mm concept

8/11/2019 Mm Concept

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marketing conceptA concept (abstract term: conception ) is a cognitive unit of meaning an abstract idea or amental symbol sometimes defined as a "unit of knowledge," built from other units which act as aconcept's characteristics A concept is typically associated with a corresponding representation ina language or symbology !citation needed such as a single meaning of a term

#here are prevailing theories in contemporary philosophy which attempt to e$plain the nature ofconcepts #he representational theory of mind proposes that concepts are mental representations ,while the semantic theory of concepts (originating with %rege's distinction between concept andob&ect) holds that they are abstract ob&ects ! deas are taken to be concepts, although abstractconcepts do not necessarily appear to the mind as images as some ideas do ! *any

philosophers consider concepts to be a fundamental ontological category of being

#he meaning of "concept" is e$plored in mainstream cognitive science , metaphysics , and philosophy of mind #he term "concept" is traced back to ++ -./ (latin conceptum 0"something conceived"),! citation needed but what is today termed "the classical theory ofconcepts" is the theory of Aristotle on the definition of terms ! citation needed

Origin and acquisition of conceptsA posterior abstractions1ohn 2ocke 's description of a general idea corresponds to a description of a concept Accordingto 2ocke, a general idea is created by abstracting, drawing away, or removing the commoncharacteristic or characteristics from several particular ideas #his common characteristic is thatwhich is similar to all of the different individuals %or e$ample, the abstract general idea orconcept that is designated by the word "red" is that characteristic which is common to apples,cherries, and blood #he abstract general idea or concept that is signified by the word "dog" is thecollection of those characteristics which are common to Airedales, 3ollies, and 3hihuahuas

n the same tradition as 2ocke, 1ohn 4tuart *ill stated that general conceptions are formedthrough abstraction A general conception is the common element among the many images ofmembers of a class " !5 hen we form a set of phenomena into a class, that is, when wecompare them with one another to ascertain in what they agree, some general conception isimplied in this mental operation" ( A System of Logic , 6ook 7, 3h ) *ill did not believe that

concepts e$ist in the mind before the act of abstraction " t is not a law of our intellect, that, incomparing things with each other and taking note of their agreement, we merely recogni8e asreali8ed in the outward world something that we already had in our minds #he conceptionoriginally found its way to us as the result of such a comparison t was obtained (inmetaphysical phrase) by abstraction from individual things" ( Ibid. )

%or4chopenhauer , empirical concepts " are mere abstractions from what is known throughintuitive perception , and they have arisen from our arbitrarily thinking away or dropping of some9ualities and our retention of others " ( Parerga and Paralipomena , 7ol , "4ketch of a istory of
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the deal and the ;eal ") n his On the Will in Nature , "very concept originatesthrough our e9uating what is une9ual =o leaf ever wholly e9uals another, and the concept 'leaf'

is formed through an arbitrary abstraction from these individual differences, through forgettingthe distinctions "!?

6y contrast to the above philosophers, mmanuel @ant held that the account of the concept as anabstraction of e$perience is only partly correct e called those concepts that result of abstraction"a posteriori concepts" (meaning concepts that arise out of e$perience) An empirical or an a

posteriori concept is a general representation ( Vorstellung ) or non0specific thought of that whichis common to several specific perceived ob&ects ( 2ogic , , , , =ote )

A concept is a common feature or characteristic @ant investigated the way that empirical a posteriori concepts are created

#he logical acts of the understanding by which concepts are generated as to their form

are: ( ) comparison , i e , the likening of mental images to one another in relation to theunity of consciousnessB ( ) reflection , i e , the going back over different mental images,how they can be comprehended in one consciousnessB and finally (? ) abstraction or thesegregation of everything else by which the mental images differ n order to make ourmental images into concepts, one must thus be able to compare, reflect, and abstract, forthese three logical operations of the understanding are essential and general conditions ofgenerating any concept whatever %or e$ample, see a fir, a willow, and a linden nfirstly comparing these ob&ects, notice that they are different from one another in respectof trunk, branches, leaves, and the likeB further, however, reflect only on what they havein common, the trunk, the branches, the leaves themselves, and abstract from their si8e,shape, and so forthB thus gain a concept of a tree

- Logic, ! @ant's description of the making of a concept has been paraphrased as " to conceive isessentially to think in abstraction what is common to a plurality of possible instances " ( 1


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Conceptual structure#his section re9uires e$pansion

t seems intuitively obvious that concepts must have some kind of structure Cp until recently,

the dominant view of conceptual structure was a containment model, associated with theclassical view of concepts According to this model, a concept is endowed with certain necessaryand sufficient conditions in their description which une9uivocally determine an e$tension #hecontainment model allows for no degreesB a thing is either in, or out, of the concept's e$tension6y contrast, the inferential model understands conceptual structure to be determined in a gradedmanner, according to the tendency of the concept to be used in certain kinds of inferences As aresult, concepts do not have a kind of structure that is in terms of necessary and sufficientconditionsB all conditions are contingent (*argolis:+)

owever, some theorists claim that primitive concepts lack any structure at all %or instance,1erry %odor presents his Asymmetric Dependence #heory as a way of showing how a primitiveconcept's content is determined by a reliable relationship between the information in mental

contents and the world #hese sorts of claims are referred to as "atomistic", because the primitiveconcept is treated as if it were a genuine atom

Conceptual content

[edit ] Content as pragmatic role

[edit ] Embodied contentncognitive linguistics , abstract concepts are transformations of concrete concepts derived from

embodied e$perience #he mechanism of transformation is structural mapping, in which properties of two or more source domains are selectively mapped onto a blended space(%auconnier E #urner, FF+B see conceptual blending ) A common class of blends are metaphors#his theory contrasts with the rationalist view that concepts are perceptions (or recollections , in


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signed : thus, Descartes ' (ogito or @ant's " transcendental " t is asingularity , not universal, andconnects itself with others concepts, on a " plane of immanence " traced by a particular

philosophy 3oncepts can &ump from one plane of immanence to another, combining with otherconcepts and therefore engaging in a "becoming0 Hther "

Concepts in epistemology%or more details on this topic, see 2ist of concepts in science

3oncepts are vital to the development of scientific knowledge %or e$ample, it would be difficultto imagine physics without concepts like: energy , force , or acceleration 3oncepts help tointegrate apparently unrelated observations and phenomena into viable hypotheses and theories,the basic ingredients of science #he concept map is a tool that is used to help researchersvisuali8e the inter0relationships between various concepts

Ontology of conceptsAlthough the mainstream literature in cognitive science regards the concept as a kind of mental

particular, it has been suggested by some theorists that concepts are real things (*argolis:I) n

most radical form, the realist about concepts attempts to show that the supposedly mental processes are not mental at allB rather, they are abstract entities, which are &ust as real as anymundane ob&ect


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theories %or e$ample, a simple relational hypothesis can be viewed as either a conceptualhypothesis (where the abstract concepts form the meaning) or an operationali8ed hypothesis,which is situated in the real world by rules of interpretation %or e$ample, take the simplehypothesis >ducation increases ncome #he abstract notion of education and income (concepts)could have many meanings A conceptual hypothesis cannot be tested #hey need to be converted

into operational hypothesis or the abstract meaning of education must be derived oroperationali8ed to something in the real world that can be measured >ducation could bemeasured by Lyears of school completedM or Lhighest degree completedM etc ncome could bemeasured by Lhourly rate of payM or Lyearly salaryM etc #he system of concepts or conceptualframework can take on many levels of comple$ity 5hen the conceptual framework is verycomple$ and incorporates causality or e$planation they are generally referred to as a theory

=oted philosopher of science 3arl Gustav empel says this more elo9uently LAn ade9uateempirical interpretation turns a theoretical system into a testable theory: #he hypothesis whoseconstituent terms have been interpreted become capable of test by reference to observable

phenomena %re9uently the interpreted hypothesis will be derivative hypotheses of the theoryB but their confirmation or disconfirmation by empirical data will then immediately strengthen or

weaken also the primitive hypotheses from which they were derived M !.empel provides a useful metaphor that describes the relationship between the conceptual

framework and the framework as it is observed and perhaps tested (interpreted framework) L#hewhole system floats, as it were, above the plane of observation and is anchored to it by rules ofinterpretation #hese might be viewed as strings which are not part of the network but linkcertain points of the latter with specific places in the plane of observation 6y virtue of thoseinterpretative connections, the network can function as a scientific theoryM
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