missions in support of national objectives. overview iranian hostage rescue attempt operation urgent...

MISSIONS IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL OBJECTIVES

MISSIONS IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL OBJECTIVES

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt

Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada

Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libya

Operation Just Cause/Panama

Operation Restore Hope/Somalia






IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUEIRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE

Reasons for the TakeoverLong time friend of U.S.Weapons, technology for oilTook upon himself, role of Gulf policeman with American weapons to back it upBrutality of secret police Western materialism and moral values?

Reasons for the TakeoverLong time friend of U.S.Weapons, technology for oilTook upon himself, role of Gulf policeman with American weapons to back it upBrutality of secret police Western materialism and moral values?

IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUEIRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE

The Takeover Arranged from FranceShah was in bad healthCould not contain large demonstrationsShah flees to EgyptAyatollah Khomeini greeted by 2M, Jan 1979American’s evacuated except for 75 embassy employeesIslamic fundamentalist government becomes more extremeU.S. relations get worse, much worseAngry mob seized U.S. embassy and held 70 employees1 Iranian employee killed and 2 marines wounded before government restores orderPresident Carter won’t withdraw remaining employeesShah enters U.S. for medical treatment500 extremist students take embassy, 61 hostages, Nov ‘7953 held hostage for 444 days

The Takeover Arranged from FranceShah was in bad healthCould not contain large demonstrationsShah flees to EgyptAyatollah Khomeini greeted by 2M, Jan 1979American’s evacuated except for 75 embassy employeesIslamic fundamentalist government becomes more extremeU.S. relations get worse, much worseAngry mob seized U.S. embassy and held 70 employees1 Iranian employee killed and 2 marines wounded before government restores orderPresident Carter won’t withdraw remaining employeesShah enters U.S. for medical treatment500 extremist students take embassy, 61 hostages, Nov ‘7953 held hostage for 444 days

IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPT

IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPT

The Iranian Hostage Rescue AttemptPlanning begins Nov 1979Plans for use if militants begin killing hostagesApril 1980, plan began8 helicopters from aircraft carrier in Arabian Sea6 C-130sDesert One, remote landing strip 265 miles from targetDesert Two, remote hide site 50 miles from targetVans and trucks into Tehran and backStorm embassy, overpower guards, free hostagesBoard helicopters at embassy or nearby soccer stadium2 AC-130 gunships to provide necessary firepower to prevent reinforcements from retaking embassyTake isolated airfield for helicopter to C-141 transfer

The Iranian Hostage Rescue AttemptPlanning begins Nov 1979Plans for use if militants begin killing hostagesApril 1980, plan began8 helicopters from aircraft carrier in Arabian Sea6 C-130sDesert One, remote landing strip 265 miles from targetDesert Two, remote hide site 50 miles from targetVans and trucks into Tehran and backStorm embassy, overpower guards, free hostagesBoard helicopters at embassy or nearby soccer stadium2 AC-130 gunships to provide necessary firepower to prevent reinforcements from retaking embassyTake isolated airfield for helicopter to C-141 transfer

IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPTIRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPT

The Iranian Hostage Rescue AttemptExtremely complexCooperation of Egypt and Oman, special forces assault team, Army rangers, C-141/C-130 crews/maintenance, Marine pilots, Navy helicopters, Iranian collaborators, 3 landing zones, refueling operation, and 175 men inside Iran for 48 hours3 helicopters inoperable at Desert One, one of them sliced into C-130 setting both on fire, killing 8 menRemainder of rescue force loaded on remaining C-130sHelicopters, weapons, equipment, maps, secret documents, and the 8 dead left behindNegotiated return Jan 1981

Lessons LearnedImproved Weather forecastingBack-up helicopters (available, but not used)Intelligence data exchange among government agenciesClear chain of command

The Iranian Hostage Rescue AttemptExtremely complexCooperation of Egypt and Oman, special forces assault team, Army rangers, C-141/C-130 crews/maintenance, Marine pilots, Navy helicopters, Iranian collaborators, 3 landing zones, refueling operation, and 175 men inside Iran for 48 hours3 helicopters inoperable at Desert One, one of them sliced into C-130 setting both on fire, killing 8 menRemainder of rescue force loaded on remaining C-130sHelicopters, weapons, equipment, maps, secret documents, and the 8 dead left behindNegotiated return Jan 1981

Lessons LearnedImproved Weather forecastingBack-up helicopters (available, but not used)Intelligence data exchange among government agenciesClear chain of command

OPERATION URGENT FURY GRENADA


Historical PerspectiveFormer British colony, 95% African/mixed decentSpice exports; nutmeg, mace, cloves; later tourismBloody historyDiscovered by Columbus, 1498Original inhabitants slaughtered by French, ~1650, because they wouldn’t submit to French rule150 years of war and rebellion

French vs. British, slavesSecured by British, 1803Independence in 1974Elections, 1967 to 1979, odd nut Gairy

Spiritualism, psychic events, unearthly life and UFOs

Social problems; unemployment

Historical PerspectiveFormer British colony, 95% African/mixed decentSpice exports; nutmeg, mace, cloves; later tourismBloody historyDiscovered by Columbus, 1498Original inhabitants slaughtered by French, ~1650, because they wouldn’t submit to French rule150 years of war and rebellion

French vs. British, slavesSecured by British, 1803Independence in 1974Elections, 1967 to 1979, odd nut Gairy

Spiritualism, psychic events, unearthly life and UFOs

Social problems; unemployment



The CoupGairy goes to New York to discuss UFOsBloodless coupCoup welcomed by mostHoped for new era w/o corruption and brutalityBishop as bad as Gairy, no elections, no free pressAid from Cuba and USSR

Soviet Involvement in the Caribbean BasinSoviet advisors and equipment through CubaForeign aid; $40M Cuba, $4M Syria/Iraq, $2M Algeria, $6M Libya accompanied by military advisors; 110K people, 9K soldiers

Indications, Warnings, and the U.S. ResponseGrenada was going well for Cuba by fall 1983Economy still suffering, strained relationsUnder pressure from Cuba supported oppositionCoup within own party, leaders executedGovernment in chaosNeighbors perceived threat to peace and stability

The CoupGairy goes to New York to discuss UFOsBloodless coupCoup welcomed by mostHoped for new era w/o corruption and brutalityBishop as bad as Gairy, no elections, no free pressAid from Cuba and USSR

Soviet Involvement in the Caribbean BasinSoviet advisors and equipment through CubaForeign aid; $40M Cuba, $4M Syria/Iraq, $2M Algeria, $6M Libya accompanied by military advisors; 110K people, 9K soldiers

Indications, Warnings, and the U.S. ResponseGrenada was going well for Cuba by fall 1983Economy still suffering, strained relationsUnder pressure from Cuba supported oppositionCoup within own party, leaders executedGovernment in chaosNeighbors perceived threat to peace and stability



The Invasion: Operations Urgent FuryOrganization of East Caribbean States asked U.S. to actStrong concern for U.S. citizens living there

Political and Military ObjectivesProtect and evacuate 1,000 U.S. citizensOffset the Grenadian and Cuban military forcesSteady internal situation to help restore democratic governmentMarines to capture northern airportRangers to capture medical school and southern airportSEALs capture government radio station350 man Caribbean peacekeeping force

Lessons LearnedLack of detailed maps, destroyed mental hospitalU.S. intelligence underestimated Cuban personnelLack of coordinated communications

The Invasion: Operations Urgent FuryOrganization of East Caribbean States asked U.S. to actStrong concern for U.S. citizens living there

Political and Military ObjectivesProtect and evacuate 1,000 U.S. citizensOffset the Grenadian and Cuban military forcesSteady internal situation to help restore democratic governmentMarines to capture northern airportRangers to capture medical school and southern airportSEALs capture government radio station350 man Caribbean peacekeeping force

Lessons LearnedLack of detailed maps, destroyed mental hospitalU.S. intelligence underestimated Cuban personnelLack of coordinated communications

EL DORADO CANYONLIBYA


The Coup680K sq mi, 2x Texas, 1.5 million; no one cared38 oil companies, 10,000 citizensRags to riches almost overnightRedirected 70% of revenue back to peopleAnti-Israeli and anti-Western sentiment growingKing in Turkey getting treatment for leg ailmentBloodless coup, assured status quo, SeptImpeached King Idris I (79), 1969

The Coup680K sq mi, 2x Texas, 1.5 million; no one cared38 oil companies, 10,000 citizensRags to riches almost overnightRedirected 70% of revenue back to peopleAnti-Israeli and anti-Western sentiment growingKing in Turkey getting treatment for leg ailmentBloodless coup, assured status quo, SeptImpeached King Idris I (79), 1969



Qaddafi, Premier of the Revolutionary CouncilArmy Lt just 10 days before coupKicked British and U.S. out of country, OctBought weapons from France, large enough to give every soldier his own personal tank and fighterQaddafi affirmed policy of “absolute neutrality”Increased support to terrorist, revolutionary groupsEagerly provided money, training, logistical supportEstablished terrorist training basesProvided funds, weapons, and training for 1972 Olympic killing$12B weapons deal with USSR, 1972, $$$$ for USSR$2.3B more, 1974, included subsidized purchases for Syria and Ethiopia2,000 attack U.S. embassy

Embassy gets no help from government, 1979Often rejected by other Arab leaders

Qaddafi, Premier of the Revolutionary CouncilArmy Lt just 10 days before coupKicked British and U.S. out of country, OctBought weapons from France, large enough to give every soldier his own personal tank and fighterQaddafi affirmed policy of “absolute neutrality”Increased support to terrorist, revolutionary groupsEagerly provided money, training, logistical supportEstablished terrorist training basesProvided funds, weapons, and training for 1972 Olympic killing$12B weapons deal with USSR, 1972, $$$$ for USSR$2.3B more, 1974, included subsidized purchases for Syria and Ethiopia2,000 attack U.S. embassy

Embassy gets no help from government, 1979Often rejected by other Arab leaders



U.S. StrategyAs reaction to Vietnam, U.S. reaction is isolationismContinued military aid until 1975U.S. begins surveillance flights into Gulf of Sidra, 1972Libyan fighters respond, Gulf claimed as Libyan territoryLibyan fighters attack EC-135, 1980

8 vs. 1Full page ad in Washington PostU.S. virtually ignores LibyaReagan takes hard line, 1981Hard-line against terrorismFreedom of Navigation, August2 carriers within 40 miles130 Libyan flights, 1st day2 aircraft attack, both shot downLibya continues terrorism

Attacks at Rome and Vienna airports,

Dec, 1985Qaddafi openly admits aid

U.S. StrategyAs reaction to Vietnam, U.S. reaction is isolationismContinued military aid until 1975U.S. begins surveillance flights into Gulf of Sidra, 1972Libyan fighters respond, Gulf claimed as Libyan territoryLibyan fighters attack EC-135, 1980

8 vs. 1Full page ad in Washington PostU.S. virtually ignores LibyaReagan takes hard line, 1981Hard-line against terrorismFreedom of Navigation, August2 carriers within 40 miles130 Libyan flights, 1st day2 aircraft attack, both shot downLibya continues terrorism

Attacks at Rome and Vienna airports,

Dec, 1985Qaddafi openly admits aid



Crossing the Libyan Line of DeathAnother FON exercise, Mar 86Qaddafi declares line of death across 32nd parallel5 surface-to-air missiles, 24 MarAll Libyan forces declared “hostile”2 A-6Es fire on patrol boat3 missile patrol boats, 2 radar sites, 27 MarNo casualties or damage

Qaddafi franticClaims 3 aircraft and driving away U.S.Sponsors bombing of discotheque in WestBerlin frequented by U.S. Servicemen

2 killed, 230 injured, 50 AmericansU.S. intelligence links Qaddafi with attack

Additional links to planned attacksRocket attack of U.S. Embassy, BeirutAssassination of U.S. Ambassador to FranceKilling of U.S. diplomats in BeirutRecruited European and Palestinian hit menLeader of PLO told U.S. to avoid blame

Crossing the Libyan Line of DeathAnother FON exercise, Mar 86Qaddafi declares line of death across 32nd parallel5 surface-to-air missiles, 24 MarAll Libyan forces declared “hostile”2 A-6Es fire on patrol boat3 missile patrol boats, 2 radar sites, 27 MarNo casualties or damage

Qaddafi franticClaims 3 aircraft and driving away U.S.Sponsors bombing of discotheque in WestBerlin frequented by U.S. Servicemen

2 killed, 230 injured, 50 AmericansU.S. intelligence links Qaddafi with attack

Additional links to planned attacksRocket attack of U.S. Embassy, BeirutAssassination of U.S. Ambassador to FranceKilling of U.S. diplomats in BeirutRecruited European and Palestinian hit menLeader of PLO told U.S. to avoid blame



Preparation for ActionUSAFE and Navy aircraft w/ British supportSend message to terrorists and sponsorsAt night, fewer civilians and less risk24 F-111s, 5 EF-111s, 28 tankers 70 A-6s, A-7s, F/A-18s, F-14s, EA-6Bs

The AttackSurface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft sitesQaddafi’s HQ, terrorist training site and military airfield around TripoliMilitary airfield, terrorist training facility and alternate command post around Benghazi15 hour flight, 12 minute attack, 1 F-111 lost, 4 of 5 main targets severely damaged, coordination superb

Political ObjectiveAlter behaviorQaddafi seriously scales back support

Preparation for ActionUSAFE and Navy aircraft w/ British supportSend message to terrorists and sponsorsAt night, fewer civilians and less risk24 F-111s, 5 EF-111s, 28 tankers 70 A-6s, A-7s, F/A-18s, F-14s, EA-6Bs

The AttackSurface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft sitesQaddafi’s HQ, terrorist training site and military airfield around TripoliMilitary airfield, terrorist training facility and alternate command post around Benghazi15 hour flight, 12 minute attack, 1 F-111 lost, 4 of 5 main targets severely damaged, coordination superb

Political ObjectiveAlter behaviorQaddafi seriously scales back support



Lessons LearnedMilitary option effective against state sponsored terrorismTechnology can’t ensure against U.S. military or collateral damageModern high-technology systems work and work well

15-month-old girl said to have been Libyan leader Colonel Qaddafi's adopted daughter, Hanna, was killed and two of his sons injuredGaddafi himself was thought to have been the main target but, although a bomb exploded near his tent and other bombs destroyed his house in the capital, he was not harmedIn all, at least 15 civilians died in the attacks, together with an unknown number of Libyan military personnel

Lessons LearnedMilitary option effective against state sponsored terrorismTechnology can’t ensure against U.S. military or collateral damageModern high-technology systems work and work well

15-month-old girl said to have been Libyan leader Colonel Qaddafi's adopted daughter, Hanna, was killed and two of his sons injuredGaddafi himself was thought to have been the main target but, although a bomb exploded near his tent and other bombs destroyed his house in the capital, he was not harmedIn all, at least 15 civilians died in the attacks, together with an unknown number of Libyan military personnel

OPERATION JUST CAUSEPANAMA


United States/Panamanian Relations1,000 miles south of FloridaSpanish colony, 1500s-1821Independent, struggle with Columbia,

1820-1840Increased U.S. interest during California gold rush3 U.S. companies build railroad, 18571st attempt to build canal fails, 18892nd attempt led by U.S. government, 1903-1914

Support Panama independenceEstablish canal zone administered by U.S.Get Yellow Fever under control

Many grievances by Panama against U.S.Not all groups benefited equallyGroup in power benefited mostMost grievances were petty and nearly always offset by advantages for someone, just not the group grieving

United States/Panamanian Relations1,000 miles south of FloridaSpanish colony, 1500s-1821Independent, struggle with Columbia,

1820-1840Increased U.S. interest during California gold rush3 U.S. companies build railroad, 18571st attempt to build canal fails, 18892nd attempt led by U.S. government, 1903-1914

Support Panama independenceEstablish canal zone administered by U.S.Get Yellow Fever under control

Many grievances by Panama against U.S.Not all groups benefited equallyGroup in power benefited mostMost grievances were petty and nearly always offset by advantages for someone, just not the group grieving

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gatun_lock_gate.JPG



U.S. Panamanian Relations after World War IIMore Americans arrive and bring increase to problems4 U.S. bases, 10,000 U.S. troops, government civiliansAmericans had extraordinary privilegesCanal had become less important to U.S. military, commerce, and Panamanian economyControl of canal passed to Panama, 1999

Panamanian PoliticsConflict between civil government and National GuardCoup, 1968, ends civilian controlCol Torrijos killed in plane crash, 1981, replaced by Col FloresLtCol Noriega “retires” Col Flores and officers loyal to himRig electionNoriega powerful ally to CIAU.S. willing to accept election and increased role in drug tradeIncreased reports of corruption, brutality and drug traffickingNoriega steps up harassment of U.S. servicemen and women

U.S. Panamanian Relations after World War IIMore Americans arrive and bring increase to problems4 U.S. bases, 10,000 U.S. troops, government civiliansAmericans had extraordinary privilegesCanal had become less important to U.S. military, commerce, and Panamanian economyControl of canal passed to Panama, 1999

Panamanian PoliticsConflict between civil government and National GuardCoup, 1968, ends civilian controlCol Torrijos killed in plane crash, 1981, replaced by Col FloresLtCol Noriega “retires” Col Flores and officers loyal to himRig electionNoriega powerful ally to CIAU.S. willing to accept election and increased role in drug tradeIncreased reports of corruption, brutality and drug traffickingNoriega steps up harassment of U.S. servicemen and women



The InvasionOct 1987, 9 servicemen arrested1,000 incidents in 1988Jan/Feb 1989, over 60 incidentsMar ‘89, Panamanian wife of U.S. corporal wounded6 school buses stopped, drivers threatened Aug ‘89, sergeant and father beatenDec ‘89, Navy Lt killed (failure to stop)9,500 troops in country, plus 13,000 new troopsAC-130 gunshipsTarget was Noriega40 operations across Panama to find himIn weeks before, he moved an average of 5 times a nightFalse messages and decoy convoysSneaked into Papal Nunciatura (Vatican Embassy), 30 daysForced out by playing “music”Flown to U.S. for trial on drug charges

The InvasionOct 1987, 9 servicemen arrested1,000 incidents in 1988Jan/Feb 1989, over 60 incidentsMar ‘89, Panamanian wife of U.S. corporal wounded6 school buses stopped, drivers threatened Aug ‘89, sergeant and father beatenDec ‘89, Navy Lt killed (failure to stop)9,500 troops in country, plus 13,000 new troopsAC-130 gunshipsTarget was Noriega40 operations across Panama to find himIn weeks before, he moved an average of 5 times a nightFalse messages and decoy convoysSneaked into Papal Nunciatura (Vatican Embassy), 30 daysForced out by playing “music”Flown to U.S. for trial on drug charges



Political and Military ObjectivesProtect American lives

40,000 in and around Panama City, 3% of populationEnforce the Panama Canal TreatiesRestore the democratic processBring Noriega to justice

Lessons LearnedOlder equipment was most useful because it was lighterArmy realized it needed increased urban warfare trainingMore civil affairs troops

When dictator is taken down, all forms of government are taken down with him, including law enforcement

Other Interesting FactsMilitary Police platoon, Capt Linda Bray, in firefight with PDF

1st women to engage hostile troops23 troops killed, 3 civilians, 325 wounded4 times as large, but fewer comm problems than Grenada

Political and Military ObjectivesProtect American lives

40,000 in and around Panama City, 3% of populationEnforce the Panama Canal TreatiesRestore the democratic processBring Noriega to justice

Lessons LearnedOlder equipment was most useful because it was lighterArmy realized it needed increased urban warfare trainingMore civil affairs troops

When dictator is taken down, all forms of government are taken down with him, including law enforcement

Other Interesting FactsMilitary Police platoon, Capt Linda Bray, in firefight with PDF

1st women to engage hostile troops23 troops killed, 3 civilians, 325 wounded4 times as large, but fewer comm problems than Grenada

UN sanctioned, Dec 1992-May 1993To avert growing humanitarian disasterUNOSOM I and UNOSOM IIHistorical Perspective

Jan 1991, overthrow of leader of Somalia, Said BarreAt least 5 different groups, all trying for controlSept 1991, fighting in Mogadishu spreads across country

20,000 killed/injured, agriculture destroyedInternational food supplies sent to halt starvation~80% food stolen by local clan leaders, exchanged for weapons

300,000 died, 1.5M suffered, 1991-1992

UNOSOM I, U.N. sponsored oversight, Aug 199210 C-130s and 400 people deployed to Mombasa, KenyaMost food still looted directly upon landing

UN sanctioned, Dec 1992-May 1993To avert growing humanitarian disasterUNOSOM I and UNOSOM IIHistorical Perspective

Jan 1991, overthrow of leader of Somalia, Said BarreAt least 5 different groups, all trying for controlSept 1991, fighting in Mogadishu spreads across country

20,000 killed/injured, agriculture destroyedInternational food supplies sent to halt starvation~80% food stolen by local clan leaders, exchanged for weapons

300,000 died, 1.5M suffered, 1991-1992

UNOSOM I, U.N. sponsored oversight, Aug 199210 C-130s and 400 people deployed to Mombasa, KenyaMost food still looted directly upon landing

Operation Restore HopeSomalia


Operation Restore HopeDec 1992, Operation Restore Hope, President Bush offers 25,000 troops to oversee relief operationClinton shifted the mission from delivering food supplies to nation-building

UNOSOM II, U.N. re-assumed responsibility, May 199360 Army helicopters and ~1,000 personnel, 1992-1994President Clinton reduces U.S. presence, returns primary role back to U.N.28,000 troops, 26 countries5 June, Pakistani troops attempted to inspect weapons storage sites, 24 killed, 80 wounded, Warlord Aideed blamed12-16 June, U.S. troops w/ AC-130 gunships, attack targets in Mogadishu connected to Aideed19 June, $25,000 bounty issued for Aideed

Operation Restore HopeDec 1992, Operation Restore Hope, President Bush offers 25,000 troops to oversee relief operationClinton shifted the mission from delivering food supplies to nation-building

UNOSOM II, U.N. re-assumed responsibility, May 199360 Army helicopters and ~1,000 personnel, 1992-1994President Clinton reduces U.S. presence, returns primary role back to U.N.28,000 troops, 26 countries5 June, Pakistani troops attempted to inspect weapons storage sites, 24 killed, 80 wounded, Warlord Aideed blamed12-16 June, U.S. troops w/ AC-130 gunships, attack targets in Mogadishu connected to Aideed19 June, $25,000 bounty issued for Aideed



UNOSOM II (cont)12 July, raid on meeting house, 8 prisoners, documents, radios, and weapons seized

Agenda (advertised in local newspaper) to discuss ways to peacefully resolve the conflict between Aideed and the multinational task force in Somalia, and perhaps even to remove Aideed as leader of the clanMore than 50 of the clan elders, the oldest and most respected in their community, were dead Several journalists remained behind, 4 beaten to death

8 Aug, Rangers, Delta Force and Task Force-160 (Special Ops aviators) deployed to capture Aideed

UNOSOM II (cont)12 July, raid on meeting house, 8 prisoners, documents, radios, and weapons seized

Agenda (advertised in local newspaper) to discuss ways to peacefully resolve the conflict between Aideed and the multinational task force in Somalia, and perhaps even to remove Aideed as leader of the clanMore than 50 of the clan elders, the oldest and most respected in their community, were dead Several journalists remained behind, 4 beaten to death

8 Aug, Rangers, Delta Force and Task Force-160 (Special Ops aviators) deployed to capture Aideed



UNOSOM II (cont)3-4 Oct 1993, raid on Olympic Hotel, “Black Hawk Down”

Assault team and ground convoy wait twenty minutes just out of sight of each other, ready to move, each thought they were to be first contacted by the other 500-1,500 militia and civilians dead, 3,000-4,000 wounded2 MH-60 Black Hawks downed by rocket-propelled grenades, 3 damaged18 U.S. troops killed, 73 wounded; 1 killed, 7 woundedNo contingency planning or coordination with U.N. forces had been arranged prior to the operation Rangers and Delta Force rescued by 10th Mountain Div with Malaysian (APCs) and Pakistani (tanks) forces1st crash site reached and trapped soldiers led out2nd crash site overrun, lone surviving American pilot taken prisoner but later released SECDEF had determined U.S. armor was not needed, so none available, resigned Dec under much public criticism

Oct 1993, armored battalion sent to restore/maintain orderLast U.S. forces leave, Mar 1994

UNOSOM II (cont)3-4 Oct 1993, raid on Olympic Hotel, “Black Hawk Down”

Assault team and ground convoy wait twenty minutes just out of sight of each other, ready to move, each thought they were to be first contacted by the other 500-1,500 militia and civilians dead, 3,000-4,000 wounded2 MH-60 Black Hawks downed by rocket-propelled grenades, 3 damaged18 U.S. troops killed, 73 wounded; 1 killed, 7 woundedNo contingency planning or coordination with U.N. forces had been arranged prior to the operation Rangers and Delta Force rescued by 10th Mountain Div with Malaysian (APCs) and Pakistani (tanks) forces1st crash site reached and trapped soldiers led out2nd crash site overrun, lone surviving American pilot taken prisoner but later released SECDEF had determined U.S. armor was not needed, so none available, resigned Dec under much public criticism

Oct 1993, armored battalion sent to restore/maintain orderLast U.S. forces leave, Mar 1994













CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

missions in support of national objectives. overview iranian hostage rescue attempt operation urgent...

Documents

remaining c

iranian collaborators

helicopters available

navy helicopters

backstorm embassy

menremainder of rescue

free hostagesboard helicopters

employees1 iranian employee