Mkoani District Food Security Profile1.0 BackgroundMkoani district lies in Southern part of Pemba covering an area of 207 km2. It is bordered by Chakechake district to the North and the Indian Ocean to the South, West and East.Livelihood zones Shehia in respective to Livelihood

zonesNumber of Shehias per livelihood zone

1. Semi coral fishing Chambani, Mwambe, Shamiani, Mtangani, Kisiwa panza and Jombwe

6

2. Deep fertile soils with no fishing

Mkanyageni, Ukutini, Mjimbini, Mizingani and Ngwachani , Kimbuni, Kendwa, Minazini na Mikungu

9

3. Deep fertile soils with fishing

Kangani, Chokocho, Michenzani, Makoongwe, Makombeni, Shidi , Wambaa , Stahabu and Kuu kuu

9

4. Pemba peri urban Mtambile, Kengeja and Changaweni 35. Pemba urban Uweleni Ng’ombeni and Mbuyuni 3Total 30

It has five livelihood zones namely semi-coral fishing, semi fertile soil with no fishing, deep fertile soil with fishing and Pemba Peri-urban with a total of 30 shehias.

Map of Mkoani District showing the different Livelihood zones

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2.0: Demographic characteristics:Although the estimated district population size increased from 96,633 in 2004/05 to 116,129 in 2009/10, the proportion slightly declined by 0.1 at 9.1 percent in 2009/10. The mean household size also increased from 5.5 in 2005 to 5.7 in 2010 above the national average of 5.5. There has been a marked increase in the percentage of female headed households from 19.3 percent in 2004 to 17.5 percent in 2009/10. However, the mean age dependency ratio also slightly declined from 1.21 to 1.14 in the same

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Food security statistics , Mkoani district

Indicators 2004/05 2009/10

Demographic characteristics

Population size (2008 estimate) 96,633

116,129

% of Total Population 9.2

9.1

Population density 467 561 Population growth rate (%) X X

Households (#,%) 19,355(10.9)

Mean household size 5.5

5.7

%of child orphans (Lost >1parent)

X 2.50

Average No. of persons per sleeping room

X 2.3

Mean Age dependency ratio 1.21

1.14

% of Population <18 years orphaned

6.9

2.5

Mean proportion of dependants 0.5

X

% of female-headed households(>15 years )

19.3

17.5

period. Overall, the number of household heads increased by 26.3% i.e. from 17,474 in 2004/05 to 22,074 by 2010. Between 2004 and 2010, the population density (number of persons per Km2 increased by 20.4 percent i.e. from 467 to 561.

4.0 Socio-economic status

Agricultural labour force in Mkoani district declined from 52.7% in 2004/05 to 48.6% in 2009/10. One in ten adult persons in the district is employed by Government while only 2.7 percent of the population is employed in the private sector. About seven in ten households are engaged in Agriculture, livestock and fishing in Mkoani district. In 2010, a total of 2 percent of the households were not actively employed due to either old-age or underage, sickness and /or disability. Unemployment accounted for 2.6 in 2005.

50 Household Assets & Income Source and Expenditure

By 2009/10, total Mean Household Per Capita Expenditure for 28 days declined by 1.87 percent at Tsh.35, 381. Similarly, total Mean Household Expenditure for 28 days slowed down from Tsh. 35,577 to Tsh.30,836. In 2004/05, three in ten

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Households Assets & Income Source

% households Owning cattle 31.6

X

% households Owning goats or sheep

11.8

X

% households owning chicken 80.9

X

% households Owning Land or Field

72.1

X

% Households owning fishing equipment

9.3

X

% of households with a member with a bank account

2.6

4.4

Households having present working capital

X X

Average household Expenditures

Total Mean Household Per Capita Expenditure per capita for 28 days

40,791

35,381

Total Median Household Per Capita Expenditure (28 days)

35,577

30,836

Total Mean Household Expenditure for 28 days

225,577

201,655

Total Low Per Capita Expenditure for 28 days

24,407

22,045

Socio-Economic status (Employment)

2004/05 2009/10

Employment-Cash 31,939

% adults engaged in Agric/livestock/fishing

52.7

48.6

% households engaged in Agric/livestock/fishing

71.0

% of households engaged in Fishing

8.9

% of households employed by Government

13.0

% of households self employed 8.4

% of Public sector (males & females) employed

12.8

10.6

% of Private sector (males & females) employed

2.7

2.7

% of unemployment rate 2.6

% of population (15-64) not 0.9

households owned cattle while one in ten households kept goats in Mkoani district.

6.0 Household income

Over the last five years, the Agricultural share of income also slumped by 1 percent at 29.3 percent in 2009/10. Total Mean Annual Income also declined by Tsh244, 991(20%) in between 2004/05-2009/10.

However, there was a huge in increase in the mean Per Capita Annual / Monthly Household Income (TShs.) from 186,278 upto 326,506 though

still lower than the national average of 483520(HBS, 2009/10.

7.0 Poverty and Inequality

Both the number and proportion of food poor persons in Mkoani district tripled between 2004 and 2010. The same trend was observed for the population below the Food Poverty line. The number of persons below the basic needs poverty line increased from four in 2004/05 to five in 2009/10.

Similarly, the total number of Basic Needs Persons increased from 40,667 (7.8%) to 65,761(11.6%) during the same period. According to the HBS2009/10, both the food poverty (headcount) and basics needs gaps sharply rose from 0.93 and 9.38 in 2005 to 4.48 and 16.45 in 2010 respectively. During the same period, Agricultural share of total income slightly declined by one percent point at 29.3 percent in 2009/10.

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Household Income 2004/05 2009/10

Mean Annual Income Per Earner by Male(Tsh)

1,806,48

5

1,447,70

3Mean Annual Income Per Earner by

female(Tsh)539,248 425,582

Total Mean Annual Income (Tsh)1,205,775 9

60,784% of Agricultural share of income 30.3 29.3 Mean Per Capita Annual / Monthly

Household Income (TShs.) 186,2

78 326

,506 Poverty and Inequality

% Population below the Food Poverty line (Head count ratio)

7.26 21.46

% Population below the basic needs poverty line (Head count ratio)

42.08 52.27

Food poverty headcount gap 0.93 4.48

Basic needs poverty gap 9.38 16.45

Gini Coefficient 0.23 0.27

Generalized Entropy (GE)(2) of dist. Per Capita Expenditure

0.11 0.13

Total number of Food Poor Persons 7,015 27,001

Total number of Basic Needs Persons 40,667 65,761

% of Basic Needs Poor persons 7.8 11.6

Mean Per Capita Annual / Monthly Household Income (TShs.) sharply rose by 75 percent from Tsh.186,278 to 326,506 between the period 2004 -2010 but mainly among the middle income class. The gap between the rich and the poor (income inequality) has widened as reflected by the escalation of the Gini Coefficient from 0.23 to 0.27 percent and the fall in Generalized Entropy. This fact is attested y the decline in the total consumption by the bottom poorest (20%) from 11.0 to 9.2 percent in the same period. Programs and policies promoting even distribution of both income and consumption across the population are needed.

8.0 Household food consumption patterns

Food intake and nutrition

Rice, cassava and animal products (mainly fish) heavily constitute the major daily diets. On average, fish is consumed 5 days a week whereas cassava and rice are consumed 3 and 4 times per week respectively. The consumption of other body building foods is very low, for instance, Meat is consumed once a month while eggs are eaten only once in three months per household. Sweet potatoes, Vegetables and pulses are least preferred since they are consumed only nearly week. Low intake of certain foods such as eggs, beans and vegetables is partly caused by the limited availability and poor consumer preferences. Although, daily diets vary somewhat according to livelihood zone, a relatively higher proportion of households do not meet their minimum food requirements. Majority of the households (98.3%) depend on both firewood and charcoal to prepare their food. Between 2005 and 2010, the proportion of households consuming three and more meals per day evidently grew by 27.1 percent ending at 67.3 percent. About 7 percent were having fewer meals beyond 7 days by 2009/10.

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Food Security

Food consumption patterns

Food demand(MT)

Food Aid (MT)

% of Households consuming 3+ meals per day

40.2

67.3

# of Households consuming 3+ meals per day 7,015

Fisher Index (based on food prices)/Rural/Urban

1.01/0.91 1.02/0.93

Mean Household Expenditure on Food & Non-Alcoholic beverages (28 days) Low

Expend. Level

60.5

63.1

% of household consumption expenditure on food

58.0

58.3

% distribution of Mean per capita Expend (28 days) on F&NAB

40.2

67.3

% households with fewer meals (beyond 7 days)

X 6.9

Food crop production

Number of Agricultural households 12,472(12.9)

16,199 (12.3)

% of households Selling crops 7,222(11.8) X

% of women owning land for Agriculture X 13

%households Owning Land for Agriculture & Grazing (1-2.9 acres)

49.9

67.8

Total# of Individuals Owning land 12,743 X

As already noted, Mkoani districts falls in the region of Pemba South. In Pemba South, the stunting (Height/Age) rose from 27.4% in 2005 to 31.3% in 2010, wasting (Weight/Height) equally almost doubled from 4.5% in 2005 to 8.4% in 2010. However, underweight (Weight/Age) slightly declined from 20.2% to 18.6% in the same period. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children 6-59 months was 37.8% by 2010. Targeted nutritional improvement actions are required in affected shehias with severe cases of malnutrition.

With regard to health and sanitation, 85 percent of the households have adequate to safe drinking water. Households spend on average 7 minutes on fetching water and an estimated 117 litres of water are consumed peer household on a daily basis. The number of households using toilet facilities doubled from three in 2004/05HBS to six in 2009/10HBS. It is worth to note that the proportion of individuals reporting illness in past month significantly reduced from 25.5% to 9% and the mean household expenditure on Health subsequently reduced from 2.2% to 1.8% in the same period. A decline in the disease burden increased the labour productivity, income earning capacity and reduced health care costs. This may have positively contributed to the rise in the proportion of households saving informally from 2.8% to 10.9% and formally from 0.7 % to 2.6 between 2004/05 and 2009/10.

Household food access

Inadequate food access in the period between November and January was reported. While households locally produce banana, cassava, vegetables and fruits, they heavily rely on market purchases to access other major foods namely (rice, pulses, beef and milk). Despite the low purchasing power, mean household expenditure on Food & Non-Alcoholic beverages (28 days) increased from 60.5% to 63.1% in the last 5 years. The sharply rising market prices as shown by the low urban Fisher Index of 0.93(based on food prices), do expose low income households to high incidences of food insecurity and malnutrition in the district.

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Mean number of days of consumingSpecified food in proceeding week in 2009/10

Food Item Mkoani Zanzibar

Meat 0.3 0.6

Fish 4.8 4.5

Eggs 0.1 0.4

Milk 0.4 0.7

Beans/legume types

1.2 1.6

Fruits 1.7 1.9

Cassava 3.2 1.9

Rice 4 4.8

Sweet Potato 0.1 0.4

Vegetables 1.2 1.6

On average, households involved in saving or Bank Account increased by two at five in 2009/10. In the same way, the proportion of household members who took bank loans past year increased from 0.9% to 4.1%.

9.0 Domestic Food productionThe main food crops grown in the district include: Cassava, paddy, bananas, maize, sweet potatoes, yams, rice whereas the cash crops are seaweed and cloves.

Crop farming households:A 201% significant increase in the proportion of households growing maize was recorded and the number of Cassava farming households increased by 47 percent between 2003/04 and 2007/08. Similar positive changes in the proportion of households engaged in the cultivation of other crops particularly Yams (38%), Paddy (27%) and Bananas (18%) were observed.

Crop production and area planted:The area planted (ha) of cassava increased from 5,471 to 5,568 whereas the cassava production in ha increased from 15,112 to 20,006 between 2003/04 and 2007/08. However, the proportion of the both area planted and production of cassava relative to total coverage faced a declining trend.

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Water and sanitation 2004/05 2009/10

% of household within 1 km of drinking water 60.4 55.6

% households spending >1 hour to fetch water X 1

% of households using toilet facilities 34.2 57.1

Average household water consumption (litres) X 117

# of households having access to water 17,474 22,074

% of households within 1 km of drinking water X 84.8

Basic health and nutrition 2006 2007

Wasting less than 2 sd (%) X X

Stunting less than 2 sd (%) X X Underweight for Age U5 (cases /100 children

weighed)7.4 6.2

Underfive mortality(#) yr 2002 X X Vitamin A deficiency among under five years X X

Children <1 year immunized (%) 49.7 in 2007 X Life expectancy (year) X X

Child mortality rate/1000 live births 68 in 2002 X Infant mortality rate/1000 live births 97 in 2002 X

Under-fiver mortality rate/1000 live births 158 in 2002 X Mean household expenditure on Health (28

days)   

% mean household expenditure on Health (28 days) 2.2 1.8

% of individuals reporting illness (past month) 25.5 9.0 % distribution of Mean per capita Expend. on

Health (28 days)

2.2

1.5

% mean household expenditure on Health (28 days) X X

Energy supply

% households using Solar 0.1 -

% households using Charcoal and firewood for cooking

98.1

98.3

Daily mean(kgs) h/hold firewood consumed X 6

% of households with electricity connection for lighting

6.2

13.4

% of households using charcoal for cooking 5 X

% of households using Firewood for cooking 93.3 X

Savings and Banking Services

% of Households involved in Saving or Bank Account

2.6

4.4

% of household member who took bank loans past year

0.90 4.10

% household Member in Formal Saving group systems

0.7

2.6

% household Member in Informal saving group system

2.8

10.9

% households reported having Business 15.0 25.0

The increase in the area of banana planted from 2,306(17%) to 3,312(24%) was followed by a significant increase in banana production in (tons) from 7814(18%) to 24,639(16%). In the same way, Paddy rice also registered a slight increase in the area planted from 3,899(18%) to 5,055(19%) and a similar increase in the quantity harvested from 2,377 (23%) to 5,848(18%) in the same period. Production of Sweat potato, Yams and Maize equally increased from 62(0.8%) to 112(0.7%), 44(2.2%) to 31(0.8%) and 65(2.1) and 182(3.4%) respectively. This is attributed to the increase in the area planted of the three crops. The area planted (ha) of Sweet-potatoes and Maize doubled from 39(0.7%) to 81(1.0%) and 79(3.0%) to 159(3.9%) respectively. Similarly, the area planted of Yams (in ha) more than doubled from 6(0.4%) in 2003/04 to 14 (0.6%) in 2007//08.

Table 9.1 : Mkoani district, Crop production district

Crop Number of Households

Quantity Harvested (tons)

District Yield (tons/ha)

Actual Planted Area (ha)

National Yield (Mt/ha)

2003/4

2007/8 2003/4 2,007/8 2003/4

2007/8

2003/4 2007/8 20034

2007/8

Cassava 9,803 14,441 15,112 (22.2)

20,006(16.5)

2.80 3.6 5,471 (16.1)

5,568(14.4)

2 3.1

Sweet potato 283

348 62 (0.8) 112(0.7) 1.60 1.4 39 (0.7) 81(1.0) 1.58 2.1

Yams 39 54 44 (2.2) 31(0.8) 7.33 2.2 6 (0.4) 14(0.6) 1.3 1.7

Paddy 10,356

13,174 2,377 (22.9)

5,848(18.1)

0.61 1.2 3,899 (18.0)

5,055(19)

0.48 1.2

Maize 279 839 65 (2.1) 182(3.4) 0.82 1.1 79 (3.0) 159(3.9) 1.19 1.22

Banana 8,929 10,567 7,814 (17.8)

24,639(26.1)

3.39 9.2 2,306 (17.0)

3,312(23.6)

3.23

Seaweed 200 466 (8.4) 16.64 28 (1.1) 2.14

Cloves 2,413 1,059 (28.5)

0.77 1,397 (29.2)

0.8

Sorghum 161 30(1.8) 1 29(1.5) 0.52 0.9

Irish potatoes

0 0 0 0 72

Cocoa Yams 375 33(4.2) 0.8 41(4.9) 0.79 0.9

Source: 2002/03 and 2008/09 Agriculture Sample Censuses, OCGS, Zanzibar

Crop Yields:In Mkoani district, Banana recorded the highest increase in yields from 3.39 to 9.2 tons/ha, followed by Cassava from 2.8 to 3.6 ton/ha, Paddy Rice from 0.61 to 1.2 ton/ha and maize from 0.82 to 1.1 between the two Agricultural Censuses of 2003/04 and 2007/08.

Area of Land Utilized for Growing Crops and land sufficiencyMkoani had less than 10% land utilization and the total planted area was 624ha (3%) in the short-rainy season and 5,506 ha(14%) in the long-rainy season, 10,604ha (14%) under permanent crops. The total crop growing households in the district was 16,146(12.4%) and the total land for crop production per household was 1.03ha in 2007/08(Agricultural Census

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2008/09:18-20). More than half of the households (53%) reported land insufficiency following the low average land available per household. Nearly all usable land was utilised entirely.

Land Use Patterns:By 2007/08, the area under permanent mono crops was (6,584ha, 17.1%) and permanent mixed crops was (2,582 ha, 11.9%). A total of 5,815ha (15.2%) and 297(4.5%) were also under Temporary mono crops and temporary/mixed crops respectively. In the same year, 357ha (2.5%) were under permanent/annual mix, 11ha (5%) were under pasture, 294ha (8.6%) under fallow and sadly, no land was planted under trees.

Irrigated Agriculture:About 194(7%) of the planted area was irrigated. An estimated 450(5%) households practiced irrigation with primarily hand buckets and gravity in 2007/08. Rivers and canals are the most important source of water for irrigation in Mkoani district.

Crop marketing:

Over 3600 (8%) of the households reported selling crops. Marketing challenges included low open market price, distant markets and high transport costs.

Agricultural extension service:

Mkoani occupied the 5th position in the proportion of households in Zanzibar (12.5%) receiving agricultural extension advice by mainly Government, neighbors and newspapers.

10. Livestock and artisanal fishery:The major livestock in Mkoani were cattle (16,976,11%),

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Mkoani Livestock & fisheries production

2004/05 2007/08

Total # of households rearing livestock 4831(13.3)

6,524 (14.2)

Indigenous Cattle (#/%) 15589(10.1) 16,922(11.3)

Improved dairy cattle (#/%) 146(1.8) 54(0.78)

Total # of district Cattle 15,735(9.7) 16,976(10.9)

Total # of milked cows in Wet / Dry Seasons

3,766(8.4)/2,963(8.1)

Households rearing Cattle 5,721(14.5)

# of Indigenous goats 4,723(9.1) 7,801(13.7)

# of Improved dairy goats - -

Total #of households rearing goats

1,892(14.4)

Total # and % of district goats 4,723(9.0) 7,801(11.3)

Donkeys 0 54(15.3)

Indigenous chickens (#/%)145,320(15.4)

132,905(14.2)

# of layers 616(0.47)

# of Broilers -

Total district Chickens (#/%)145,408(13.7)

133,521(12.4)

Households rearing chickens 10,532(13.2)

Ducks kept - 348(1.0)

Eggs produced (in millions)0.314(2.0)

goats(7,801,11%),chickens(133,521,12), donkeys(54,15%) and ducks(347,1%).

Fish production declined from 3.9 million tons in 2005 to 3.4 million tons in 2010. The district occupies the 4th highest number of goats and also follows Central district in number of households rearing goats in Zanzibar. It had a goat density of 34 goats per sq.km. Cases of Tick Borne disease were moderate at3,981(34%)while nine and two percents of the Cattle rearing households reported Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) respectively. Livestock rearing households also rose from 4,831(13.3) in 2004/05 to 6,524 (14.2) in 2007/08.

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