mis software concepts, dr. ashish k. gupta

Software Concepts

Dr. Ashish K. GuptaDr. Ashish K. GuptaMBBS, MS-Surgery, PGDHHM, MBA-HCA (FMS) GoldMedalist, MAHA, PG in Quality Management & AHO,

Consultant Surgeon, Hospital Consultant,NABH-Assessor, CMD Blue Ocean Consultants

Director Programs AHA

Study Objectives:

1. What is Software?2. Software Program3. The History of Software4. Software Categories

A. System &B. application SoftwareC. Language Translators

5. Hardware- Software Relationship6. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

7. Basic Components ofSystem Software

A. Operating systems:B. Device driversC. Utility programs

8. OS CapabilitiesA. Multi-programmingB. Virtual StorageC. Time SharingD. Multi- processing

9. Utilities10. Other software

(Study Duration= 1 Hour)

1. What is Software?2. Software Program3. The History of Software4. Software Categories

A. System &B. application SoftwareC. Language Translators

5. Hardware- Software Relationship6. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

7. Basic Components ofSystem Software

A. Operating systems:B. Device driversC. Utility programs

8. OS CapabilitiesA. Multi-programmingB. Virtual StorageC. Time SharingD. Multi- processing

9. Utilities10. Other software

Saturday, August 10, 2013 [email protected] 2

What is Software?What is Software?• Hardware is essential but by itself it is not sufficient to be of

any practical use• To play a useful role in the firm’s information technology

infrastructure, computer hardware requires computersoftware

• We can only feel but neither see or touch it• Computer Software is defined as the detailed instructions

that control the operations of a computer system• Any software is essentially a set of instructions that the

hardware can understand & execute• Selecting appropriate software for the organization is a key

management decision

• Hardware is essential but by itself it is not sufficient to be ofany practical use

• To play a useful role in the firm’s information technologyinfrastructure, computer hardware requires computersoftware

• We can only feel but neither see or touch it• Computer Software is defined as the detailed instructions

that control the operations of a computer system• Any software is essentially a set of instructions that the

hardware can understand & execute• Selecting appropriate software for the organization is a key

management decision


Software ProgramSoftware Program

• A software program is aseries of statements orinstructions to the computer

• It is the ‘LIFE’ of a computer• The process of writing or

coding programs is termedProgramming

• Individuals who specialize inthis task are calledProgrammers

• A software program is aseries of statements orinstructions to the computer

• It is the ‘LIFE’ of a computer• The process of writing or

coding programs is termedProgramming

• Individuals who specialize inthis task are calledProgrammers


The History of SoftwareThe History of Software• Software is the element that drives the hardware to perform

specific tasks for the user• In infancy of computers there was a time when the entire

wiring of the computer was done in such a way as torepresent a series of instructions. Such computers were KA‘Hardwired’, as the set of instructions was wired in thehardware itself

• Such systems were dedicated & had a very narrow scope ofusage

• As the complexity & size of instructions increased, to do thesame hardware do more, there was a need to provideenough storage to it, therefore instructions had to move outto high capacity storage devices like floppies, hard disks & CDs

• Software is the element that drives the hardware to performspecific tasks for the user

• In infancy of computers there was a time when the entirewiring of the computer was done in such a way as torepresent a series of instructions. Such computers were KA‘Hardwired’, as the set of instructions was wired in thehardware itself

• Such systems were dedicated & had a very narrow scope ofusage

• As the complexity & size of instructions increased, to do thesame hardware do more, there was a need to provideenough storage to it, therefore instructions had to move outto high capacity storage devices like floppies, hard disks & CDs


• The users of computersystems today neverinteract with the hardwaredirectly

• They interact with thehardware through thesoftware

• Software is theintermediary, aninterpreter, through whichwe communicate with thehardware-the machine

• The users of computersystems today neverinteract with the hardwaredirectly

• They interact with thehardware through thesoftware

• Software is theintermediary, aninterpreter, through whichwe communicate with thehardware-the machine


Software CategoriesSoftware Categories

SOFTWARE


SystemSoftware

LanguageTranslators

ApplicationSoftware

System & Application SoftwareSystem & Application SoftwareDefinedDefined

• System Software: Is a set of generalized programs thatmanage the computer’s resources, such as central processor,communication links & peripheral devices– Only handful of systems software are available– Programmers who write system software are KA System

Programmers• Application Software: Describes the programs that are

written for or by the users to apply the computer to a specifictask. E.g. Software for processing an order or generating amailing list– Hundreds of application software packages are available– Programmers who write application software are KA

Application Programmers

• System Software: Is a set of generalized programs thatmanage the computer’s resources, such as central processor,communication links & peripheral devices– Only handful of systems software are available– Programmers who write system software are KA System

Programmers• Application Software: Describes the programs that are

written for or by the users to apply the computer to a specifictask. E.g. Software for processing an order or generating amailing list– Hundreds of application software packages are available– Programmers who write application software are KA

Application ProgrammersSaturday, August 10, 2013 [email protected]

09811114879 8

Language TranslatorsLanguage Translators• A type of system software. They act as:

– Interpreters (compiles likewise) It is a translator thatinterprets statement by statement, any program written inhigh language. Very useful for programming as it checks forerror statement by statement in an interactive mode

– Compilers (compiles program-wise) It reads the entireprogram written in high language & converts it to machinelanguage codes

– Assemblers (converts semi-machine language, macroinstructions to machine language)

• They convert programming languages into machine languagethat can be understood by the computer & utility programs thatperform common processing tasks

• A type of system software. They act as:– Interpreters (compiles likewise) It is a translator that

interprets statement by statement, any program written inhigh language. Very useful for programming as it checks forerror statement by statement in an interactive mode

– Compilers (compiles program-wise) It reads the entireprogram written in high language & converts it to machinelanguage codes

– Assemblers (converts semi-machine language, macroinstructions to machine language)

• They convert programming languages into machine languagethat can be understood by the computer & utility programs thatperform common processing tasks


Language TranslatorsLanguage Translators• The most elemental form of programming uses only binary

digits 0, 1 which is directly understood by the electronic circuits.A programme written using only binary digits is called aMachine Language Programme

• Assembly language provides a significant improvement overmachine language. These are written using mnemonic codeslike ADD, STORE etc. rather than machine language, makingprogramming easier. However it needs to be translated intomachine language codes. This translation is done by assemblers

• Both machine language & assembly language programme ismachine dependent i.e. program written for one machinecannot be used in another machine

• The most elemental form of programming uses only binarydigits 0, 1 which is directly understood by the electronic circuits.A programme written using only binary digits is called aMachine Language Programme

• Assembly language provides a significant improvement overmachine language. These are written using mnemonic codeslike ADD, STORE etc. rather than machine language, makingprogramming easier. However it needs to be translated intomachine language codes. This translation is done by assemblers

• Both machine language & assembly language programme ismachine dependent i.e. program written for one machinecannot be used in another machine


Language TranslatorsLanguage Translators

• High Level Languages that are close to English overcame thedrawback of machine dependence.

• These are FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL etc.• These languages relieve a programmer from being machine

specific• However a programme written in a high level language needs

to be translated into machine language codes beforeexecution. This is done through compilers or throughinterpreters

• High Level Languages that are close to English overcame thedrawback of machine dependence.

• These are FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL etc.• These languages relieve a programmer from being machine

specific• However a programme written in a high level language needs

to be translated into machine language codes beforeexecution. This is done through compilers or throughinterpreters


HardwareHardware-- Software RelationshipSoftware Relationship

System Software

Application Software

Users Application Software:•Programming languages•Assembly languageFORTRAN; COBOL;BASIC; PASCAL; C


SHardware

SYSTEM SOFTWARE


• System software which wefind already installed if webuy a new computer,enables the applicationsoftware to interact withthe computer & helps thecomputer manage itsinternal & externalresources

• System software which wefind already installed if webuy a new computer,enables the applicationsoftware to interact withthe computer & helps thecomputer manage itsinternal & externalresources


Basic Components of SystemBasic Components of SystemSoftwareSoftware

1. Operating systems: is the principle component of systemsoftware in any computing system. It:

a) Schedules computer eventsb) Allocates computer resources, including disk space,

memory, CPU time allocation & peripheral devicesc) Monitors events & system activities

2. Device drivers: help the computer control peripheral devices3. Utility programs: are generally used to support, enhance or

expand existing programs in a computer system4. Special Purpose Software

1. Operating systems: is the principle component of systemsoftware in any computing system. It:

a) Schedules computer eventsb) Allocates computer resources, including disk space,

memory, CPU time allocation & peripheral devicesc) Monitors events & system activities

2. Device drivers: help the computer control peripheral devices3. Utility programs: are generally used to support, enhance or

expand existing programs in a computer system4. Special Purpose Software


1. Operating System (OS)1. Operating System (OS)• An OS is the most important system software & is required to

operate a computer system• OS became a part of computer software with the second

generation computers. Advancements in computer hardwarehave also contributed to more efficient operating systems

• First OS was called Batch Processing (serial) OS wasdeveloped for second generation computers. The OS executesthe jobs serially one after the other from a batch of jobssubmitted. The CPU is kept busy only during the processingcycle of a lob & it idles during the input & output operations

• An OS is the most important system software & is required tooperate a computer system

• OS became a part of computer software with the secondgeneration computers. Advancements in computer hardwarehave also contributed to more efficient operating systems

• First OS was called Batch Processing (serial) OS wasdeveloped for second generation computers. The OS executesthe jobs serially one after the other from a batch of jobssubmitted. The CPU is kept busy only during the processingcycle of a lob & it idles during the input & output operations


1. Operating System (OS)1. Operating System (OS)

• This drawback or idling the CPU was overcome by theintroduction of overlap processing

• Similar consideration gave rise to the concept of multi-programming, that handles multiple jobs simultaneously byoverlapping the input, output & processing cycles of variousjobs

• This OS was introduced along with Third generationcomputers & is still popular. It has replaced earlier batchprocessing OS

• Multi-programming OS is more complex & requires morepowerful hardware to support it

• This drawback or idling the CPU was overcome by theintroduction of overlap processing

• Similar consideration gave rise to the concept of multi-programming, that handles multiple jobs simultaneously byoverlapping the input, output & processing cycles of variousjobs

• This OS was introduced along with Third generationcomputers & is still popular. It has replaced earlier batchprocessing OS

• Multi-programming OS is more complex & requires morepowerful hardware to support it


1. Operating System (OS)1. Operating System (OS)

• Other OSs that are popular today are:– Multi-processing OSs: Here system uses multiple CPUs to process

multiple jobs– Real Time OSs: This system is a very different type of OS as it is used

for different type of applications i.e. real time applications like railwayreservations, process control etc.

• Other OSs that are popular today are:– Multi-processing OSs: Here system uses multiple CPUs to process

multiple jobs– Real Time OSs: This system is a very different type of OS as it is used

for different type of applications i.e. real time applications like railwayreservations, process control etc.


1. Operating System (OS)1. Operating System (OS)• Is the computer system’s chief manager• OS:

1. Provides locations in primary memory for data & programs2. Controls the input & output devices such as printers,

terminals & telecommunication links3. Also coordinates the scheduling of work in various areas of

the computer so that different parts of different jobs canbe worked on at the same time

4. Keeps track of each computer job & may also keep track ofwho is using the system, of what programs have been run& of any unauthorized attempts to access the system

• Is the computer system’s chief manager• OS:

1. Provides locations in primary memory for data & programs2. Controls the input & output devices such as printers,

terminals & telecommunication links3. Also coordinates the scheduling of work in various areas of

the computer so that different parts of different jobs canbe worked on at the same time

4. Keeps track of each computer job & may also keep track ofwho is using the system, of what programs have been run& of any unauthorized attempts to access the system


Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS)

• OS allows you toconcentrate on yourown task or applicationsrather than on thecomplexities ofmanaging the computer

• OS allows you toconcentrate on yourown task or applicationsrather than on thecomplexities ofmanaging the computer


OS CapabilitiesOS Capabilities

• OS capabilities like– multiprogramming,– virtual storage,– time sharing &– multiprocessing

enable the computerto handle manydifferent tasks & usersat the same time

• OS capabilities like– multiprogramming,– virtual storage,– time sharing &– multiprocessing

enable the computerto handle manydifferent tasks & usersat the same time


OS CapabilitiesOS CapabilitiesMulti-programming

Multiple programs can share a computer system’sresources at any one time through concurrent useof the CPU. Only one program is actually using theCPU at any given moment, but the input/outputneeds of other programs can be serviced at thesame time

Multiple programs can share a computer system’sresources at any one time through concurrent useof the CPU. Only one program is actually using theCPU at any given moment, but the input/outputneeds of other programs can be serviced at thesame time

VirtualStorage

Handles programs more efficiently by breaking downthe programs into tiny sections that are read intomemory only when needed. The rest of eachprogram is stored on disk until it is required. Virtualstorage allows very large programs to be executedby small machines, or a large number of programs tobe executed concurrently by a single machine


OS CapabilitiesOS CapabilitiesTimeSharing

Allows many users to share computer processingresources simultaneously by allocating each a tinyslice of computer time to perform computing tasks &transferring processing from user to user. Thisarrangement permits many users to be connected toa CPU simultaneously, with each receiving only a tinyamount of CPU time

Allows many users to share computer processingresources simultaneously by allocating each a tinyslice of computer time to perform computing tasks &transferring processing from user to user. Thisarrangement permits many users to be connected toa CPU simultaneously, with each receiving only a tinyamount of CPU time

Multi-processing

Links together two or more CPUs to work in parallel ina single computer system. The OS can assign multipleCPUs to execute different instructions from the sameprogram or from different programs simultaneously,dividing the work between the CPUs


2. Utilities2. Utilities

• These are programmes that are very often requested by manyapplication programmers.

• E.g.– SORT/MERGE: For sorting large volumes of data & merging them into

a single sorted list– Transfer Programmes: For transforming contents from one medium to

another e.g. disk to tape, tape to disk etc.

• These are programmes that are very often requested by manyapplication programmers.

• E.g.– SORT/MERGE: For sorting large volumes of data & merging them into

a single sorted list– Transfer Programmes: For transforming contents from one medium to

another e.g. disk to tape, tape to disk etc.


3. Special Purpose Software3. Special Purpose Software

• These are intended to extend the capability of OSs to providespecialized services to application programmes

• E.g.– Spreadsheet software like LOTUS, VISUAL etc.– Data Management software like dBase III, DBMS etc.

• These are intended to extend the capability of OSs to providespecialized services to application programmes

• E.g.– Spreadsheet software like LOTUS, VISUAL etc.– Data Management software like dBase III, DBMS etc.


Questions?


mis software concepts, dr. ashish k. gupta

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