pangolin

Great Hornbill

Roufous Necked Hornbill

Tanintharyi Stream Toad

Banteng

Gaur

Dusky Leaf Monkey

Gurney’s Pitta

DAWEI SEZ

THAI-MYANMAR BORDER

CO

AS

TAL

LAN

DS

CA

PE

RIPA

RIA

N

CO

RR

IDO

R

RIPA

RIA

N

CO

RR

IDO

R

GR

AS

SLA

ND

GR

AS

SLA

ND

GR

AS

SLA

ND

SH

RU

BLA

ND

SH

RU

BLA

ND

SH

RU

BLA

ND

FOR

ES

T

FOR

ES

T

White Handed Gibbon


Key Wildlife Species & Their Environments along the Dawei Road

SUN BEARHelarctos malayanus

BLACK BEARUrsus thibetanus

TIGERPanthera tigris

COMMON NAMEScientific Name

Interior Forest SpeciesWildlife Profiles

ACTIVITY TIMES

PHYSICAL SIZE & HERD NUMBERS

HABITAT PREFERENCES IUCN RED LIST STATUS

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AGRICULTURE/ PLANTATIONS

ROADS / INFRASTRUCTURE RIVER GRASSLAND WETLAND SHRUBLAND FOREST

SENSITIVITY TO DISTURBANCE

SWIMMING HOME RANGE MAXIMUM SLOPE

NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

PREFERRED HABITAT LC LEAST CONCERN

POSSIBLE HABITAT NT NEAR THREATENED

MINOR BARRIER/OBSTACLE VU VULNERABLE

BARRIER/OBSTACLE EN ENDANGERED

CR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED

EW EXTINCT IN THE WILD

This section compiles essential information about 20 threatened or endemic species characteristic of the Dawna-Tenasserim Landscape and whose populations are indicative of the health of the Landscape’s ecosystems. These profiles include their habitat preferences and possible barriers to movement, physical size, group numbers, times of activity, sensitivity to disturbance from road activity, ability to swim, slope preferences and their home range size. Each of these characteristics provides insight to how infrastructure may impact animal behavior, and how to mitigate negative impacts. The following section includes compiled physical and spatial data about how to design wildlife barriers, crossings, and reduce light and noise disturbance. It is worth noting that not all interventions must be large scale, and that many small modifications already create spaces that benefit wildlife movement. For example, a steep vegetated slope greater than 20o would be sufficient to act as a barrier for elephants; or managing the times which certain vehicles can use the road could protect nocturnal animals such as the Sun Bear that are very sensitive to noise and light. Wildlife mitigation measures are not one- size-fits-all, and should be tailored based on the surrounding landscape types, its value for wildlife movement, and opportunistic in appropriating existing engineering structures for animals.

Through improving access to previously remote areas roads are a major driver of hunting pressure: the single biggest threat to threatened wildlife in South East Asia. As part of effective mitigation

of the impacts of the Dawei road on biodiversity and ecosystem services supporting effective law enforcement to prevent hunting will be critical. Training and equipping local forest department staff and police, plus implementing systems for effective patrol management such as SMART conservation software, is required

Habitat Preferences and Swimming Ability

Different animals prefer different habitats ranging from the predominant intact forest in the Dawna Tenasserim Landscape to human settlements. This diagram indicates the primary habitat range for each animal and land uses that create obstacles for their movement. The animal’s ability to swim also indicates whether natural features, such as major rivers, act as barriers or conduits for wildlife movement.

Physical Size

Standard engineered structures of different sizes can accommodate different animals from the largest Asian Elephant to the Tenasserim Tree Frog. Simple crossing such as rope crossings are effective for small mammals while the average weight of the elephant makes a wildlife bridge very expensive to build.

IUCN STATUS


WHITE HANDED GIBBONHylobates lar

PANGOLINManis javanica

GREAT HORNBILLBuceros bicornis

RUFOUS-NECKED HORNBILLAceros nipalensis

DUSKY LEAF MONKEYTrachypithecus obscurus

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

Interior Forest Species (cont.)


ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

SAMBAR DEERRusa unicolor

BARKING DEERMuntiacus muntjak

ASIAN ELEPHANTElephas maximus

Shrubland, Grassland, Edge of Forest Species

BANTENGBos javanicus

GAURBos gaurus

SEROWCapricornis species

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT


BANDED PALM CIVETHemigalus derbyanus

WILD BOARSus scrofa

BANDED LINSANGPrionodon linsang

Riparian Corridor Species

TANINTHARYI STREAM TOADAnsonia thinthinae

GURNEY’S PITTAPitta gurneyi

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT

ACTIVITY TIMES


HABITAT PREFERENCES





NOISELIGHT


A (cm) B (cm) C (cm) D (cm) E280

280

150

280 - 300

300

280

280

150

200

50

50

200 - 250

250 - 280

300

280

280

150

200

200 - 250

250 - 280

300

300

150 - 180

300

280 - 300

250 - 280

280 250 - 280

280

150

150 50

50

150

200

50 40 - 60

> 30º

> 20º

> 20º

> 20º

> 20º

> 30º

> 30º

200 - 250

250 - 280

280 > 20º

150 > 30º

F Run-Up Slope G H (cm)

250

250

100 - 120

250

230 - 250

230 - 250

230

130

160

170 - 210

200 - 230

14º

14º

14º

< 14º < 10º

< 14º < 10º

< 14º < 10º

230 - 250 < 14º < 10º

< 14º < 10º

< 14º < 10º

< 14º < 10º

< 14º < 10º

14º

10 - 13º

10 - 13º

13014º 10 - 13º

I < Animal Height (cm)

55-105

120-150

15-30

120-190

200-300

88-135

165-220

41-51

50-110

85-110

130-160

102-160

43-73

10 - 13º

10 - 13ºTIGER

SUN BEAR

BLACK BEAR

PANGOLIN

WHITE HANDED GIBBON

DUSKY LEAF MONKEY

GREAT HORNBILL

RUFOUS-NECKED HORNBILL

ASIAN ELEPHANT

SAMBAR DEER

BARKING DEER

SEROW

BANTENG

GAUR

BANDED LINSANG

BANDED PALM CIVET

WILD BOAR

GURNEY’S PITTA

TANINTHARYI STREAM TOAD

TIGER

SUN BEAR

BLACK BEAR

PANGOLIN

WHITE HANDED GIBBON

DUSKY LEAF MONKEY

GREAT HORNBILL


ASIAN ELEPHANT

SAMBAR DEER

BARKING DEER

SEROW

BANTENG

GAUR

BANDED LINSANG

BANDED PALM CIVET

WILD BOAR

GURNEY’S PITTA


INTE

RIO

R F

OR

EST

SPEC

IES

INTE

RIO

R F

OR

EST

SPEC

IES

FOR

EST

EDG

E SP

ECIE

S

FOR

EST

EDG

E SP

ECIE

S

RIP

AR

IAN

SPE

CIE

S

RIP

AR

IAN

SPE

CIE

S

ANIMAL ANIMAL

BARRIERS

MESH FENCEFor large mammals

SOLID FENCEFor small mammals and amphibians

JUMP-OUTSJump-outs provide escape routes for animals that accidentally enter into the roadway. They should be adequately spaced to prevent trapped animals

SOLID WALLS To prevent animals from climbing into the roadway

STEEP SLOPESSome animals cannot navigate steep slopes

FENCES JUMP-OUTSSOLID WALL STEEP SLOPES


Design Elements for Preventing Wildlife Collisions

> 4

> 6

> 6

> 6 - 8

> 6 - 8

> 6 - 7

> 6

> 6

> 6

> 6

> 5 - 6

> 5 - 6

6 - 10

4 - 6

6 - 10

6 - 10

10

8 - 10

8 - 10

8 - 10

8 - 10

4 - 6

4 - 6

> 3

> 3

> 6

> 3

> 3

> 4

> 4

> 3

> 3

> 3

5 - 6

5 - 6

4 - 5

> 6 - 8 6 - 8 > 3 4 - 5

> 6 - 8 6 - 8 > 3 4 - 5

10

4 - 5

4 - 5

> 6 8 - 10 > 3 4 - 5

4 - 6

4 - 6

2 - 3

3 - 4

4 - 6

> 5 - 6 4 - 6 > 3 2 - 3

> 5 - 600 4 - 5 > 3 2 - 3

A (m) B (m) C (m) D (m) E (cm)

< 30 cm

< 30 cm

< 20 cm

F(m) G (m) I (m) J (m) K (m) H˚< 30º

< 30º

< 30º

< 30º

< 20º

< 14º

< 14º

< 14º

< 14º

< 20º

< 20º

> 5

> 5

> 4

> 4

> 4

> 4

> 4

> 3

> 3

> 4

> 12

> 12

> 12

> 14

> 14

> 12

> 12

> 14

> 12

> 12

< 30º> 4 > 12

< 30º> 4 > 12

< 14º> 4 > 14

< 20º> 3 > 14

< 20º> 3 > 14

> 7

> 7

> 7

> 3 > 0.5 - 1

> 7> 3 > 0.5 - 1

> 3

VIADUCT WILDLIFE BRIDGETUNNEL VEGETATED STRIPCULVERT

CULVERTMinor modifications of existing drainage structures

WILDLIFE BRIDGEVegetated bridge structure linking habitats

CANOPY BRIDGEFor small mammals

VEGETATED STRIPVegetation could be important habitat for some species but increase traffic mortality for others

TUNNELSMust also consider openess for adequate light

VIADUCTMinimal Landscape Disturbance

TIGER

SUN BEAR

BLACK BEAR

PANGOLIN

WHITE HANDED GIBBON

DUSKY LEAF MONKEY

GREAT HORNBILL


ASIAN ELEPHANT

SAMBAR DEER

BARKING DEER

SEROW

BANTENG

GAUR

BANDED LINSANG

BANDED PALM CIVET

WILD BOAR

GURNEY’S PITTA


TIGER

SUN BEAR

BLACK BEAR

PANGOLIN

WHITE HANDED GIBBON

DUSKY LEAF MONKEY

GREAT HORNBILL


ASIAN ELEPHANT

SAMBAR DEER

BARKING DEER

SEROW

BANTENG

GAUR

BANDED LINSANG

BANDED PALM CIVET

WILD BOAR

GURNEY’S PITTA


INTE

RIO

R F

OR

EST

SPEC

IES

INTE

RIO

R F

OR

EST

SPEC

IES

FOR

EST

EDG

E SP

ECIE

S

FOR

EST

EDG

E SP

ECIE

S

RIP

AR

IAN

SPE

CIE

S

RIP

AR

IAN

SPE

CIE

S

ANIMAL ANIMAL


UNDER-PASSES OVER-PASSES

Wildlife Connectors

A (m) B (m) C (m)

3

1.5 - 2

2

2

2 - 2.5

1.5

1.5-2

3

4 - 5

3 - 4

3

3

3 - 4

3

6 - 7

6

1.5 - 2 4 - 5 6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

5 - 6

1.5 3 - 4 5 - 6

5 - 6

1.5 3 5 - 6

LIGHT SCREENS NOISE BARRIER

LIGHT SCREENSHedge Rows are effective light screens from vehicular lights at night. However, depending on the target species, it is important to also include appropriate fencing

NOISE BARRIERSScreen walls or Landscaped mounds can reduce noise pollution from the road

TRACK PADSUse of low-tech methods to track animal numbers, habits, and moving routes

TRACK PADS

CAMERA TRAPSUsing infra-red cameras to document number of animals that use the crossings

CAMERA TRAPS

DNA SAMPLINGAnalysis of hair and litter samples to understand biodiversity

DNA SAMPLING

GPS TRACKING DEVICESUse of digital GPS tracking devises to track specific animals over time

GPS TRACKING

HIGHLY SUITABLE SUITABLE LESS SUITABLE UNSUITABLE

TIGER

SUN BEAR

BLACK BEAR

PANGOLIN

WHITE HANDED GIBBON

DUSKY LEAF MONKEY

GREAT HORNBILL


ASIAN ELEPHANT

SAMBAR DEER

BARKING DEER

SEROW

BANTENG

GAUR

BANDED LINSANG

BANDED PALM CIVET

WILD BOAR

GURNEY’S PITTA


TIGER

SUN BEAR

BLACK BEAR

PANGOLIN

WHITE HANDED GIBBON

DUSKY LEAF MONKEY

GREAT HORNBILL


ASIAN ELEPHANT

SAMBAR DEER

BARKING DEER

SEROW

BANTENG

GAUR

BANDED LINSANG

BANDED PALM CIVET

WILD BOAR

GURNEY’S PITTA


INTE

RIO

R F

OR

EST

SPEC

IES

INTE

RIO

R F

OR

EST

SPEC

IES

FOR

EST

EDG

E SP

ECIE

S

FOR

EST

EDG

E SP

ECIE

S

RIP

AR

IAN

SPE

CIE

S

RIP

AR

IAN

SPE

CIE

S

ANIMAL ANIMAL


Environmental Concerns for Wildlife Wildlife Monitoring Options

Service Road along the Dawei-Kanchanburi Road Link (Photo: Ashley Scott Kelly)

38 Sustainable Road to Dawei 39Approaches and Applications

3. Approaches and Applications along the Dawei RoadEnhancing Ecosystem Services and Accommodating Wildlife

In this section, three sites along the Dawei Road Link have been selected as a demonstration of how to prioritize the alignment and design of the road. The three sites chosen are located in three distinct zones of the road: the first is at the core of an important tiger migration corridor along a river bank; the second is at the edge of human settlements and intact forest cover that requires significant road straightening and where edge species would migrate; the last is located near the confluence of a river and near the sighting of significant bird species such as the Great Hornbill that typically dwell in intact forest.

By comparing the public information regarding the ITD proposed alignment, the current service road, the typical adjustment of the service road based on a speed test, and an ideal alignment using a bioengineering approach and consideration of wildlife. For the recommended approach, the

geometry of the current service road was tested assuming two traffic lanes with a design speed of 65 km/hour. The right-of-way including a shoulder is approximately 24.4 meters. After identifying problem areas, the longitudinal slope of the road was kept to less than 10% slope, segments were realignedfor a minimum radius of approximately 140m, and cut and fill volume were minimized. By adjusting the alignment of the road to accommodate wildlife movement based on observation of intact forest cover, shortest distances for swimming, and minimal diversions for elevated road structures. This also demonstrates that the use of bio-engineering technologies could also serve the purpose of directing and managing animal traffic across the roads, ensuring the safety of both people and animals.

SLOPE(EROSION POTENTIAL)

WATERSHEDS IMPACTING ROAD

TIGER CROSSING POTENTIAL

< 15O

MINOR

LOW

MAJOR

HIGH

BASIN

> 45O

35 - 45O

25 - 35O

15 - 25O


Geotechnical Risks, Ecosystem Services & Potential Tiger Crossings

Tha Khat Done

East of Myitta

Myitta

DSEZ

DAWEI

Near Sin Hpyu Taing

HTEE KEE

TIGER CORRIDOR

TIGER CORRIDOR

MYITTA

0 10km

LEGENDITD PROPOSED ALIGNMENT

EXISTING SERVICE ROAD

OTHER EXISTING ROADS

PROBLEM AREAS BASED ON 65 KM/HR SPEED TESTCULVERT LOCATIONS

EXISTING DRAINAGE PATTERNS

DETAIL STUDY AREA


3.1 East of Myitta: River Edge and Tiger Corridor

This site east of Myitta is an important wildlife corridor because of its ridgeline, intact forest, and topography. There is an opportunity for an efficient wildlife crossing along the narrowest part of the river with a small viaduct that allows for animals to pass through without obstruction.

RIPRAP TO STOP ANIMALS FROM GOING ON THE ROAD AND GUIDING

THEM TO THE VIADUCT

VEGETATED RIPRAP TO MINIMIZE RIVER EROSION

AND GUIDE ANIMALS

VIADUCT TO LET ANIMALS MIGRATE UNDERNEATH AND MINIMIZE DISTURBANCE TO EXISTING

VEGETATION AND SLOPE

CATTLE GUARD TO DIRECT WILDLIFE TO

JUMP OUT

VEGETATED CRIB WALLS AS WILDLIFE BARRIER AND TO

PROTECT THE TOE OF THE SLOPE

BIOSWALE TO TREAT RUNOFF

JUMP-OUT ALONG THE ROAD AS ESCAPE POINT

FOR WILDLIFE TO RETURN TO THEIR HABITAT

HYBRID APPROACH Road Centerline

LEGEND

BIO-SWALE

WILDLIFE BARRIER

GROUND BIOENGINEERING

VEGETATION

SERVICE ROAD UPGRADERoad Centerline

ITD ALIGNMENTRoad Centerline

HYBRID APPROACHCut Slope

ITD ALIGNMENTCut Slope


Alignment Priorities

CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS OR OTHER MECHANICAL METHODS

OFTEN INCREASE PEAK FLOW AND CONCENTRATE WATERFLOW AT THE SHOULDER OF THE ROAD, ERODING

THE ROAD BED

FOREST COVER ON THE RIDGE REDUCES DRASTICALLY WITHOUT

APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT , REDUCING SIGNIFICANT TIGER

HABITAT SIGNIFICANTLY.

BARREN GROUND INCREASES POTENTIAL FOR EROSION AND

SEDIMENTATION IN RIVERS. IF IT IS NOT RE-VEGETATED, THESE STEEP SLOPES BELOW THE ROAD WILL CAUSE SLOPE

FAILURE AND ENDANGER THE ROAD BED

WITHOUT PROPER SLOPE PROTECTION, ADDITIONAL SEDIMENT IN THE RIVER WILL BLOCK THE WATERWAYS

AND RESULT IN SCOURING OR FLOODING DOWNSTREAM. THIS ALSO ENDANGERS CRITICAL AQUATIC SPECIES IN THE

REGION. DURING AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION, APPROPRIATE EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES ARE

CRITICAL TO THE HEALTH OF THE ROAD AND THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES.

WITHOUT APPROPRIATE LANDUSE PLANNING AND ENFORCEMENT, DEFORESTATION AND

AGRICULTURE, REGULATED AND UNREGULATED, WILL INCREASE. WITHOUT PROPER MANAGEMENT OF THESE LANDSCAPES, THE ROAD STRUCTURE

IS ALSO UNDER THREAT FROM INCREASED LANDSLIDES AND EROSION.

THE PROPOSED ALIGNMENT SHIFTS AWAY FROM THE EXISTING SERVICE ROAD, INCREASING LANDSCAPE

DISTURBANCE. WITHOUT PROPER MANAGEMENT AND RE-VEGETATION OF THE FORMER ROAD BED, IT TOO IS

SUSCEPTIBLE TO EROSION AND LANDSLIDES.

HABITAT DEGRADATION ALONG THE ROAD INCREASES OBSTACLES FOR ANIMAL MOVEMENT, ESPECIALLY

SINCE THE EXISTING FOREST COVER OF THIS SITE IS RELATIVELY HEALTHY. MANY SPECIES THAT RELY ON THE FOREST MIGHT FIND THIS INCREASED DISTANCE FROM ONE SIDE OF THE RIVER TO THE OTHER PROBLEMATIC.


ITD Alignment

Service Road Upgrade

CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS OR OTHER MECHANICAL METHODS OFTEN

INCREASE PEAK FLOW AND CONCENTRATE WATERFLOW AT THE SHOULDER OF THE

ROAD, ERODING THE ROAD BED

FOREST COVER ON THE RIDGE REDUCES DRASTICALLY WITHOUT APPROPRIATE

MANAGEMENT , REDUCING SIGNIFICANT TIGER HABITAT SIGNIFICANTLY.

BARREN GROUND INCREASES POTENTIAL FOR EROSION AND

SEDIMENTATION IN RIVERS. IF IT IS NOT RE-VEGETATED, THESE STEEP SLOPES BELOW THE ROAD WILL CAUSE SLOPE

FAILURE AND ENDANGER THE ROAD BED

WITHOUT PROPER SLOPE PROTECTION, ADDITIONAL SEDIMENT IN THE RIVER WILL BLOCK THE WATERWAYS

AND RESULT IN SCOURING OR FLOODING DOWNSTREAM. THIS ALSO ENDANGERS CRITICAL AQUATIC SPECIES IN THE

REGION. DURING AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION, APPROPRIATE EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES ARE

CRITICAL TO THE HEALTH OF THE ROAD AND THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES.

UPGRADING THE EXISTING SERVICE ROAD LIMITS LANDSCAPE DISTURBANCE TO AREAS THAT ARE

ALREADY DEVELOPED, REDUCING THE IMPACT OF A NEW ALIGNMENT AND ROUTE. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL

IMPORTANT TO MANAGE THE ADJACENT LANDSCAPES AS PAVING THE ROAD INCREASES TRAFFIC VOLUME AND

SPEED, CREATING GREATER BARRIERS FOR ANIMAL MOVEMENT ACROSS THE ROAD


Landscape Hybrid Approach

RIPRAP SLOPES PREVENT ANIMALS FROM CLIMBING UP THE SLOPE. IT ALSO

PROTECTS THE ROAD EDGE FROM SCOURING BY THE RIVER. LAST BUT NOT

LEAST, ITS MICRO-TOPOGRAPHY CREATES HABITAT FOR SMALL ANIMALS

TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES AND JUMP-OUTS PROTECT VEHICLES FROM

ANIMALS THAT ARE ACCIDENTALY TRAPPED ALONG THE ROADWAY

THE WILDLIFE FENCES PROTECT ANIMALS FROM

VEHICLES, BUT ALSO SERVE AS A LEGIBLE BOUNDARY

OF THE ROAD, PREVENTING UNREGULATED LANDUSE

CHANGES ALONG THE ROADREVEGETATED SLOPES PROTECT THE ROAD

DOWNHILL, AND PREVENT FURTHER HABITAT

DEGRADATION DUE TO CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

THIS IS THE NARROWEST CROSSING ALONG THE

RIVER ENTERING INTO A FORESTED VALLEY.

ELEVATING THE ROAD HERE CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY

TO THE MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS ACROSS THE RIVER TO THE

RICHLY FORESTED HILLS OF THE HILL RANGE

RIPRAP GUIDES ANIMALS TOWARDS INTACT

FOREST RATHER THAN ALONG THE ROAD

RIVER-EDGE BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES PROTECT THE

GEOTECHNICAL INTEGRITY OF THE ROAD SUPPORTS WHILE SLOWING

WATER FLOW, REDUCING EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION OF THE RIVERBED


WILDLIFE BARRIERS TO KEEP ANIMALS OUT OF

ROADWAY AND MINIMIZE COLLISIONS

BIO-SWALES FILTER POLLUTED WATER FROM THE ROAD BEFORE RELEASE INTO EXISTING SYSTEM.

IT ALSO REDUCES PEAK FLOW AND SPEED TO MINIMIZE EROSION

ELSEWHERE

VEGETATED CRIBWALLS PROVIDE MICROHABITAT FOR SOME SMALL ANIMAL SPECIES BUT PREVENT OTHERS FROM

ENTERING INTO THE ROADWAY

ROAD BARRIER AND VEGETATED CRIBWALL

ROAD BARRIER AND VEGETATED CRIBWALL

BIO-SWALE

VEGETATED RIPRAP SLOPE

VEGETATED RIPRAP EDGES DETER LARGE AND MEDIUM SIZED ANIMALS,

BUT ARE EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING RAINWATER AND PREVENTING SLOPE

EROSION

VEGETATED RIPRAP EDGES ARE PLACED TO GUIDE ANIMALS

TOWARDS SAFE CROSSINGS

TO RIVER


Use Stormwater Management and Erosion Control Measures as Wildlife Fences

MYITTA

0 10km






DETAIL STUDY AREA


3.2 Tha Khat Done: Road Straightening and Edge Species

The road alignment near Tha Khat Done requires significant straightening due to undulating topography and offers opportunities for the realignment to benefit animals of the area. The vegetation cover here is less dense, providing valuable habitat for certain edge species. The lack of significant side slopes of the road encourages wildlife to cross, possibly increasing collision rates on this stretch. The design should consider fences and other forms of barriers to prevent wildlife such as Sambar Deer or other small mammals from entering into the road right-of-way.

LANDSCAPE MOUND AS ALTERNATIVE WILDLIFE BARRIER AND TO UTILIZE

EXCAVATED SOIL FROM CUT SLOPES

VEGETATION TO GUIDE ANIMALS ALONG

VIADUCT OPENING

WILDLIFE BARRIER


JUMP OUT

VEGETATED CRIB WALL TO STABILIZE SLOPE AND AS WILDLIFE

BARRIER







LEGEND

BIO-SWALE

WILDLIFE BARRIER


VEGETATION







JUMP OUT

WILDLIFE BARRIER AND FENCE

RE-VEGETATED CUT-SLOPE

BIO-SWALE VEGETATED GABION WALL

BIO-SWALES FILTER POLLUTED WATER FROM THE ROAD BEFORE RELEASE INTO EXISTING SYSTEM.

IT ALSO REDUCES PEAK FLOW AND SPEED TO MINIMIZE EROSION ELSEWHERE

JUMP OUT FOR ANIMALS ACCIDENTALLY TRAPPED

IN ROADWAY

RE-VEGETATED CUT SLOPE

WILDLIFE BARRIERS TO KEEP ANIMALS OUT OF

ROADWAY AND MINIMIZE COLLISIONS


Prevent Collisions with Appropriate Barriers

ELEVATED STRUCTURES AT STRATEGIC INTERSECTIONS WITH

MAJOR MIGRATION ROUTES IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE MITIGATION

MEASURES

LANDSCAPES AT MAJOR CROSSINGS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY MANAGED TO MAINTAIN DIVERSE VEGETATIVE

COVER. THESE LOCATIONS ALSO PROVIDE AMPLE OPPORTUNITIES

FOR WILDLIFE MONITORING

HEIGHT OF VIADUCT SHOULD ALLOW THE LARGEST TARGET SPECIES TO CROSS, BUT ALSO MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT “OPENESS” FOR SUNLIGHT IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN HEALTHY VEGETATIVE COVER AND TO ENCOURAGE ANIMALS TO PASS THROUGH


Elevated Structures would Promote Wildlife Connectivity

MYITTA

0 10km






DETAIL STUDY AREA


3.3 Near Sin Hpyu Taing: River Confluence

Water management along the road is very important for various aquatic species and amphibians. More importantly, appropriate stormwater diversions would prevent excessive slope erosion and peak flow downstream, protecting communities from floods and other loss of property. Bio-Swales and other slope protection measures would maintain vegetation cover along the road, and the new alignment should minimize disturbance to existing drainage patterns.

RIPRAP TO STOP ANIMALS FROM GOING ON THE ROAD AND GUIDING

THEM TO THE VIADUCT


JUMP OUT






WILDLIFE BARRIER


LEGEND

BIO-SWALE

WILDLIFE BARRIER


VEGETATION







VEGETATED RIPRAP EDGES ARE PLACED TO GUIDE ANIMALS

TOWARDS SAFE CROSSINGS. THEY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SLOPE PROTECTION ESPECIALLY IN

DRAINAGE-WAYS

WILDLIFE FENCE TO PREVENT ANIMALS FROM ENTERING THE ROADWAY

BIO-SWALE

LANDSCAPES AT MAJOR CROSSINGS CAN FEATURE DIVERSE

TOPOGRAPHICAL RANGE AND VEGETATION TYPES TO CATER TO

MULTIPLE TARGET SPECIES

BIO-SWALE

BIO-SWALE

WILDLIFE FENCE

RIPRAP

RIPRAP


Balance Cut and Fill & Take Advantage of Existing Topography to Create Wildlife Connections

68 Sustainable Road to Dawei 69References

4. ReferencesCase Studies and Bibliography

4.1 Case Studies: Wildlife Corridors

viad

uct/

unde

rpas

s/am

phib

ian

tunn

elec

oduc

t/ov

erpa

ss

Fenc

ing

Cam

era

trap

Trac

k pa

ds

Veg

etat

ion

Cat

tle

guar

d

Spee

dbu

mps

/

Sign

age

ram

p

Jum

p-ou

ts

Rel

ocat

ion

Oth

er

ASIA Siju-Rewak Corridor India Meghalaya

StateWildlife sanctuaryand reserve forest

River Tropical rainforest Elephants✓

Gentle sandybeaches

Tirunelli-Kudrakote Corridor India Kerala State Protected area(connectingwildlifesanctuary)

2-lane road Tropical rainforest Elephants, tiger,gaur ✓

19 large mammalspecies using thecorridor regularly

Rajaji National Park India Uttarakhand State

Evergreen forest(Nilgiri)

Elephants, tiger

✓ ✓ ✓"go-slow"zones

Elephants, togers,sloth bears,leopards, barkingdeer and

Harimau Selamanya Malaysia Rural Tropical forest Malayan tiger,leopard

The Kenyir Wildlife CorridorProject

Malaysia Rural Highway Tropical rainforest Malayan Tiger(Panthera tigrisjacksoni), AsianElephant(Elephasmaximus), AsianTapir (Tapirusindicus), BarkingDeer (Muntiacusmuntjak),Sambar Deer(Rusa unicolor)and Wild Pig (Susscrofa)

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

landscape factorsinfluence theireffectiveness morethan structuralfactors

N/A Malaysia Perak Rural Bridge Tropical rainforest Rainforest species ✓ ✓

AFRICACameroon Southen Campo-Ma’an

National Park Genets,porcupines ✓ ✓ Vegetation,

banksColobus corssing sign Tanzania Zanzibar Urban 2-lane highway Colobus ✓ ✓A2 Highway Kenya Rural Highway Open grassland Elepants ✓Kasane Corridor Botswana Chobe National

Park2-lane highway Elepants ✓ ✓

Makgadikgadi fence Botswana Rural 2-lane highway Grassland Zebra ✓ Increased zebrapopulation

RegionCountry NotesDesign StrategiesTarget SpeciesEcosystem TypeBarrier/Obstacle Type

LandscapeContext

Project Name

viad

uct/

unde

rpas

s/am

phib

ian

tunn

elec

oduc

t/ov

erpa

ss

Fenc

ing

Cam

era

trap

Trac

k pa

ds

Veg

etat

ion

Cat

tle

guar

d

Spee

dbu

mps

/

Sign

age

ram

p

Jum

p-ou

ts

Rel

ocat

ion

Oth

er

ASIA Siju-Rewak Corridor India Meghalaya

StateWildlife sanctuaryand reserve forest

River Tropical rainforest Elephants✓

Gentle sandybeaches

Tirunelli-Kudrakote Corridor India Kerala State Protected area(connectingwildlifesanctuary)

2-lane road Tropical rainforest Elephants, tiger,gaur ✓

19 large mammalspecies using thecorridor regularly

Rajaji National Park India Uttarakhand State

Evergreen forest(Nilgiri)

Elephants, tiger

✓ ✓ ✓"go-slow"zones

Elephants, togers,sloth bears,leopards, barkingdeer and

Harimau Selamanya Malaysia Rural Tropical forest Malayan tiger,leopard

The Kenyir Wildlife CorridorProject

Malaysia Rural Highway Tropical rainforest Malayan Tiger(Panthera tigrisjacksoni), AsianElephant(Elephasmaximus), AsianTapir (Tapirusindicus), BarkingDeer (Muntiacusmuntjak),Sambar Deer(Rusa unicolor)and Wild Pig (Susscrofa)

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

landscape factorsinfluence theireffectiveness morethan structuralfactors

N/A Malaysia Perak Rural Bridge Tropical rainforest Rainforest species ✓ ✓

AFRICACameroon Southen Campo-Ma’an

National Park Genets,porcupines ✓ ✓ Vegetation,

banksColobus corssing sign Tanzania Zanzibar Urban 2-lane highway Colobus ✓ ✓A2 Highway Kenya Rural Highway Open grassland Elepants ✓Kasane Corridor Botswana Chobe National

Park2-lane highway Elepants ✓ ✓

Makgadikgadi fence Botswana Rural 2-lane highway Grassland Zebra ✓ Increased zebrapopulation


LandscapeContext

Project Name


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LandscapeContext

Project Name

EUROPEChillon viaduct Switzerland Suburban ✓ ✓ ✓Birchiwald wildlife crossing Switzerland Kirchberg Suburban 8-lane highway ✓ ✓T10 Switzerland Three-lake

districtRural European beaver ✓

N/A Switzerland Neu-Ischlag Rural 6-lane highway,high speed trainline

the Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailo Switzerland Urban 2-lane road ,railline, a river, abusiness parkand sportscomplex

Stöck overpass Switzerland N/A 4-lane highway,railway

Wild boar, roedeer, amphibians,reptiles ✓ ✓ ✓

Rüthi overpass Switzerland Suburban 4-lane highway,commual road

Red deer, roedeer, reptiles,amphibians

✓ ✓ ✓

NORTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICACascade Wildlife Corridor Canada Alberta Banff National

Park2-4 lane highway Bears, wolves,

cougars, lynx,moose, deer andelk

✓ ✓

Lolo South Project (US 93) Montana Rural 4-lane highway Wetland Meadow voles,deer mice,raccoons, redfoxes

US 93 North USA Rural Highway Deer, black bear✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

over 53,600wildlife uses from2010-2012 by over

Interstate 90 (I-90) USA Seattle Rural 8-lane highway Deer, black bear,cougar, elk ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Alligator Alley, Interstate 75 (I-75)

USA Florida Rural Highway Grassland Florida panther ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Novelty Hill Road safetyenhancement project

USA KingCounty

Highway bear, cougar,bobcat, coyoteand deer

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

McDonald Creek USA MasonCounty

Rural 4-lane highway Marine Chum salmon ✓ ✓ Doubled number ofcounts

viad

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rpas

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ing

Cam

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LandscapeContext

Project Name

EUROPEChillon viaduct Switzerland Suburban ✓ ✓ ✓Birchiwald wildlife crossing Switzerland Kirchberg Suburban 8-lane highway ✓ ✓T10 Switzerland Three-lake

districtRural European beaver ✓

N/A Switzerland Neu-Ischlag Rural 6-lane highway,high speed trainline

the Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailo Switzerland Urban 2-lane road ,railline, a river, abusiness parkand sportscomplex

Stöck overpass Switzerland N/A 4-lane highway,railway

Wild boar, roedeer, amphibians,reptiles ✓ ✓ ✓

Rüthi overpass Switzerland Suburban 4-lane highway,commual road

Red deer, roedeer, reptiles,amphibians

✓ ✓ ✓

NORTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICACascade Wildlife Corridor Canada Alberta Banff National

Park2-4 lane highway Bears, wolves,

cougars, lynx,moose, deer andelk

✓ ✓

Lolo South Project (US 93) Montana Rural 4-lane highway Wetland Meadow voles,deer mice,raccoons, redfoxes

US 93 North USA Rural Highway Deer, black bear✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

over 53,600wildlife uses from2010-2012 by over

Interstate 90 (I-90) USA Seattle Rural 8-lane highway Deer, black bear,cougar, elk ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Alligator Alley, Interstate 75 (I-75)

USA Florida Rural Highway Grassland Florida panther ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Novelty Hill Road safetyenhancement project

USA KingCounty

Highway bear, cougar,bobcat, coyoteand deer

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

McDonald Creek USA MasonCounty

Rural 4-lane highway Marine Chum salmon ✓ ✓ Doubled number ofcounts


4.2 References

Road Construction

Esaki, T., Thapa, P. B., Mitani, Y., & Ikemi, H. (2005). Landslide and debris flow characteristics and hazard mapping in mountain hill-slope terrain using GIS, central Nepal. In R. Couture, E. Eberhardt, R. Fell, & O. Hungr (Eds.), Landslide Risk Management (pp. 657-667): Taylor & Francis.

Fay, L., Akin, M., & Shi, X. (2012). NCHRP Synthesis 430. Cost-Effective and Sustainable Road Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control: A Synthesis of Highway Practice. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Washington D. C.: Transport Research Board.

Harris, C., & Dines, N. (1997). Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hearn, G. J. (2011). Slope Engineering for Mountain Roads (Vol. 24). London: Geological Society.

Milton, S. J., Dean, W. R. J., Sielecki, L. E., & van der Ree, R. (2015). The Function and Management of Roadside Vegetation Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 373-381): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Parmley, R. O. (2003). Civil Engineer’s Illustrated Sourcebook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Schiechtl, H. M. (1996). Ground bioengineering techniques for slope protection and erosion control. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge, Mass. : Blackwell Science.

Schiechtl, H. M. (1997). Water bioengineering techniques : for watercourse, bank and shoreline protection. Oxford [England]: Oxford England : Blackwell Science.

Sidle, R. C., Ziegler, A. D., Negishi, J. N., Nik, A. R., Siew, R., & Turkelboom, F. (2006). Erosion processes in steep terrain—Truths, myths, and uncertainties related to forest management in Southeast Asia. Forest Ecology and Management, 224(1–2), 199-225. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.019

Wildlife Mitigation Strategies

Ascensão, F., LaPoint, S., & van der Ree, R. (2015). Roads, Traffic and Verges Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 325-333): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Baskaran, N., & Boominathan, D. (2010). Road kill of animals by highway traffic in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2(3), 753-759.

Forman, R. T. T. (2003). Road ecology : science and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Glista, D. J., DeVault, T. L., & DeWoody, J. A. (2009). A review of mitigation measures for reducing wildlife mortality on roadways. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91(1), 1-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.11.001

Milton, S. J., Dean, W. R. J., Sielecki, L. E., & van der Ree, R. (2015). The Function and Management of Roadside Vegetation Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 373-381): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Parris, K. M. (2015). Ecological Impacts of Road Noise and Options for Mitigation Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 151-158): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Roberts, K., & Sjölund, A. (2015). Incorporating Biodiversity Issues into Road Design. In R. Van der Ree, D. J. Smith, & C. Grilo (Eds.), Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 27-31): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

van der Ree, R., Smith, D. J., & Grilo, C. (2015). The Ecological Effects of Linear Infrastructure and Traffic. In R. Van der Ree, D. J. Smith, & C. Grilo (Eds.), Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 1-9): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Weller, C. (2015). Construction of Roads and Wildlife Mitigation Measures. In R. Van der Ree, D. J. Smith, & C. Grilo (Eds.), Handbook of Road Ecology (pp. 60-64): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Woltz, H. W., Gibbs, J. P., & Ducey, P. K. (2008). Road crossing structures for amphibians and reptiles: Informing design through behavioral analysis. Biological Conservation, 141(11), 2745-2750. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.010

Ziegler, A. D., Fox, J. M., Webb, E. L., Padoch, C., Leisz, S. J., Cramb, R. A., . . . Vien, T. D. (2011). Recognizing Contemporary Roles of Swidden Agriculture in Transforming Landscapes of Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 25(4), 846-848. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01664.x

AnimalProfiles

Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Kerley, L. L., Quigley, H. B., & Hornocker, M. G. (2010). Spatial structure of Amur (Siberian) tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) on Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia. Journal of Mammalogy, 91(3), 737-748.

IUCN. (2015). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. Retrieved January 31, 2016, from http://www.iucnredlist.org/

Kerley, L. L., Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Quigley, H. B., & Hornocker, M. G. (2002). Effects of roads and human disturbance on Amur tigers. Conservation Biology, 16(1), 97-108.

Kim, S., Lappan, S., & Choe, J. C. (2011). Diet and ranging behavior of the endangered Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in a submontane tropical rainforest. American Journal of Primatology, 73(3), 270-280. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20893

Kishimoto, R., & Kawamichi, T. (1996). Territoriality and monogamous pairs in a solitary ungulate, the Japanese serow,Capricornis crispus. Animal Behaviour, 52(4), 673-682. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0212

Marasinghe, M., Dayawansa, N., & De Silva, R. (2014). Area suitability prediction for conserving elephants: an application of likelihood ratio prediction model. Tropical Agricultural Research, 25(3), 345-357.

Paudel, P. K., & Kindlmann, P. (2012). Distribution pattern of the threatened Himalayan serow (Capricornis thar) in western midhills of Nepal: An insight for conservation along an altitudinal gradient. Journal for Nature Conservation, 20(3), 177-180.

Prayurasiddhi, T. (1997). The ecological separation of gaur (Bos gaurus) and banteng (Bos javanicus) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife

Sanctuary, Thailand. (PhD Dissertation), University of Minnesota.

Sankar, K., Pabla, H., Patil, C., Nigam, P., Qureshi, Q., Navaneethan, B., . . . Mondal, K. (2013). Home range, habitat use and food habits of re-introduced gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus) in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Central India. TROPICAL CONSERVATION SCIENCE, 6(1), 50-69.

Simcharoen, A., Savini, T., Gale, G. A., Roche, E., Chimchome, V., & Smith, J. L. (2014). Ecological factors that influence sambar (Rusa unicolor) distribution and abundance in western Thailand: implications for tiger conservation. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62, 100-106.

Sopyan, E. (2009). Malayan Pangolin Manis javanica Trade in Sumatra, Indonesia. Paper presented at the WORKSHOP ON TRADE AND CONSERVATION OF PANGOLINS NATIVE TO SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Te Wong, S., Servheen, C. W., & Ambu, L. (2004). Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears Helarctos malayanus in the rainforest of Borneo. Biological Conservation, 119(2), 169-181.


76 Sustainable Road to Dawei

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