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Mixing Below Mudline
Sediment Remediation/Risk Management by In Situ Stabilization/Treatment (ISS/T) with Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)
© Canada Geo-Solutions 2017
Pete Craig, M.Sc., PChem (BC)Regional ManagerCanada [email protected]
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• Introduction• Sediment Contamination & Remediation• Sediment Amendment (“In Situ Treatment”) • Drops and Rakes and Chisel Plows• Underwater Soil Mixing, ISS & IST• Case Study – Sediment Stabilization for Wharf
Construction• Case Study – Connecticut River• Case Study – Marine Turning Basin• Conclusions• Contacts• References/Further Reading
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• Canada Geo-Solutions, Inc. (Vancouver, 2008)• Parent company: Geo-Solutions Inc. (founded 1996)
• Oldest soil mixing contractor in North America• Largest installer of ISS/T• Acquired largest competitor 2012 (Geo-Con/Environmental Barriers, founded 1979)
• $50 to $70 M/year worldwide• Bonding to $75M+ (aggregate)
> 1500 total projects> 800 slurry trenches> 5M m2 cut-off wall> 1M m3 soil mixing
1st use of soil mixing for environmental
remediation
1st use of soil mixing for environmental
remediation
1st containment slurry wall
1st containment slurry wall
1st containment slurry wall
1st containment slurry wall
1st reactive barrier and 1st zero valent iron treatment site
1st reactive barrier and 1st zero valent iron treatment site
1st deep containment wall using soil bentonite slurry wall method for
oil sands tailings containment
1st deep containment wall using soil bentonite slurry wall method for
oil sands tailings containment
1st to complete several projects using slurry wall, soil mixing and
biopolymer technology
1st to complete several projects using slurry wall, soil mixing and
biopolymer technology
International Firsts
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Low permeability barriers to great depths (29 m w/ excavator, >29 m w/ clamshell)
Mixing of reagents in situ to remediate contaminated soil/sediment or stabilize/improve subgrade
High‐pressure grout jetting, physically mixing underground columns, often within tight quarters and around obstructions
Deep drains and interceptor trenches
Passive underground reactive filters to treat contaminated groundwater
Barrier WallsBarrier Walls Soil MixingSoil Mixing Jet GroutingJet Grouting Vertical DrainsVertical Drains Permeable Reactive Barriers
Permeable Reactive Barriers
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Adapted from Washington Department of Ecology, 2016 (Lower Duamish Waterway Source Control Strategy)
Air DepositionWaterway
Operations & Spills
Resuspension & Redeposition
Erosion & Leaching
StormwaterRunoff & Nonpoint Sources
Overwater Operations
Storm Drains, Combined Sewers and
Cross-Connects
Upland Contaminant
PlumesSediment from
Upstream
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Pre-2000
Removal
Cap
Monitored NaturalRecovery/Attenuation
Hybrid Remedy
Post-2000
n = 47 n = 39
4
34
72
1
2015
3
Source: Anchor QEA [Mohan, R., Doody, J.P., Patmont, C., Gardner, R., Shellenberger, A. (2016).
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8
EPA• 2005 USEPA ‐ Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance
NRC• 2007 National Research Council – Sediment Dredging – Assessing the Effectiveness
USACE• 2008 (February) US Army Corps – The “Four R’s”• 2008 (September) US Army Corps – Technical Guidelines for Environmental Dredging
EPA• 2013 USEPA ‐ Use of Amendments for In Situ Remediation at Superfund Sediment Sites,
(OSWER Directive 9200.2‐128FS)
ITRC• 2014 ITRC ‐ Remedy Selection for Contaminated Sediments
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USEPA: OSWER Directive 9200.2-128FS (2013)
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10
Golder Associates (2009): “Limnofix In Situ Treatment Technology”
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USEPA: OSWER Directive 9200.2-128FS (2013)
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Ghosh, U., Luthy, R.G., Cornelissen, G., Werner, D. and Menzie, C.A., 2011. In-situ sorbent amendments: a new direction in contaminated sediment management. Environmental Science and Technology (45) 1163-1168.
>10x reduction in
uptake
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United States Europe
Graphic: Anchor QEA [Mohan, R., Doody, J.P., Patmont, C., Gardner, R., Shellenberger, A. (2016)]
“These projects have demonstrated the efficacy of full‐scale in situ sedimentimmobilization treatment technologies to reduce the bioavailability and mobility of a range of organic and metal contaminants, including PCBs, PAHs, dimethyl dioxane, dioxins/furans, chlorinated benzenes, tributyltin (TBT), and mercury”
‐ ITRC (2014)
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Photos: Luthy (2009)
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Solidification – bind target in a solid block of low permeability material Stabilisation – transform contaminants and reduce leachability.
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“Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) determined that the in situ solidification process did little to treat the sediments. Therefore, no
further treatments were conducted.”Renhold (1998)
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• Reagents are injected and mixed with the soil
• Processes vary:• Dry vs. wet• Auger vs. bucket vs. rotary tool
• Single auger vs. multi auger• Single stage vs. multi stage
• Related/Similar: Jet Grouting
clu‐in.org (above); geo‐solutions (below)
Soil Mixing
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o Potentially cost-effective alternative to tradition sediment remedieso Selected in Gowanus Canal ROD*o Same mixing equipment routinely used in uplands for ISS & IST
o Advantages◦ Performed in situ – no removal, drying (bulking) or disposal of sediment. ◦ No open cut, no sideslope failures. ◦ Deeper (below mudline) applications than traditional technologies ◦ Dependent on allowable volumetric expansion, can be single step process◦ May or may not require capping dependent on requirements of waterway
(can be used to support caps)◦ Reduces scour and erosion of sediment, banks and channels
*U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2013). Record of Decision: Gowanus Canal Superfund Site Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. USEPA Region II. New York, New York. USEPA Document 692106.
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Kitazume & Terashi (2013)
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“The strength gained during the solidification process, as shown in this study, would minimize any potential for erosion or migration of the sediments subjected to rapid river flow or estuarine dynamics during storm events. Therefore, it is possible that this technique could be used as an effective interim remedial measure to stabilize highly contaminated sediments while managers determine the appropriate course of action (removal or capping). This approach provides unprecedented flexibilityby reducing risk of loss while still allowing for the full range of possible final remedies up to and including removal, decontamination and beneficial use.”
- Maher , W. S., et al. (2007). Cement Deep Soil Mixing (CDSM) for Solidification of Soft Estuarine Sediments. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology. 25:3-4, 221-235, DOI: 10.1080/10641190701699319 re: FHWA-NJ-2005-028
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Former Boat Slip New Bedford, Massachusetts
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Stabilization of coal tar impacted harbor sediments.Prior to stabilization, the sediments were dredged from a nearby harbor and placed in a sheet pile enclosure.GSI performed auger mixing from a work platform constructed of cement mixed soil spoils and crane mats to work its way into and across the weak sediments.Performed a design mix ahead of field construction.
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Owner: New England UtilityConstruction Dates: August – September 2011Scope: ISS of MGP impacted dredge sediments
~5,400 m3 (7,000 CY) stabilized using large diameter soil mixing up to 9 m (30’) BGS
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Goals: UCS > 345 kPa (> 50 psi), Permeability < 1x10-6 cm/s, Leachability reductionSpecial Notes:
– All work completed using an excavator mounted drill rig fitted with an 2.4 m (8’) auger from atop timber crane mats to avoid sinking in the unconsolidated, high moisture content, dredge sediments
– Stabilization mix consisted of Portland cement added to the soils by wet weight at 17%.
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MGP Contaminated Sediment 4.9 to 5.5 m (16’ to 18’) water depth from top of barge to river bottomSolidification Depths from 0 to 5.2 m (0’ to 17’) below sediment surfaceRiver flows of 170 to 425 m3/sec (6,000 to 15,000 CFS)Alluvial Deposits of narrowly graded sands and silt with trace sub angular gravel deposits80’ x 120’ Flexi Float Barge system with 30’ x 30’ working pool
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◦ Mobilize and set up ISS equipment on Flexi‐Float Barge system including: Batch Plant (cement silo, pumps, high shear mixer)80 tonne (180,000 lb) Hydraulic Drill Rig
◦ Relocate barge to drilling site 8 km (5 miles) down river◦ Install 12 to 15 ISS Columns to varying depths Vary operational parameters including RPM, penetration, grout flows and mixing passes
◦ Vary mix designs and reagent additives
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1.4 m (4.5’) Diameter AugerTest Column Layout included typical column spacing to achieve 100% coverage13 Columns in total were completed to various depths between 2.4 to 5.2 m (8’ to 17’) below sediment surface
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Measured pH and Turbidity, at the Monitoring PointsVisual inspections for sheen and turbidity within working pool, inner and outer silt curtains Swell MeasurementsISS rig monitoring - Grout Flow, Depth, Rotations Per Minute (RPM), Strokes, Rotary Head Pressure
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Parameters at the Monitoring Point did not exceed background conditions measured at the Reference Point.
Sheen observed was confined within the established limits of the dual turbidity curtains/absorbent booms.
Swell was recorded at approximately 0.15 to 0.3 m (0.5’ to 1.0’) based on preliminary soundings.
Penetration and withdrawal speeds were slowed to further limit turbidity and disruption of the top sediment which seemingly lowered the turbidity levels.
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In Situ Solidification (ISS) of 1,415 m3 (1,850 CY) sediments in a marine environment w/ vessel trafficDebris sweep with Caterpillar 324 excavator (24 ton)Same modular barge & soil mix unit drill as for riverine project1.5 to 2.4 m (5’ to 8’) thick monolith to support a reactive cap systemProcess control and local barge-mounted turbidity curtains were sufficient to control sheens, NAPL, and turbidityBulkhead stability was monitoring continuously utilizing multiple inclinometer stations, and GPS targets. No issues.
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226 ISS columns over 18 days of soil mixingSediment Surface was 5.5 to 6.7 m (18’ to 22’) below waterlineNine (9) different mixes tested. Both 1.8 m (6’ ) and 2.4 m (8’) diameter augers used successfully
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Sources: ITRC (2011)[6]; Gardner, F.G., et. al., (1998)[8]; Irene M.C., (1996)[9]; USEPA (2009)[10]; U.S Department of Defense (2000)[11]; U.KEnvironmental Agency (2004)[12]; Raj, D.S.S; Rekha, C.A.P, Bindhu, V.H; Anjaneyulu, Y., (2005)[13]; Conner, (1990) [14].
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Performance standards met or exceededCompleted safely Demonstrated “proof of concept”Preliminary monitoring and observations indicate minimal impact to the environment and local communityViable option for full scale application in appropriate conditions
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). (2014) In-Situ Solidification of Contaminated Sediments: A Technology Demonstration Project. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2014. 3002005216 http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002005216
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http://www.geo-solutions.com/technical-papers
Technical Papers, Case Studies, Specifications:
Contact Us:
Darin R. Payne, B.Sc.Technical Director, Sediment Solutions & U.S. Regional Manager –Geo-Solutions [email protected] 727.385.9552
Pete Craig, M.Sc., PChemWestern Canada Regional [email protected]
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Andromalos, K.B., et al. (2012). “In Situ Remediation and Stabilization of Contaminated Soils and Groundwater Using Soil Mixing Techniques with Various Reagents,” SEFE7: 7th Seminar on Special Foundations Engineering and Geotechnics. San Paulo, Brazil, June 17 to 20. http://www.geo-solutions.com/pdf/3_Soil_Mixing_with_Various_Reagents.pdf
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). (2014) In-Situ Solidification of Contaminated Sediments: A Technology Demonstration Project. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2014. 3002005216 http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002005216
Ghosh, U., Luthy, R.G., Cornelissen, G., Werner, D. and Menzie, C.A., 2011. In-situ sorbent amendments: a new direction in contaminated sediment management. Environmental Science and Technology (45) 1163-1168.
Hills, C. and Bates, E. (2015). Stabilization and Solidification of Contaminated Soil and Waste: A Manual of Practice. Hygge Media. ISBN-13: 978-0993272943. https://clu-in.org/download/techfocus/stabilization/S-S-Manual-of-Practice.pdf
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