DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

MLA STYLEMLA STYLEPresented byPresented by

Maryana al-abawiMaryana al-abawi

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General MLA guidelines

First page format

Documentation : preparing the list of works

Documentation : citing sources in the text

abbreviations

MLA ( Modern Language Association) style formatting is often used in various humanities disciplines .

What does MLA style What does MLA style regulate ?regulate ?

MLA Regulates :

Document format

In-text citations

Works cited ( a list of all sources used in the paper )

Write on white 8.5*11 paper

Double space everything

Use 12 pt. Times New Roman font

Leave only one space after punctuation

Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides

Indent the first line paragraph half inch

Header with page numbers in the upper right corner

Use italics for titles

Endnotes go on a separate page before the work cited page

Formatting the First Page

1-No title page

2-Double space every thing

3-In the upper left corner of the first page, we list our name, our instructor name, the course and date

4-Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.

5-Double space between the title and the first line of the text.

6-Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages .

7-Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"

Whenever you use somebody else’s ideas in your research paper you must cite your sources by:

1.Listing the complete source citation in your works cited list.2.Acknowledging the source in the text of your paper ( in-text documentation).

You must cite your sources when…

1- Quoting any words that are not your own (repeat “using quotation marks”).

2- Summarizing facts and ideas from a source (using your own words).

3- Paraphrasing to put somebody’s ideas into your own words.

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Citing sources : MLA style

Example: when citing a bookBooksBasic Format:Author’s last name, first name. Title. Publisher city: Publisher, year.

Two or More Works by the Same Author

To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name, type three hyphens, followed by a period and the title. The three hyphens stand for exactly the same name as in the preceding entry. Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979. Print.---, trans. Pearl. New York: Norton, 1977. Print.---. “Sound Symbolism as Drama in the Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA107.1 (1992): 131-44. JSTOR. Web. 13 May 2008.

Citing Periodical Print Publications:An Article in a Scholarly Journal

General Format : Author last name, First name. “Title of the article.” journal title volume. Issue (Year): page range. Medium.

For example: Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers

Some scholarly journals do not use volume numbers at all, numbering issues only. Cite the issue numbers of such journals alone.

For example: Kafka, Ben. “The Demon of Writing: Paperwork, Public Safety, and the Reign of Terror.” Representation 98 (2007): 1-24. Print.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal With More Than One Series

Some scholarly journals have been published in more than one series in citing a journal with numbered series, write the number (an Arabic digit with the a appropriate ordinal suffix: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) and the abbreviation ser. between the journal title and the volume number.

Striner, Richard. “Political Newtonism: The Cosmic Model of Politics in Europe and America.” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 52.4 (1995): 583-608. Print.

An Article in a Newspaper

General Format Author last name, First name. “Article Title: Subtitle.” Newspaper Title Publication Date [Day Month Year]: page range. Medium. Example : Jeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor.” New York Times 13 July 2002, late ed.: B7+. Print.

An Article in a Magazine

To cite a magazine published every week or every two weeks, give the complete date (beginning with the day and abbreviating the month, except for May, June, July)

For example

McEvoy, Dermot. “Little Books, Big Success.” Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2006: 26-28. Print.

A review

To cite a review, give the reviewer’s name and the title of the review(if there is one); then write Rev. of (neither italicized nor enclosed in quotation marks), the title of the work reviewed, a comma, the word by, and the name of the author.

Review Author. “Title of Review (if there is one) .” Rev. of performance Title, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical day month year: page. Medium of publication.

For example: Weiller, K. H. Rev. of Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media Representations, ed. Linda K. Fuller. ChoiceApr. 2007: 1377. Print.

An Anonymous Article

If no author’s name is given for the article you are citing, begin the entry with the title. Ignore any initial A, An, or The when you alphabetize the entry. Do not include the name of a wire service or news bureau.

For example: “It Barks! It Kicks! It Scores!” Newsweek 30 July 2001 : 12. Print.

A Special IssueTo cite an entire special issue of a journal, begin the entry with the name of the person or persons who edited the issue, followed by a comma and the abbreviation ed. Or eds. Next give the title of the special issue (italicized) and a period, followed by spec. issue of and the name of the journal (the name is italicized), conclude the entry with the journal’s volume and issue numbers(separated by a period:”9.1”, the year of publication( in parentheses), a colon, a space, the complete pagination of the issue, a period, the medium of publication consulted, and a period.

Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. Identities. Spec. issue of Critical Inquiry 18.4 (1992): 625-884 . Print.

CITING NONPERIODICAL PRINT CITING NONPERIODICAL PRINT PUBLICATIONPUBLICATION

Entries for non periodical print publications, such as books and pamphlets, consist of several elements in a prescribed sequence. This list shows most of the possible components of a book entry and the order in which they are normally arranged:1.Name of the author, editor, compiler, or translator,2.Title of the work (italicized)3.Edition used4.Number(s) of the volume(s) used5.City of publication, name of the publisher, and year of publication6.Medium of publication consulted (print)7.Supplementary bibliographic information and annotation

Book with one author

Author’s name. Title of the book. Publication information.

Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2008. Print.

Book with two or more authors

To cite a book by two or more authors , give their names in the same order as on the title page and reverse only the name of the first author , add comma, and give the other names in normal form place a period after the last name .

For example :

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.

If there are more than three authors, name only the first and add et al.

A Book by a Corporate Author

A corporate author may be a commission, an association, a committee, or any other group whose individual members are not identified on the title page. Omit any initial article(A, An, the) in the name of the corporate author, and do not abbreviate its name. Cite the book by the corporate author, even if the corporate author is the publisher.

Example :National Research Council. Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the World’s Population. Washington: Natl. Acad., 2000. Print.

An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword

To cite an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, begin with the name of its author and then give the name of the part being cited , capitalized but neither italicized nor enclosed in quotation marks. Cite the author of the complete work after its title, giving the full name in normal order preceded by the word By. Continue with full publication information .

For example:

Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems, 1923-1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv-xvi. Print.

An Anonymous Book

If a book has no author's or editor's name on the title page, begin the entry with the title. Do not use Anonymous or Anon. Alphabetize the entry by the title, ignoring any initial A, An, or The.

Example : American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Boston: Houghton, 2005. Print.

A Translation

To cite a translation, state the author's name first if you refer primarily to the work itself; give the translator's name, preceded by Trans., after the title. if the book has an editor as well as a translator, give the names, with appropriate abbreviations, in the order in which they appear on the title page

Example :

Beowulf. Trans. E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

A Multivolume Work

If you are using two or more volumes of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. This information comes after the title or after any editor's name or identification of edition and before the publication information. Specific references to volume and page numbers(3:212-13) belong in the text.

Example :

Blanco, Richard L., ed. The American Revolution, 1775-1783: An Encyclopedia. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993. Print.

A Brochure, Pamphlet, or Press Release

Treat a brochure or pamphlet as you would a book.

Example :

Modern Language Association. Language Study in the Age of Globalization: The College-Level Experience. New York: MLA, n.d. Print.

A Book Published before 1900

When citing a book published before 1900, you may omit the name of the publisher and use a comma, instead of a colon, after the place of publication.

Example :

Brome, Richard. The Dramatic Works of Richard Brome. 3 vols. London, 1873. Print.

A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination

using square brackets to show that it did not come from the source.Example : New York: U of Gotham P, [2008]. If the date can only be approximated, put it after a c., for circa 'around': "[c. 2008]." If you are uncertain about the accuracy of the information you supply, add a question mark: "[2008?]." Use the following abbreviations for information you cannot supply.

n.p. No place of publication givenn.p. No publisher givenn.d. No date of publication givenn. pag. No pagination given

Inserted before the colon, the abbreviation n.p. indicates no place; after the colon, it indicates no publisher. N. pag. explains the absence of page references in citations of the work.

Example :

No Place N.p.: U of Gotham P, 2008. No Publisher New York: n.p., 2008. No Date New York: U of Gotham P, n.d. No Pagination New York: U of Gotham P, 2008. N. Pag.ex: Bauer, Johann. Kafka und Prag. [Stuttgart]: Belser, [1971?]. Print.

CITING WEB PUBLICATION

A Work Cited Only on the Web

An entry for a non periodical publication on the Web usually contains most of the following components, in sequence:

Name of the author, compiler, director, editor, narrator, performer, or translator of the work.Title of the work (italicized if the work is independent; in roman type and quotation marks if the work is part of a larger work).Title of the overall Web site (italicized), if distinct from item 2Version or edition used

Publisher or sponsor of the site; if not available, use N.p.Date of publication(day, month, and year, as available); if nothing is available, use n.d.Medium of publication(Web)Date of access (day, month, and year)

Example :

Antin, David. Interview by Charles Bernstein. Dalkey Archive Press. Dalkey Archive P, n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2007.

MLA In-Text CitationsMLA In-Text Citations

In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.

General Guidelines

1)The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.

2)Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.

For example:Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

print sources with known author

For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

For example :Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3).

Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

print sources with no known author

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.Foe example :We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6).

Citing authors with same last names

If two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.

For example:Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

Citing a work by multiple authors

For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:

Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76).

For a source with more than three authors, use the work's bibliographic information as a guide for your citation. Provide the first author's last name followed by et al. or list all the last names.

Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4).

Citing multivolume works

If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)

. . . as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).

Citing indirect sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted.

For example:

Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

AbbreviationsAbbreviationsAbbreviations are used regularly in the list of works cited and in tables but rarely in the text of a research paper (except within parentheses).

In choosing abbreviations, keep your audience in mind.

Spell out the names of months in the text but abbreviate them in the list of works cited, except for May, June, and July. Whereas words denoting units of time are also spelled out in the text (second, minute, week, month, year, century) some time designations are used only in abbreviated form (a.m., p.m, AD, BC, ...)

a.m. before noon (from the latin ante meridiem)BC before Christ (used after numerals ["19BC"] and reference to centuries [fifth century BC]Geographic Names:Braz. BrazilGer. GermanyCommon Scholarly Abbreviations and reference words:acad. academyanon. anonymousdept. department

Bible:Exod. ExodusDan. DanielEzek. Ezekiel