mitosis - fun & enjoyable science learning

Teacher’s Guide

MitosisGrades 5-9

MTTV

CREDITS

Program Produc t ionSunburs t Vi sua l Media

Teacher ’s GuideTer r y Gates

Pr in t Mater ia l Des ignCec i le Foshee

© 2004 Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLCHawthorne, NY 10532

Approximate running time: 32 minutes

Mitosis Video Quiz

© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC Mitosis Video Quiz

Table of Contents

Guide Information ....................................05

Fast Facts..................................................07

Before Viewing Activities ..........................10

During Viewing Activities ..........................14

After Viewing Activities ............................16

After Viewing Quizzes ..............................20

Additional Resources ................................25

Answer Keys ............................................27

Script........................................................37


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About This GuideProviding students with visual media is an excellent way to take them out of the classroom and into the real world. Our programs offer real-world footage, dynamic graphics,engaging dramatizations, and first-person testimonials that keep students interested and helpthem visualize difficult concepts. More importantly, they reinforce critical learning objectivesshaped by state and national educational standards. However, the learning doesn’t begin andend when the program does. You can make the learning experience even more effective byusing the materials provided in this Teacher’s Guide.

GuideInformation

This guide is divided into the following sections:

• Fast Facts are designed to give your students a quick overview of the information presented within the video.

• Before Viewing Activities help identify what students already know about the subject, what they are curious about, and what they hope to learn.

• During Viewing Activities may be used during viewing to enhance students’ understanding of the video.

• After Viewing Activities help students summarize and draw conclusionsfrom the information that was presented.

• After Viewing Quizzes test students’ retention of the information presented in the program and activity sheets.

• Additional Resources are designed to help you extend the information presented in the program into other areas of your curriculum.

• Answer Keys are provided for relevant activities or reproducible pages.

• Script content is provided in an unabridged version for future reference.

Join Professor Science as he presents the basic concepts about mitosis. He explains whatmitosis is, names and describes the main parts of the cell that are involved in mitosis as wellas exploring the steps of its process. The program is divided into two sections and at theconclusion of each one, interesting characters assess your students’ understanding of theconcepts through multiple-choice and true/false questions. Answers are provided at theconclusion so students can self check their work.

Mitosis Video Quiz © Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC

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Program Overview GuideInformation

• Define mitosis

• List the stages of the mitosis process

• Describe what occurs in each stage of the process

• Explain why mitosis is important in the creation of new cells

• Define key vocabulary related to mitosis

• Respond to multiple choice and true/false questions

Upon watching the Mitosis Video Quiz DVD/Video, participating in the discussions, and completing the activities given in the program guide, students will be able to:

Viewing Objectives


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Fast FactsMitosis Fast Facts1. Every living thing is made of cells.

• All living things go through mitosis in order to grow.

2. When organisms grow up, the cells don’t get larger, they multiply in number.• Living things need to create new cells as bones, muscles, and skin grows.• Cells don’t last forever so our bodies are always replacing old or damaged

cells with new ones.• Tissue cells are called somatic; they are the basic unit that makes up our body

tissues and organs such as hair, skin, or lung cells.• These somatic cells are for growth; they are not for reproduction.

3. Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.• During mitosis, each cell divides to make two new cells.• These two cells divide to make four new cells, and these four make eight

new cells, etc.

4. Each cell has parts:• The nucleus controls the cell functions.• Organelles outside the nucleus perform specialized tasks.• Cytoplasm holds the organelles in place.• The cell membrane separates the cell from other cells and lets nutrients in

and waste out.

5. Different cell types have different cycles.• Not all cells reproduce and replace themselves, such as nerve cells.• Some cells have a faster division rate than others.

6. A cell’s cycle begins with the longest stage called interphase.• During this stage, the organelles produce energy and proteins to grow and

build new cells.• Organelles duplicate themselves during interphase.• Genetic material in the nucleus is duplicated.• The cell is now ready for mitosis.

7. Somatic cells are eukaryotic, that is, they have a distinct nucleus.• The nucleus is like the brain or control center of the cell.• The nucleus contains DNA, which is our genetic code.• DNA molecules join together to make up a complex

strand called a chromosome.• Genetic codes are different for every person in the world.

8. Somatic cells have a certain number of chromosomes inside their nuclei, depending on what organism it is.

• Examples are: pea plants have 14, gorillas have 48, and goldfish have 94chromosomes in each cell.

9. Somatic human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes or a total of 46.• Humans have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in each cell.• This is a diploid cell, which means it has the full number of chromosomes.• Other cells are haploid cells, which means they have one-half of the

chromosomes.• Haploid cells are the result of cell division for reproduction only.

10. Chromosomes start out as a tangled ball of long thin strands called chromatin.• During interphase the chromosomes extend and replicate. • The duplicated chromosomes join together at a central point called a

centromere.• At this stage, the joined chromosomes are called chromatids.

11. The original cell is called the parent cell and new cells are called daughter cells.• The pairs of chromosomes from the original cell are called sister

chromosomes and the duplicate ones are called daughter chromosomes.

12. There are four stages to mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

13. Prophase• The chromosomes condense.• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.• Spindle fibers form and centrioles migrate apart.• Chromatids attach to spindle fibers.

14. Metaphase• Chromatids align at center or equator of the cell.• Chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers.

15. Anaphase• Centromere of each chromatid splits.• One chromatid from each chromosome moves to centrioles at poles of cell.

Fast Facts


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Mitosis Fast Facts


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16. Telophase• Spindle fibers break down.• Chromosomes elongate and become tangled in a ball of chromatin again.• Nucleolus reappears.• Nuclear envelope forms around separate set of chromosomes.

17. The rest of the cell divides.• Cytokinesis occurs, that is, the cytoplasm divides as the cell membrane

pinches inward and cuts the cell in half. • Now there are two new daughter cells, separated and independent of each

other and each with its own nucleus and organelles.• The formation of these two new daughter cells now has the correct number

of chromosomes.

18. Mitosis starts over again.

19. Cells separate differently in plants and animals.• Wall of plant cells is more rigid than animal cell membrane.• A cell plate develops until two cells are separated.

Fast FactsMitosis Fast Facts


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Name Before ViewingActivity 1

What We KnowPrior to watching Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, provide students with an opportunity toshare what they know about mitosis using this KWL chart.

ANIMAL VS PLANT CELLS PURPOSE OF MITOSIS

MITOSIS PROCESS INTERPHASE

K

W

L



Before Viewing DiscussionTeacher Note: Prior to asking your students to complete “Think-Pair-Share” on page 13,ask the following questions to help them focus on the topic. Space has been providedbelow for notes, additional questions, or their reflections of this activity.

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1. Why is mitosis important to all living things?

2. How do animal and plant cells behave differently during mitosis?

3. What are the four stages of mitosis?

4. How do traits of a mother and father get passed on to their offspring?

5. What connection does the cell cycle called interphase have to do with mitosis?

NOTES:


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Vocabulary Teacher Note: Prior to watching the program, be sure to provide your students anopportunity to become familiar with the following vocabulary words and their meanings.

1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; the unique genetic code for every living thing

2. INTERPHASE – a stage of mitosis during which exactcopies of chromosomes are made

3. CENTROMERE – a single point where two chromatids are held together

4. CHROMOSOMES – strands of genetic codes made up of DNA molecules

5. SOMATIC – any cell that is not a reproductive cell6. HAPLOID – in humans, a type of cell that contains a

total of 23 chromosomes, half of what a diploid cell has7. CHROMATIDS – two identical chromosomes that split and

contain the same genetic material8. MITOSIS – division of somatic cells to create new cells9. DIPLOID – a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or a total of 46 chromosomes10. EUKARYOTIC – cells that have a clear, distinct nucleus11. CENTRIOLES – two small parts in animal cells that direct the movement of

chromosomes during mitosis12. POLES – opposite ends of a cell13. CYTOKINESIS – when a cell’s cytoplasm divides and cuts the cell in half and the

result is two cells in place of one14. ANAPHASE – third stage of mitosis; spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite

poles15. DUPLICATE – to make an exact copy of16. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE – envelope around nucleus of a cell17. PROPHASE – first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and centrioles

move towards poles18. ALIGN – to line up19. METAPHASE – second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and

chromatids align in center of cell20. TELOPHASE – fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles, spindle

fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms around both sets of chromosomes



Think-Pair-ShareTeacher Note: Two heads are better than one and this activity will jump-start yourstudents’ journey into the world of mitosis! The following process will help your classgenerate questions they have about cell division.

SUPPLIES:• index cards• pens/pencils• large sheet of paper/

overhead/white board

Step 1: THINK – Provide several minutes of quiet time for students to think about theprocess of mitosis and the questions they may have.

Step 2: PAIR – Assign each student a partner. Hand each pair 5 note cards. Direct thepartners to discuss questions they have and to write down five of the most interesting ones.

Step 3: SHARE – Ask each group to stack their cards with their “best” question on top. Goaround the room and ask each group to share their top question. Write the question whereall can see.

After collecting the best question from each group, continue with more questions. Reviewthem prior to watching Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD. Use these as the focus for watchingthe program.

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Name During ViewingActivity 1

Sequencing Wheel GraphicOrganizerComplete the graphic organizer as you watch MitosisVideo Quiz video/DVD.

The MitosisProcess


Name During ViewingActivity 2

Stages WebWhat is mitosis? What are the stages? What happens during each stage? Complete thisgraphic organizer while viewing the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.

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Definition of mitosis: Purpose of mitosis:

The stages: What occurs:


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Name After ViewingActivity 1

The “What” Web OrganizerAfter watching the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, fill in the information missing from the following “what” questions below.

• What is mitosis?

• What is the purpose of this process?

• What happens before cell division can take place?

• What are the stages of mitosis?

• What do chromosomes have to do with mitosis?

• What is the reason this process is so important to all life?



Extra! Extra! Read All About It!Go back in time to the moment scientists discovered the process of mitosis! Imagine what the front page of a major newspaper would look like. Create a headline, lead article, and illustration that shares key information. Use atleast five vocabulary words in your article.

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_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

Headline

Illustration


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Stages of MitosisName each stage of mitosis and write a brief description in the box of what takes place during that stage. Make a sketch of each stage in each of the circles.

The Stagesof Mitosis

Stage:Description:

Stage:Description:

Stage:Description:

Stage:Description:



Cell DivisionMatch the different steps of cell division with the correct label.

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Draw the steps in the proper order. Label each. The last step has been completed for you.Then, write a summary statement about this process.

cell division

parent cell

cell growth

daughter cells

daughter cells__________________________________________

Summary: _______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


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Name After ViewingQuiz 1

Mitosis QuizMark the correct answer.

1. Mitosis:a. Takes place only in brain tissueb. Is how cells reproduce and tissues grow c. Divides only the cell nucleusd. Creates cells that are different from each other

2. Human haploid cells have:a. 23 pairs of chromosomesb. 46 chromosomesc. 23 chromosomesd. A and B

3. TRUE OR FALSE: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.

4. Humans have _____chromosomes in their somatic cells.a. 47b. 46c. 23d. 48

5. A eukaryotic cell has:a. No nucleusb. A distinct nucleusc. An indistinct nucleusd. Two nuclei

6. Chromosomes are made of:a. Sugar and spiceb. DNA moleculesc. DNA and cytoplasmd. The liquid from the cell

7. Chromatids are joined together at a point called the ___________.a. Center pointb. Middlec. Nucleusd. Centromere



Mitosis Quiz (cont.)

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8. Diploid cells have:a. 23 pairs of chromosomesb. 46 chromosomesc. 23 chromosomesd. A and B

9. The genetic information for an organism is found:a. In the cell nucleusb. In the cytoplasmc. In the cell membraned. All of the above

10. The cytoplasm:a. Is a thick liquidb. Is another name for the nucleusc. Holds many of the cell’s organellesd. A and C

11. During prophase, the centrioles:a. Join togetherb. Move to center of cell and form 2 separate polesc. Move to opposite ends of cell and form 2 separate polesd. None of the above

12. The four stages of mitosis in their correct order are:a. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophaseb. Prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphasec. Anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase d. Telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase

13. TRUE OR FALSE: In plants and animals, the cell membrane pinches the divided cellmass into two cells.

14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers during which stage:a. Anaphaseb. Interphasec. Telophased. Prophase


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Mitosis Quiz (cont.)15. During interphase:

a. The cell growsb. Chromosomes start to duplicatec. The cell prepares for mitosisd. All of the above

16. During metaphase:a. The chromosomes duplicateb. The spindle fibers attach to the centromerec. The cell membrane closes around the new cellsd. The chromatids split at the centromere

17. TRUE OR FALSE: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane finishes breaking down.

18. In which stage do the nuclear envelopes form around the separate sets of chromosomes:

a. Anaphaseb. Interphasec. Telophased. Prophase

19. After mitotic cell division, or mitosis, the daughter cells contain: a. Half of the chromosomes of the parent cellb. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cellc. A random number of chromosomesd. An unknown number of chromosomes

20. What structure inside the cell helps pull the chromatids apart:a. Centromereb. Spindle Fibersc. Nucleusd. Membrane

Vocabulary Quiz AChoose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.



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A. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid; theunique genetic code for every living thing

B. INTERPHASE a stage of mitosis during which exact copies of chromosomes are made

C. CENTROMERE a single point where two chromatids are held togetherD. CHROMOSOMES strands of genetic codes made up of DNA moleculesE. SOMATIC any cell that is not a reproductive cellF. HAPLOID a type of cell that contains a total of 23 chromosomes,

half of what a diploid cell hasG. CHROMATIDS two identical chromosomes that split and contain

the same genetic materialH. MITOSIS division of somatic cells to create new cellsI. DIPLOID a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or

a total of 46 chromosomesJ. EUKARYOTIC has a clear, distinct nucleus

1. When an organism grows or repairs damaged tissue, new cells are created through

a process called_____.

2. Your body has two types of cells: reproductive cells and _____cells that make

up all the other body cells.

3. These cells have a distinct control center, or nucleus, which means they are _____.

4. Each nucleus contains the genetic code or _____for that organism.

5. Each human has 46 special genetic codes or _____that determine what

characteristics we get from our parents.

6. A cell’s cycle begins with_____, a stage where the genetic information in

chromosomes is copied.

7. Almost all of the cells in humans are _____which means having 46 chromosomes.

8. _____cells have only 23 chromosomes because they will combine with another

set of 23 chromosomes during reproduction.

9. When each chromosome splits, the duplicates are called _____.

10. During interphase, the region of the chromosome where two are held

together is called the_____.


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Vocabulary Quiz BChoose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.

A. CENTRIOLES two small parts in animal cells that direct the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

B. POLES opposite ends of a cellC. CYTOKINESIS when a cell’s cytoplasm

divides and cuts the cell in halfD. ANAPHASE third stage of mitosis; chromatids separate into

chromosomes and spindle fibers pull them to opposite polesE. DUPLICATE to make an exact copy ofF. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE envelope around nucleus of a cellG. PROPHASE first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and

centrioles move towards polesH. ALIGN to line upI. METAPHASE second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and

chromatids align in centerJ. TELOPHASE fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles,

spindle fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms around both sets of chromosomes

1. The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane dissolves is the_____.

2. The envelope that surrounds the cell’s nucleus is the_____.

3. Another word to describe opposite ends of a cell is_____.

4. It is the function of the _____to assist the movement of chromosomes

during mitosis.

5. During _____, the centrioles move towards opposite ends of the cell.

6. During _____, a cell is cut in half when the cytoplasm divides.

7. Before mitosis, each pair of chromosomes makes an exact copy or a_____.

8. It is during _____that new nuclear envelopes form around both sets of

chromosomes.

9. During metaphase, the chromatids _____ at the center of the spindle.

10. Chromosomes move to opposite poles during _____.


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Alberts, Bruce, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and PeterWalter. Molecular Biology of the Cell.This book is a classic in-depth text reference in cell biology. The authors talk about thestory of cell biology and help the non-expert reader create a framework to grasp thesubject. The authors also explore the implications and possibilities that await us in thefuture. Written clearly and concisely, this beautifully illustrated book is a joy to read.

Bowen, I. D., M. Bowen, and A. Jones. Mitosis and Apoptosis: Matters of Life and Death.This intriguing book takes a close look at the delicate balance between the birth anddeath of cells as well as the molecular processes involved in cellular cycles. Illustratedwith line drawings and cartoons, this book is a treasure of information for youngbiologists.

Klug, William and Michael Cummings. Concepts of Genetics.A clear writing style plus an emphasis on basic concepts makes this book very attractiveto those interested in the world of genetics. Includes recent research and findings.

Reider, Conly. Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 61: Mitosis and Meiosis.Mitosis and meiosis, those great processes for nuclear division in cells is the topic of thisvolume. It is a practical handbook that wraps itself around the modern technologies thatare used to study these two processes. The author places an emphasis on thecomposition and function of centrosomes, spindle pole bodies, and kinetochore structure.

Steingraber, Sandra. Living Downstream: A Scientist’s Personal Investigation of Cancer andthe Environment.Application of scientific information to the real world, this book draws parallels fromRachel Carson’s work. It’s time to ask the big questions of the relationship betweencancer and the environment. An important contribution to the future of cell biology.

Thomas, Lewis. The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher.This incredible collection of essays covers various biology subjects. Although thevocabulary can be challenging, the string of essays lead the reader through a stream ofextremely interesting readings.

AdditionalResourcesSuggested Reading List

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htmAnimal cell animation that demonstrates the stages of mitosis. Control buttons aid in runningthe animation. Click on intermediate stages for a representative still frame.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/mitosis.htmlGraphics gallery that includes vocabulary.

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.htmlInteresting tutorial site for studying cells, mitosis, meiosis, the cell cycle, prokaryotes,eukaryotes, & viruses. In English and Spanish.

http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/salmon/lab/mitosis/mitosis.htmlIncludes Mitosis World, Lab, Movies, Links, and Journals buttons.

http://biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/benham/mitosis/Colorful photographs of the stages of mitosis.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/mitosis.htmGreat outline format detailing the stages.

http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/mitosis.htmlPhoto gallery.

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mitosis.htmlStages of mitosis with electron microscope images.

http://www.nature.com/ncb/celldivision/Nature journal website.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htmBrilliant color photographs of stages of mitosis.

http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/cell_division.htmlInteractive questions and answers about the process of mitosis.

http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/navigator.htmlFeatures mitosis animations.

AdditionalResources


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Internet SitesBelow is a list of sites that you may use to find more information about mitosis. Dueto routine web maintenance, not all of the links will be accurate at the time of access.If the link is not available, try to conduct a search on that topic from the main site orfrom a search engine.


Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 1

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Sequencing Wheel GraphicOrganizerComplete the graphic organizer as you watch MitosisVideo Quiz video/DVD.

Chromosomes replicateas the cell prepares for the nextfour stages of mitosis

Nuclearmembrane

reappears; spindlesdisappear; two

daughter cells formas cytoplasm

divides;cytokinesisoccurs

Chromosomesbecome visible

and attach to spindle fibers;

nuclear membranedisappears

Chromosomesare pulled byspindle fibers and line up in the center of the cell

One chromatid from eachchromosome moves topoles of cell; there are

now twice as manychromosomes in the

cell as in parentcell

The MitosisProcess

Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 2


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Stages WebWhat is mitosis? What are the stages? What happens during each stage? Complete thisgraphic organizer while viewing the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD.

Definition of mitosis:

Mitosis is cell division of

somatic cells

Purpose of mitosis:

The purpose of mitosis is tocreate new cells for growth

or tissue repair

The stages: What occurs:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Chromosomes become visibleand attach to spindle fibers;

nuclear membrane disappears

Chromosomes are pulled byspindle fibers and line up in

center of cell

One chromatid from eachchromosome moves to poles of

cell; there are now twice asmany chromosomes in the

cell as in parent cell

Nuclear membrane reappears;spindles disappears; twodaughter cells form as

cytoplasm divides; cytokinesisoccurs


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Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Sheet 1

The “What” Web OrganizerAfter watching the Mitosis Video Quiz video/DVD, fill in the information missing from thefollowing “what” questions below.

• What is mitosis?

• What is the purpose of this process?

• What happens before cell division can take place?

• What are the stages of mitosis?

• What do chromosomes have to do with mitosis?

• What is the reason this process is so important to all life?

Mitosis is cell division of somatic cells.

The purpose of mitosis is to create new cells forgrowth or tissue repair.

Interphase is the first stage before cell division canbegin. This is when the chromosomes replicate as thecell prepares for the next four stages of mitosis.

After interphase the four stages of mitosis areprophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The chromosomes are the genetic codes for eachorganism and it is through the stages of mitosisthat the chromosomes are replicated.

All living things are made of cells. It is through theprocess of mitosis that new cells are created toreplace old or damaged cells.



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Stages of MitosisName each stage of mitosis and write a brief description in the box of what takes placeduring that stage. Make a sketch of each stage in each of the circles.

The Stagesof Mitosis

Stage: ProphaseDescription:Chromosomes become visibleand attach to spindle fibers;nuclearmembrane disappears

Stage: AnaphaseDescription:One chromatid from eachchromosome moves to thepoles of the cell; there are nowtwice as many chromosomes inthe cell as in parent cell

Stage:MetaphaseDescription:Chromosomes are pulled byspindle fibersand line up incenter of cell

Stage: TelophaseDescription:Nuclear membranereappears; spindlesdisappear; two daughtercells form as cytoplasmdivides; cytokinesisoccurs



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Cell DivisionMatch the different steps of cell division with the correct label.

Draw the steps in the proper order. Label each. The last step has been completed for you.Then, write a summary statement about this process.

cell division

parent cell

cell growth

daughter cells

daughter cellscell divisioncell growthparent cell

Summary: Answers may vary but should include the key concepts ofmitosis being the process of cell division as cells go from a parent cell,through a period of growth, then cell division, and finally ending as newdaughter cells.

Answer Key - After Viewing Quiz 1


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Mark the correct answer.



3. True or False: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.


5. A eukaryotic cell has:a. No nucleusb. A distinct nucleusc. An indistinct nucleusd. Two nuclei


7. Chromatids are joined together at a point called the ___________.a. Center pointb. Middlec. Nucleusd. Centromere

Mitosis Quiz



33




11. During Prophase, the centrioles:a. Join togetherb. Move to center of cell and form 2 separate polesc. Move to opposite ends of cell and form 2 separate polesd. None of the above


13. True or False: In plants and animals, the cell membrane pinches the divided cell mass into two cells.

14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers during which stage:a. Anaphaseb. Interphasec. Telophased. Prophase




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15. During interphase:a. The cell growsb. Chromosomes start to duplicatec. The cell prepares for mitosisd. All of the above


17. True or False: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane finishes breaking down.



19. After mitotic cell division, or mitosis, the daughter cells contain: a. Half of the chromosomes of the parent cellb. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cellc. A random number of chromosomesd. An unknown number of chromosomes

20. What structure inside the cell helps pull the chromatids apart:a. Centromereb. Spindle Fibersc. Nucleusd. Membrane




35

Vocabulary Quiz AChoose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.

A. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid; theunique genetic code for every living thing

B. INTERPHASE a stage of mitosis during which exact copies of chromosomes are made

C. CENTROMERE a single point where two chromatids are held togetherD. CHROMOSOMES strands of genetic codes made up of DNA moleculesE. SOMATIC any cell that is not a reproductive cellF. HAPLOID a type of cell that contains a total of 23 chromosomes,

half of what a diploid cell hasG. CHROMATIDS two identical chromosomes that split and contain

the same genetic materialH. MITOSIS division of somatic cells to create new cellsI. DIPLOID a type of cell that contains 23 pairs or

a total of 46 chromosomesJ. EUKARYOTIC has a clear, distinct nucleus

1. When an organism grows or repairs damaged tissue, new cells are created through

a process called_____.

2. Your body has two types of cells: reproductive cells and _____cells that make

up all the other body cells.

3. These cells have a distinct control center, or nucleus, which means they are_____.

4. Each nucleus contains the genetic code or _____for that organism.

5. Each human has 46 special genetic codes or _____that determine what

characteristics we get from our parents.

6. A cell’s cycle begins with_____, a stage where the genetic information in

chromosomes is copied.

7. Almost all of the cells in humans are _____which means having 46 chromosomes.

8. _____cells have only 23 chromosomes because they will combine with another

set of 23 chromosomes during reproduction.

9. When each chromosome splits, the duplicates are called _____.

10. During interphase, the region of the chromosome where two are held

together is called the_____.

HE

JA

D

B

IF

G

C



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Vocabulary Quiz BChoose the vocabulary word to make each statement correct.

A. CENTRIOLES two small parts in animal cells that direct the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

B. POLES opposite ends of a cellC. CYTOKINESIS when a cell’s cytoplasm

divides and cuts the cell in halfD. ANAPHASE third stage of mitosis; chromatids separate into

chromosomes and spindle fibers pull them to opposite polesE. DUPLICATE to make an exact copy ofF. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE envelope around nucleus of a cellG. PROPHASE first stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and

centrioles move towards polesH. ALIGN to line upI. METAPHASE second stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane dissolves and

chromatids align in centerJ. TELOPHASE fourth stage of mitosis; chromosomes at opposite poles,

spindle fibers break down, and a nuclear envelope forms around both sets of chromosomes

1. The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane dissolves is the_____.

2. The envelope that surrounds the cell’s nucleus is the_____.

3. Another word to describe opposite ends of a cell is_____.

4. It is the function of the _____to assist the movement of chromosomes

during mitosis.

5. During _____, the centrioles move towards opposite ends of the cell.

6. During _____, a cell is cut in half when the cytoplasm divides.

7. Before mitosis, each pair of chromosomes makes an exact copy or a_____.

8. It is during _____that new nuclear envelopes form around both sets of

chromosomes.

9. During metaphase, the chromatids _____ at the center of the spindle.

10. Chromosomes move to opposite poles during _____.

IF

BA

G

EC

J

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SCENE 1PROFESSOR SCIENCE Hello there! Welcome to another wacky episode of the Wonderful World ofScience, starring… Me, PROFESSOR SCIENCE!! Do I have a great show for youtoday! We are going to explore the amazing world of cell division, mitosis, tobe exact!! So let’s dive into this whole mitosis thing and see what is happening!

You see, every living thing is made of cells. Every living thing goes throughmitosis in order to grow. Trees, cats, elephants, and humans all undergomitosis. When an organism grows, the cells don’t keep getting bigger andbigger; they multiply.

The body has to create new cells to make bigger bone, muscle and skin tissues!New cells are also created to repair our tissues. The cells in our body don’t lastforever, you know. Whoa! What did I just say? The cells in our body don’t lastforever!?! That sounds pretty scary, doesn’t it? Well, it’s really not. Our bodiesconstantly replace old or damaged cells with new ones. Like when you cut yourfinger, new cells are created to replace the damaged ones.

CASTProfessor Science ....................................................hostRicky Wave ................................................................DJStar Stuck ............................................................reporterSalty Gales ............................................................pirateQuizitor ....................................................................robotVictor Velocity............................................racecar driverSandy Space ....................................................astronautNuke Rockney ......................................................coachQuiz Clown ............................................................clownWendy River ........................................................cowgirlFizzle ........................................................................genie

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These tissue cells are called somatic. They are the basic unit that makes up ourbody tissues and organs. When these cells divide, the process is called mitosis.Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells. Duringmitosis, the cell divides to make two cells. And two cells divide to make four,and four make eight, and eight . . .

Alright. Let’s talk about the cell. Each cell has parts: a nucleus that controls thecell function, organelles outside of the nucleus that perform specialized tasks,cytoplasm to hold the organelles in place, and a cell membrane that separatesthe cell from other cells, and lets nutrients in and waste out.

Did you know that cells have cycles? Different cell types have different cycles.And not all cells reproduce. Nerve cells aren’t replaced once they becomemature. Some cells have a faster division rate than others. And mitotic ratesvary slightly among people, depending on one’s diet and age. This is whysome people’s hair and nails grow faster than others.

Check this out! A bacteria cell, E. coli, reproduces every thirty minutes! A seaurchin has cells that double every two hours. Human cells divide much slowerthan that. Adult skin cells, like right here on my arm, divide about once every24 hours!

A cell’s cycle begins with a stage called interphase. During this stage, theorganelles produce energy and proteins to grow and build new cells. Theorganelles duplicate themselves during interphase. Also during this phase, thegenetic material in the nucleus is duplicated. Next, the cell undergoes mitosis!A cell’s cycle is completed in the final stages of mitosis, when the cytoplasmdivides and the cell membranes form around the two new cells.

SCENE 2PROFESSOR SCIENCEBefore we examine the stages of mitosis, or the actual division of a cell, it isprobably a good idea to know what is in the cell that is dividing. A somaticcell is a typical body cell, like a skin, hair, or lung cell. It’s eukaryotic, meaningit has a distinct nucleus. The nucleus is kind of like a brain; it controls everythingthe cell does. The nucleus contains the DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid.


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DNA is our genetic code. This code is different for each person in the wholeworld! That’s right! You are the only person in the entire world with yourgenetic code, unless, of course, you have an identical twin! DNA molecules jointogether to make up a complex strand called a chromosome.

Now, somatic cells have a certain number of chromosomes inside their nuclei,depending on what organism it is. The number of chromosomes differs for eachtype of organism Pea plants have 14; humans have 46; gorillas have 48, andgoldfish have 94 chromosomes in each cell.

Notice that all of these numbers are even. That’s because our chromosomesexist in pairs. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes or a total of 46. Of eachpair, one chromosome comes from our mother and the other from our father.

Now, the number of chromosomes in a cell is very important. Somatic cells inhumans must have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46. This type of cellis called a diploid cell, because it has the full number of chromosomes. Almostall of the cells in the human body are diploid. The rest are haploid cells, withonly one chromosome from each pair. Haploid cells are produced for organismreproduction through a cell division called meiosis. But that’s another show,completely.

Now, in the cell cycle, chromosomes actually start out as long thin strands, orchromatin, which is like a ball of tangled thread. During interphase, thechromosomes duplicate. When mitosis begins, the chromatin condense andbreak up into short pieces that are chromosomes. This is what a chromosomelooks like at this stage. The duplicated chromosomes join together at a singlepoint called the centromere, and at this stage they are called chromatids. Nowwe’re ready to study the phases of mitosis.

Remember, every cell in our body has identical chromosomes, which are madefrom DNA molecules. This is all because of mitosis! Isn’t that amazing? Well, Ithink you are ready to tackle your first set of questions. Take it away guys!


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SCENE 3RICKY WAVE Hey, I’m glad you tuned in. This is DJ Ricky Wave broadcasting the first questionfrom SQRD- science quiz radio. And away we gooooo!


How did you do? Get that answer on paper and we’re movin’ and groovin’ tothe next question! See you on the flip side!

STAR STRUCK Hello movie fans, this is Star Struck coming to you live from the latest big moviestar premiere. I’m excited to be here and I hope you are ready because it’s timefor…


Any luck? Write those answers down. Hang in there! That’s what I tell all thesuper stars!

SALTY GALES Ahoy! Salty Gales here. I’ve just come back from a grand adventure. Maybesomeday I’ll tell ye all about it. But first, here’s the next question…

3. True or False: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to createnew, identical cells

Well, what do you think? Be sure to write your answer down. Well, the sevenseas are calling me again so I’m shipping out!


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QUIZITOR Hello. I am Quizitor. I hope you are doing well so far. Let’s get connected anddownload the next question.


This is a fill-in-the- blank question so pick a number and write it down. It’s timefor me to juice up my circuits.

VICTOR VELOCITY Vroom, vroom! Oh hello, there! Just let me make this turn…. All right, whilewe’re in the open stretch, here’s a question to test the ability of your knowledge!

5.A eukaryotic cell has:a. No nucleusb. A distinct nucleusc. An indistinct nucleusd. Two nuclei

How did you do? Write down your answer before I speed away on my next lap!

SANDY SPACE Hello from the Space Station. I’m Sandy Space.


So how did you do? Did you get an answer down? Good. Don’t float awaybecause the next question is coming up.


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NUKE ROCKNEY All right team, way to retain that knowledge! (Blows whistle) Time for a quick drill!

7. Chromatids are joined together at a point called the _______.a. Center pointb. Middlec. Nucleusd. Centromere

Hmm. That’s interesting. Pick one and write it down- you have a 50-50chance. It’s not whether you win or lose it’s how you play the game!

QUIZ CLOWN (Trying to juggle) You wouldn’t believe how hard this is! Before I get back topracticing, try this out!


What’s your answer? Write it down. Well, I’ve got to keep on juggling. Thehead clown is testing me later!

WENDY RIVER Howdy, y’all! I thought I’d see if you could wrangle up the correct answer tothis question for me!


So how’d you do? Get your answer on paper and let’s mosey on to the nextquestion!


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FIZZLEHi there! You won’t need three wishes if you know the answer to this!


I wish I could help you on that one. But I’m sure you don’t need it. Youalready have an answer down, right? Great! Now on to more fun andexcitement with Professor Science!

SCENE 4PROFESSOR SCIENCE Welcome back! I bet you plowed right through those questions! Now that weknow about the cell cycle, and what happens to chromosomes before mitosisbegins, it’s time to learn the different phases of Mitosis and see how this stuffreally works!

When discussing Mitosis, scientists refer to the original cell as the parent cell,and the new cells as daughter cells. The pairs of chromosomes from theoriginal cell are sister chromosomes, the duplicate ones are daughterchromosomes.

Interphase is the longest phase in the cell cycle because there are many thingsthe cell must do to prepare for mitosis. During interphase, the cell grows andDNA duplicates. After this happens, the cell is ready to divide. There are FOUR stages to Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, andTelophase. It is in Prophase that the chromatin goes from a tangled ball toindividual, condensed chromosomes. Animal cells have centrioles that moveto opposite ends of the cell and form distinct poles.

Plant cells do not have centrioles, but are still able to accurately divide. Thecentrioles produce tiny fibers that span across the cell between the two poles.This forms a spindle. The cell is shaped like a football at this point. Next, thecell’s nuclear membrane begins to break down.


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The second stage is Metaphase. At this stage, the nuclear membranefinishes dissolving, and the chromatids align at the center of the cell. Thespindle fibers attach to each centromere. The chromatids are most compactat the end of Metaphase.

During Anaphase, the chromatids separate into chromosomes when thespindle fibers pull them apart at the centromere. Each identical set of newchromosomes moves to opposite sides of the cell, or the poles.

At the start of Telophase, the chromosomes are at opposite poles and thespindle fibers break down. The chromosomes elongate and become tangledin a ball of chromatin again. A nuclear envelope forms around the separatesets of chromosomes. Now, remember, since the 46 chromosomesduplicate right before mitosis takes place, each new cell has an identical setof 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs.

SCENE 5PROFESSOR SCIENCE Now it’s time to divide the rest of the cell. The cytoplasm, cell membrane,and organelles were duplicated earlier during interphase. In animal cells,the cytoplasm divides as the cell membrane pinches inward, cutting the cellin half. This is called cytokinesis.

Fully divided, there are now two daughter cells completely independent ofeach other. Each cell has its own nucleus with identical DNA, cytoplasm, cellmembrane, and organelles. These new cells each start interphase wherethey will grow until they are ready to divide. Then, mitosis will begin allover again.

Cells separate a little differently in plants than in animals. The wall of a plantcell is more stiff and rigid than an animal’s cell membrane. Rather thanmoving inward, a cell plate forms in the center of the two dividing cells. Theplate is made of hard cellulose deposits, which develops outward until thetwo cells are completely separate. A cell wall for each cell stems from thecell plate.


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And there you have it, folks! Cell division by Mitosis! Don’t forget howimportant cell division is! Cell division is the process that enables plants,animals and other eukaryotes to reproduce and grow. Pretty cool, isn’t it?With all this information fresh in your brains, my friends are going to comeback out to see what you know!

SCENE 6SALTY GALES Batton down the hatches, all of yee- a storm’s a brewin’! Ahoy matie. Timeagain for ole Salty here to give you another question.

11. During Prophase, the centrioles:a. Join togetherb. Move to center of cell and form 2 separate polesc. Move to opposite ends of cell and form 2 separate polesd. None of the above

Whew! Did you catch all that? Remember to write down yer answer. I’vegot to see if my crew battoned down those hatches!

STAR STRUCK Hi everyone, Star Struck here with the latest entertainment news. Ooops!Sorry, I mean the latest science quiz question.


Well, there’s starphase and moviephase…just kidding. I’m sure you knowall of them. Just write those phases down before the next question comesup!


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SANDY SPACE Wow! That asteroid was too close for comfort. Hi, Sandy Space bringing youthe next cell-estial science question!

13. True or False: In plants and animals, the cell membrane pinches the divided cell mass into two cells.

Hmm. Good question. You know the answer, right? Just write it down andwe’ll be moving along. I’ve gotta go maneuver through this asteroid belt.

QUIZITORHello. I am Quizitor. It is time again for another question. I hope you areready. Here we go!

14. The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers during which stage:


What do you think? Use a writing utensil and a piece of paper to mark yourresponse. Thank you for stopping by; it’s time for me to go oil my sprockets.

VICTOR VELOCITY Vroom, vroom! Eeeerch!!! Thought I’d make a quick pit stop and spin a question out to you!

15. During interphase:a. The cell growsb. Chromosomes start to duplicatec. The cell prepares for mitosisd. All of the above

Don’t rush through that one. Pick an answer and write it down. Oh, I see theflag going down. I’ve gotta run!


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RICKY WAVE Hi everyone from SQRD- science quiz radio. It’s me Ricky Wave. I’m here tocontinue the countdown of the top 20 mitosis questions. This one has hadmajor radio play…it’s a big hit in Europe.. it’s


So, what do you think? Does it make the cut? Write down your choice andkeep listening to the wonderful tunes of SQRD!

NUKE ROCKNEY All right team, we’ve been practicing for this moment! (Blows whistle) Now getout there and show them what you’re made of!

17. True or False: During metaphase, the nuclear membrane finishes breaking down.

How did it go? It’s a 50-50 chance. So take it! Write down an answer andkeep on moving. Go team go!

QUIZ CLOWN (Trips on feet) I haven’t quite got the hang of these big shoes yet! While I dustmyself off, see if you can do any better with this!



What do you think? Write down an A, B, C, or D. I’m going to give these bigshoes another try. Clown College was never like this!


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WENDY RIVER Yee-haw!! I love these broncs! Why don’t y’all test your skills on this onehere!

19. After mitotic cell division, or mitosis, the daughter cells contain:

a. Half of the chromosomes of the parent cellb. The same number of chromosomes as

the parent cellc. A random number of chromosomesd. An unknown number of chromosomes

Before I ride off into the sunset, make sure you’ve got an answerdown. See y’all at the next round-up!

FIZZLE Hi there! Before I return to my bottle, a wish was used to see if you’vebeen paying attention!

20. What structure inside the cell helps pull the chromatids apart:

a. Centromereb. Spindle Fibersc. Nucleusd. Membrane

We’ve reached the end! Did you get the last answer on paper? Great!Now back to Professor Science while I return to my home sweet home.

SCENE 7PROFESSOR SCIENCE Well folks, there you have it, all you need to know about the amazingcell division process called mitosis! Coming up are the answers to thequestions my friends gave you! Now I gotta split! I’ll see you next timeon the Wonderful World of Science!!


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ANSWERS1. b. Mitosis is how cells reproduce and grow.

2. c. 23 chromosomes

3. True. Mitosis is the division of somatic cells to create new, identical cells.

4. b. Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells.

5. b. An eukaryote has a distinctive nucleus.

6. b. Chromosomes are made of DNA molecules.

7. d. centromere

8. d. Diploid cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 single chromosomes.

9. a. The genetic information for an organism is found in the cell nucleus.

10. d. The cytoplasm is the living substance of the cell, the cell membrane.

11. c. During prophase, the centrioles, if there are any, move to opposite ends of the cell and form 2 separate poles.

12. a. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

13. False. Plants have a hard cell plate that grows in the middle to split the two cells..

14. a. The sister chromosomes split completely in anaphase.

15. d. During interphase, the cell grows, chromosomes start to duplicate, and the cell prepares for mitosis.

16. b. The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres.

17. True. During metaphase, the nucleus is completely broken up.

18. c. The nuclear envelopes form around the separate cells during telophase.

19. b. After mitotic cell division, the daughter cells contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

20. b. The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart.


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mitosis - fun & enjoyable science learning

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