mitosis & meiosis general biology mr. cobb. cell theory according to the cell theory, all cells...
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Mitosis & Meiosis
General Biology
Mr. Cobb
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Cell Theory According to the cell theory, all
cells come from pre-existing cells. But why do cells reproduce?
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Cell Reproduction Cells reproduce to replace lost or
damaged cells with new healthy cells.
New cells gradually replace dead cells.
Cell reproduction is responsible for your growth.
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Reproduction Asexual reproduction occurs when
one organism makes an exact duplicate of itself.
Sexual reproduction occurs when the genetic information from two organisms combine to make a new, genetically different, organism.
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Genetic Material Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
can exist in your cells in three forms: Chromatin Chromosomes Chromatids
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Chromatin Genetic material
is called chromatin when it is in a mass of very long fibers.
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Chromosomes As the cell prepares to divide, the
genetic material condenses and winds around itself, forming chromosomes.
Chromosomes are visible under powerful microscopes
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Chromosomes Chromosomes are pictured in a
karyotype. Humans have 23 pairs of
chromosomes. These pairs are called homologous
pairs of chromosomes.
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Diploid Cells that have homologous pairs
of chromosomes are called diploid. (2n)
Most organisms are diploid.
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Chromosomes
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Chromatids Before the cell divides, the genetic
material is copied. The two identical pieces of DNA join together to form “sister chromatids.”
These chromatids are joined at the centromere.
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Chromosomes & Chromatids
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Genetic Information
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Cell Cycle In order for cells to reproduce,
they must first go through the cell cycle, which lasts about 10-20 hours.
During the cell cycle, the DNA and organelles are copied, the cell increases in size, and then divides.
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Cell Cycle The cell cycle is composed of
several steps: Interphase Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Cytokinesis
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Interphase Interphase is made up of 3 phases: G1 – growth and function. During S-phase, the cell’s DNA is
synthesized (copied). This phase lasts for 3 – 6 hours.
During G2 phase the cell prepares to divide (organelles and cytoplasm increase)
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Cell Division When the cell is actually dividing,
it is called mitosis, followed by cytokinesis.
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Mitosis During mitosis,
the nucleus and the duplicated DNA divide and are moved into two daughter cells.
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Cytokinesis During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm
of the cell divides into two parts. At the end of cytokinesis, the two
daughter cells completely separate, forming two identical cells.
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FLIP BOOK – Label flaps like this
CELL CYCLE (title page) MITOSIS – Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase/Cytokinesis Interphase
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Mitosis
Cell Cycle
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Cell Cycle The cell cycle is divided into three
parts: Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
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Interphase During
interphase, the cell is very active.
Organelles and DNA are duplicated
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Interphase Individual
chromosomes are not visible because they are loosely packed chromatin
ChromatIN is found only during INterphase
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Mitosis Mitosis is divided into 4 phases:
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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Prophase During prophase,
the chromatin fibers condense and become chromosomes
Sister chromatids join at the centromere.
Sister chromatIDs are IDentical
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Prophase The nucleolus
disappears. The nuclear
membrane disappears
Spindle fibers form from spindle
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Metaphase All the
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (called the “metaphase plate”).
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Metaphase Spindle fibers
attach to the chromosomes at the centromere.
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Anaphase Spindle fibers
condense, causing the sister chromatids to separate.
Each chromatid is now a “daughter chromosome.”
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Telophase Telophase
begins when the chromosomes reach the poles of the spindle.
Processes that occurred during prophase are reversed.
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Telophase The nuclear
envelope and nucleolus reappear.
The spindle disappears
Chromosomes uncoil
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Cytokinesis During
cytokinesis, the cytoplasm separates into the two daughter cells.
The two daughter cells separate from each other.
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Cytokinesis In animal cells a
“cleavage furrow” forms when the two cells begin to separate.
In plants, a cell plate forms and separates the two cells.
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Cell division The result of the cell cycle is one
cell becoming two identical cells.
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Meiosis
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Mitosis Mitosis occurs in “somatic” cells. Somatic cells are body cells (ex:
muscle cells, brain cells, liver cells, skin cells, etc.)
But what about sex cells?
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Meiosis Sex cells divide by a different
process. This process, called Meiosis,
allows 4 unidentical cells to be formed from one cell.
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Meiosis In females, meiosis occurs in egg
cells before birth, and again during puberty.
In males, meiosis occurs in sperm cells throughout their lives.
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Definitions Somatic Cells - Body cells Sex cells - Sperm & Egg Homologous chromosomes -
chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content. They are NOT identical, just similar.
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Homologous Chromosomes Homologous
chromosomes are similar, but not identical.
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Definitions Diploid - Have both pairs of
homologous chromosomes (2n). Humans have 46 chromosomes
Haploid - have one pair of homologous chromosomes. Ex: Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes
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Diploid Diploid
organisms have pairs of chromosomes.
Human somatic cells are diploid.
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Haploid Haploid cells
have single chromosomes.
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Meiosis Meiosis is divided into two parts:
Meiosis I Meiosis II
Both Meiosis I and II go through the steps of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase
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Meiosis I During Meiosis I, DNA is copied
and CROSSING OVER occurs. Crossing over allows for genetic
variability. Meiosis I includes: Prophase I,
Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
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Prophase I After the
chromosomes condense, the homologous chromosomes come together in pairs (the pairing up of chromosomes is called synapsis)
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Prophase I
These pairs of chromosomes are known as Sister Chromatids, they are alike but not identical.
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Prophase I The four chromatids come together form a
tetrad. The chromosomes exchange portions of
their DNA. This exchange of DNA is called crossing over.
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Metaphase I The centromeres of the
chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
Each tetrad (group of chromosomes) is attached to a spindle fiber.
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Anaphase I During anaphase I, the
homologous chromosomes separate, with one going to each pole of the cell.
The sister chromatids do not separate.
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Anaphase I The homologous
chromosomes separate, NOT the sister chromatids.
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Telophase I During telophase I, the cytoplasm
divides, forming two daughter cells.
Each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as the parent, but each chromosome is double stranded.
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Meiosis I Overview
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Meiosis II After telophase I has ended,
Meiosis II begins. NO G1, S, or G2 occurs!
The end product of meiosis II is four haploid daughter cells that are NOT genetically identical.
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Meiosis II Meiosis II includes: prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.
The process of meiosis II is very similar to mitosis.
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Prophase II Each of the
daughter cells forms a spindle and the double stranded chromosomes move toward the middle of the spindle.
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Metaphase II The chromosomes
line up at the equator of the cell.
Each chromosome still consists of two chromatids
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Anaphase II The centromeres
divide and the two chromatids separate.
The single stranded chromosomes move toward the opposite ends of the cell.
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Telophase II Both daughter
cells divide, forming four haploid cells.
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Meiosis II At the end of meiosis II, the
haploid cells return to their interphase state– the DNA uncoils and the nuclear membrane reappears.
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Oogenesis Oogenesis is the formation of an egg
cell through meiosis. During oogenesis, the cytoplasm
divides unevenly. One cell gets the majority of the cytoplasm, the other three cells are much smaller.
The larger cell becomes the egg, while the others are called “polar bodies” and are disintegrated by the body.
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Oogenesis
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Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is the formation
of sperm cells through meiosis. The cytoplasm divides evenly and
four haploid sperm cells are generated from one diploid cell.
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis