mitochondria iii: atp - the energy currency of the cell
DESCRIPTION
Mitochondria III: ATP - the energy Currency of the Cell. Karen Bame, Ph.D. Associate Professor School of Biological Sciences UMKC. Energy. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work, i.e. to move matter. Cells, tissues and organisms need energy for a variety of processes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MITOCHONDRIA III:ATP - THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL
Karen Bame, Ph.D.Associate Professor
School of Biological SciencesUMKC
EnergyEnergy is defined as the capacity to do work, i.e. to move matter.
Cells, tissues and organisms need energy for a variety of processes• Muscle contraction• Maintaining ion gradients for nerve transmission• Biosynthesis of molecules• Removal of waste products
EnergyCells generate energy by oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions• redox reactions move electrons (and H) between molecules
Energy is generated when reduced molecules are oxidized• more reduced a molecule is, the more energy it contains
metabolism• catabolic pathways are a series of chemical reactions that oxidize
molecules into CO2, H2O and NH3
• some of the energy released in the pathway can be used to make ATP and NADH
• the ATP and NADH can then be used in anabolic processes that require energy
NADH and FADH2
Coenzymes derived from B vitamins• niacin• riboflavin
Accept electrons and become reduced in catabolic reactions
Donate electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), which generates energy to make ATP
ATP
Called the energy currency of the cell, since hydrolysis of ATP releases energy
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi
ATP is generated in the mitochondriacitric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation• electron transport chain• ATP synthase
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC
Electron transport chain• Complexes I, II, III, IV• Coenzyme Q (CoQ)• Cytochrome c
Movement of electrons through ETC sets up a proton (H+) gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to make ATPF0 subunit = H+ channel
H+ move back into matrix from IMSF1 subunit = catalytic activity
ADP + Pi ATP
• movement of H+ through F0 causes the c-ring of the F0 subunit and the ge-shaft of F1 to rotate.
• rotation of the ge-shaft causes conformational changes in the ab-subunits of F1
• these conformational changes drives the chemical reaction: ADP + Pi ATP
Youtube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjdPTY1wHdQ
Summary• Cells require energy to perform a variety of functions.• Energy is generated in catabolic processes, when molecules
are oxidized to CO2 and H2O.• Some of the energy released in catabolic processes is used to
make ATP.• ATP is mostly synthesized in the mitochondria, via the electron
transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase.• Oxidation-reduction reactions of the ETC sets up a proton
gradient; energy “stored” in the proton gradient is converted to mechanical energy (rotation), which drives the synthesis of chemical energy (ATP).
• ATP is used to power cellular processes that require energy to occur.