mis 005-dc

MIS-005 PGDM 1st semesterDisaster Control & Emergency

Planning

WELCOME TO IIMSHE

Introduction

• Disaster may be difficult to describe but it is easily understood to mean something which occurs suddenly and causes great misery to human , loss of life and damage to property.


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Introduction (contd…)

• More importantly its effects continue to exist for long and its mitigation follows a tedious and lengthy process.

• Great deal of medical supports are needed to take care of people affected by disaster


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Introduction (Cont…)

• The operation of rescue are to take place on such large scale that all government agencies, department, officers, public servant and several non-governmental organizations have to be pressed in action.

• Even international help is solicited in many cases of disaster.


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Adverse effects of disaster

• Health Problems arise, injuries, diseases and epidemics occur.

• Basic necessities become unavailable or diminish, resulting in lack of nutrition. Water gets contaminated and diseases are caused.


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Adverse effects of disaster (contd…)

• Crops are destroyed and agricultural commodities become unavailable. Cattles go without food.

• the people lose employment - both industrial and agricultural. Economic activities are disrupted.


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• Industrial sector is badly affected both by damage to machinery and loss of power supply.

• Cattles are directly affected either by fatality or injury or due to lack of food


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• It is very important to note that greater proportion of population, particularly those who are displaced are caught in the fear psychosis, anxiety and trauma. These effects make people much weaker and susceptible to become refugee rather than combat.


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Adverse Effects of Disaster


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DISASTER CLASSIFICATION

• Although most disasters are natural such as earthquakes, floods, storms, cyclones, bushfires, there could be still some attributable to human activities.


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DISASTER CLASSIFICATION (contd…)

• Based on observation, there are three types of disaster

1. Natural2. Man made3. Other 4. Each disaster is further classified as major or

minor.


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• Earthquake• Flood• Draught• Cyclone

Natural Disasters – Major


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Natural Disasters - Minor

• Heat Wave• Cold Wave• Land Slide• Hail Storms• Avalanche


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Man Made Disasters-Major

• Communal Riots• Building Fire• Industrial Fire• Industrial Disasters• Traffic accidents comes under man made minor

disaster.


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OTHERS - Major

• Epidemics • Dam Burst• Bush Fire• Policy Induced disasters• Industrial disaster


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Man Made Disasters - Minor

• Road air or railway accidents• Festival/ Pilgrimage related disasters• Food poisoning• Alcohol/liquor tragedies


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Non-Industrial man made disasters

• Setting up of nuclear power plants or hazardous chemical plants in areas having population

• Construction of dam displaced large population besides fertile land and plantations getting submerged under water of dam


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Non-Industrial man made disasters (contd..)

• Dam water may cause stress resulting into shifting of land or earthquake

• Irrigation through canal system has caused large scale salinisation, water logging and ground water contamination.

• Cutting of trees for industrialization resulted in recurring of floods, draughts, land slides etc..


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Non-Industrial man made disasters (contd..)

• Development of metro cities like Delhi, Bombay, hazardous slums, road blocks, water logging and traffic accidents take place.

• Due to improper urbanization, Disasters like fire, epidemics, gas leakage, water shortage etc happen causing sufferings to the population.


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•Disaster control

It is meant to reduce the sufferings of people and damages to property

Aims to find out cause of disaster and its solution.


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•Disaster control

Involve people to get suggestion to mitigate the effects of disaster.

Form groups at all levels to co-ordinate and help in implementation of disaster

control programmes.


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•Disaster control

Minimum standards to be maintained to ensure that relief has reached the needy.

Education and training to strengthen the team Reconstruction and rehabilitation by way of providing

people with shelter and employment.


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Finished

Emergency Planning starts….


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An unforeseen situation that threatens your employees, customers, or the public, disrupts or shuts down your operations, or causes physical or

environmental damage.


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Emergency Planning

• An emergency planning has to be prepared for every factory possessing a potential hazards in order to be in a position of readiness to face the adverse effects accidents.

• Main aim of planning is better manner in minimum time without substantial human & property losses.


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Emergency Planning (Cont…)• Activities, programmes, and system

developed prior to a disaster/emergency used to support and enhance prevention, response and recovery.

- Emergency Management Plan- Business Recover Plan- Undertake a hazard analysis/vulnerability

assessment.


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NATURAL• Earthquakes• Hurricanes• Tornadoes

MAN MADE • Energy/utility outages• Fire hazards• Hazardous materials releases• Terrorism

Types of Emergencies


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• Fire• Explosion• Spillage of hazards substance during

handling• Uncontrolled reaction

Causes of Emergencies


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• The direct consequences of an accidents are- Explosion- Fire- Damage to building- Injuries deaths of human beings and others

Consequences of emergencies


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• The occurrence is considered on-site when the accident occurs within the plant during processing.

• Sometime the accident in neighboring factory may occur occurs due to cascading effect and this is called off-site accident.

Consequences of emergencies (contd…)


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• Setting of the factory• Layout of the plant• Process planning• Risk assessment

Key elements for on-site Emergency plan for chemical factory


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- Which substance constitutes major hazards- Which error or failure may cause abnormal

condition- Consequences of major accident to workers

& environment.

Key elements for on-site Emergency plan for chemical factory (contd..)


PlanningKey elements for on-site Emergency plan for

chemical factory (contd..)

• Location and layout man of factory• Salient features of factory• Organization structure of unit• Appointment of key person and their role




-Site controller-Communication officer-Administrative manager-Fire and security officer-Fire pump attendant



chemical factory (contd..)Appointment of key person and their role

(contd…)

- Telephone operator- Engineer-in-charge- Departmental head



chemical factory (contd..)Appointment of key person and their role

(contd…)

- Emergency control room- Emergency alarm system- Assembly points- Tabulated information about inventory of

materials




Appointment of key person and their role (contd…)

- Material safety data sheet- Mutual aid scheme- Description of manufacturing process- Past accident history- In-house facilities - Rehearsal/Revision schedule




Appointment of key person and their role (contd…)

- Verification- Arrangements for training- Meteorological information- Check-list for assessment of preparedness- List of local authority.

THE BHOPAL DISASTER


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1984

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1950

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2

UVCE of LPG581997Vizag, India

UVCE of Isobutane231989Pasadena, USA

Release of MIC34001984Bhopal, India

LPG: BLEVE5001984Mexico City, Mexico

UVCE of Cyclohexane

511974Flixborough, U.K.

LPG: BLEVE181966Feyzin, France

CauseApprox. Loss of Life

YearPlace

SOME MAJOR INCIDENTS

UCIL was established in 1934, when Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) became one of the first U.S. companies to invest in India. UCIL was a diversified manufacturing company, employing approximately 9,000 people and operating 14 plants in five divisions. Annual sales were nearly $200 million, and UCIL shares were publicly traded on the Calcutta Stock Exchange.

UNION CARBIDE INDIA LIMITED

UNION CARBIDE INDIA LIMITED ( Cont )

The Bhopal plant was owned and operated by Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL), an Indian company in which Union Carbide Corporation held just over half the stock. The other stockholders included Indian financial institutions and thousands of private investors in India.

UICL

• In the late 1970s, the Bhopal plant was designed and constructed by UCIL using Indian consultants and workers and went on to be operated by an Indian plant management team. The plant was constructed on land leased to UCIL by the state government of Madhya

http://www.mp.nic.in/bgtrrdmp

UICL ( cont )• Pradesh.

The plant produced pesticides for use in India to help the country’s agricultural sector increase its productivity and contribute more significantly to meeting the food needs of one of the world's most heavily populated regions.


UICL ( cont)

• In 1994, Union Carbide Corporation sold its entire stake in UCIL to MacLeod Russell (India) Limited, which renamed the company to Eveready Industries India Limited. In 1998, the government of state of Madhya Pradesh took over the Bhopal site from Eveready Industries India, Limited.


THE PLANT

BRIEF INCIDENTIn the early hours of December 3, 1984,

about about 45 tones of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant in Bhopal. According to the state government, approximately 3,800 people died, approximately 40 people experienced permanent disability, and approximately 2,800 other individuals experienced partial disabilities

FACTS OF THE INCIDENT

• THERE WAS THREE DOUBLE-WALLED , PARTLY BURIED S.S. TANKS (NO.610, 611 & 619), EACH OF 60 TONNE CAPACITY AND ALL CONTAINING THE POISONOUS METHYL ISOCYNIDE(MIC) - TO BE USED TO PRODUCE A DEADLY PESTICIDE CARBARYL.

• DTD.02.12.1984, NIGHT SHIFT STAFF OF UCIL TOOK A ROUND 11P.M.

• AT 11:30 P.M. : WORKERS EYES BEGAN TO TEAR (REALISED SOME MIC LEAK SOMEWHERE)

• FEW WORKERS WENT TO THE MIC STRUCTURE AND NOTICED A DRIP OF LIQUID WITH YELLOWISH-WHITE GAS, ABOUT 50 FEET OFF THE GROUND.

• THEY INFORMED THE SUPERVISOR ABOUT THE OBSERVATION.


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• THE SUPERVISOR DECIDED TO DEAL WITH THE LEAK AFTER THE TEA BREAK WHICH ENDS AT 12:40 A.M.

• THE EVENT MOVED FAST !!!!

• TEMPERATURE OF THE TANK NO.610 REACHED 250C THE TOP OF ITS SCALE AND PRESSURE WAS INCREASED 20 TIMES RUSHING TOWARDS 40 psi, AT WHICH THE EMERGENCY SAFETY VALVE WAS TO OPEN.


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• SOON THE PRESSURE GAUGE SHOWED 55 psi, THE TOP OF THE SCALE AND SAFETY VALVE HAD OPENED REALEASING MIC WITH LOUD HISSING SOUND AND THE TREMENDOUS HEAT

• A WHITE CLOUD DRIFTING OVER THE PLANT WAS MOVING TOWARDS THE SLEEPING NEIGHBOURHOOD


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DAMAGE CONTROL OPERATION

• THE WORKERS TRIED TO OPERATE THE SAFETY DEVICES, BUT NOTHING SEEMED TO WORK.

• THE WATER JET FAILED TO REACH THE TOP OF THE 120 FEET STACK FROM WHICH MIC WAS ESCAPING

• THE VENT GAS SCRUBBER TO NEUTRALISE THE ESCAPING GAS DID NOT WORK.

IN VAIN EFFORTS

• THE FLARE TOWER TO BURN OFF THE GAS COULD NOT BE USED BECAUSE ITS PIPING WAS CORRODED AND NOT REPLACED

• THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (30T CPACITY) TO KEEP THE MIC IN LIQUID STATE AT 00 C WAS CLOSED DOWN SINCE JUNE 1984 AS AN PART OF COST REDUCTION EFFORT.

MSDS of Methyl Isocyanate

General • Synonyms: isocyanatomethane,

MIC, methyl carbonyl amine • Molecular formula: C2H3NO

CAS No: 624-83-9

• UN No 2480.

MSDS• Physical Data

Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: -80 0C Boiling point: 38 0C Flash point: -18 0C Water solubility: reacts

• StabilityStable, but highly reactive. Highly flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.

MSDS

• Toxicology

Harmful if swallowed or inhaled and in contact with the skin.

Contact may lead to burns to the eyes and skin, and possibly permament eye damage.

Respiratory irritant. May cause asthma-like allergy. May cause reproductive harm.

Typical PEL 20 ppb.

CONCERN - MIC

• MIC IS EXTREMELY VOLATILE & VAPORISES VERY EASILY

• BOILS AT 38 0C (Important to keep it cool)• CHEMICALLY VERY ACTIVE AND REACTS

VIOLENTLY WITH WATER.• HIGHLY TOXIC, ABOUT 100 TIMES LETHAL THAN

CYNIDE GAS.• HEAVIER THAN AIR, IT STAYS NEAR GROUND

AFTER RELEASE.

AGGRAVATING FACTORS

• THE WIND– A gentle wind slowly moved the deadly cloud over

an area of about 1.5 sq. miles.

– MIC in gaseous form :• Is heavier than air,• Is subject to wind dispersal

– The geographical characteristics and wind velocity controlled the rate of dispersal and the spread of MIC.

AGGRAVATING FACTORS

• DENSLY POPULATED AREAS.• ACCIDENT HAPPENED IN NIGHT

HOUR– Midnight caused panic. Having felt trouble in

breathing, people ran in a helter-skelter manner.

-Because of the colder night of December, the escaped MIC settled down and travelled downward covering the sleeping surroundings with the blanket of death and damage

STATISTICS…..at The Time of Disaster (Approx.)

Estimated Population of Bhopal 1.0 millionPopulation affected by MIC 0.5 millionHuman Casualties Over 3,400No. of people injured 0.25 millionArea affected 18 Sq. KmArea of UC Plant Over 60 acres

WHAT WENT WRONG ??

A. UNSAFE CONDITIONS1. THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM TO KEEP THE GAS COOL

WAS CLOSED SINCE LONG.

2. THE VENT GAS SCRUBBER WAS UNDERDESIGNED, NOT REPAIRED AND NOT CONNECTED.

3. THE CORRODED FLARE TOWER PIPE NOT REPLECED & NOT CONNECTED.

4. THE WATER CURTAIN JETS WERE UNDERDESIGNED TO REACH MAX. HEIGHT.

5. ALL TANKS WERE FILLED IN, ONE SHOULD HAVE BEEN KEPT EMPTY AS EMERGENCY BYPASS.

6. PRESSURE/ TEMP. SENSING SYSTEM, A WARNING DEVICE WERE NOT INSTALLED.

7. THE CS VALVES WERE USED INSTEAD OF SS WHICH WERE NOTORIOUS FOR LEAKING.


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8. THE INSTRUMENT TO CHECK THE VALVE LEAKAGE WERE NOT AVAILABLE.

9. THE WIND DIRECTION & VELOCITY INDICATOR WAS NOT INSTALLED.

10. THE NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITY WAS NOT TOLD OF THE DANGER ALARM AND DANGER POSED BY THE MATERIALS USED IN THE PLANT.

11. CONTROL INSTRUMENTS AT THE PLANT WERE FAULTY.


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12. MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONAL PRACTICES WERE DETERIORATED.

13. CHEMICAL REACTORS, PIPING AND VALVES WERE NOT PURGED, WASHED & AIRED BEFORE MAINTENANCE

OPERATIONS.

14. THE SLIP BLIND TO DISALLOW THE WATER IN THE TANK THROUGH THE VALVE WAS MISSING.

15. UNDERQUALIFIED WORKERS WERE RUNNING THE FACTORY.


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16. PEOPLE WITH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BACKGROUND WERE REPLACED BY LESS SKILLED OPERATORS.

17. THE STRENGHTH WAS REDUCED FROM 850 TO 642 DURING DURING PRECEDING TWO YEARS AND OPERATORS’ DUTY RELEIVING SYSTEM WAS SUSPENDED.

18. THE OPERATING MANUAL WAS GROSSLY INADEQUATE, NOT SPECIFYING ALL NECESSARY EMERGENCY PROCEDURES TO CONTROL ABNORMAL CONDITIONS.


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19. AT THE TIME OF INCIDENT, THERE WAS ONLY ONE OPERATOR IN THE MIC CONTROL ROOM WHO FOUND IT VERTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO CHECK THE 70 ODD PANELS, INDICATORS AND CONTROLLERS.

20. A DESIGN MODIFICATION OF JUMPER LINE TO INTERCONNECT RELIEF VALVE VENT HEADER AND PROCESS VENT HEADER WAS DEFECTIVE, AS IT ALLOWED THE WATER TO GO INTO THE MIC TANK.


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B. UNSAFE ACTIONS

1. THE LEAK WAS NOT ATTENDED AS SOON AS IT WAS REPORTED.

2. THE FIRST INFORMATION OF FIVE FOLD PRESSURE RISE WAS DISMISSED IN THE BELIEF THAT THE PRESSURE GAUGE COULD BE FAULTY.

3. A NEWLY RECRUITED SUPERVISOR HAD ASKED THE OPERATOR TO CLEAN A PIPE AND THE SLIP BLIND WAS NOT INSERTED WHILE DOING SO.


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4. THE PUBLIC SIREN WAS PUT ON AROUND 1AM NEARLY AN HOUR AFTER THE GAS LEAKGE AND THAT TOO FOR A FEW MINUTES.

5. THE CORRECT ANTIDOTES AND MEDICAL TREATMENTS WERE NOT SUGGESTED TO LOCAL DOCTORS. ON THE CONTRARY, CONFUSION OF MIC OR PHOSGENE OR HCN WAS CONFOUNDED.


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RESULT/ CAUSE OF INCIDENT

ABOVE 25 UNSAFE ACTION & CONDITIONS LED TO THE VIOLENT REACTION. DIFFERENT HYPOTHESIS HAVE BEEN EXPOUNDED BY CARBIDE’S SCIENTISTS, INDIAN EXPERTS AND DR. S. VERADRAJAN, WHO LED THE INVESTIGATIONS ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT.

• ACCORDING TO HIM, SMALL QUANTITY OF WATER REACTED WITH PHOSGENE IN THE TANK, MIXED WITH MIC AS AN IMPURITY TO KEEP IT STABLE.

• THE PHOSGENE WATER REACTION (HYDROLYSIS) PRODUCED HEAT, CO2 AND HCl. THE HEAT AND HCl ACTED AS THE ACCELERATOR OF THE POLYMERISATION, ADDITION AND DEGRADATIONS OF MIC LEADING TO RUNWAY REACTION.

• ACCORDING TO OTHERS, THE INCREASED TEMP. OF MIC GENERATED HEAT, PRESSURE AND SIDE-REACTION (WITH LARGE AMOUNT OF CHLOROFORM IN STORED MIC) AND AN IRON CATALYST LED TO THE VIOLENT REACTION.


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REMEDIAL MEASURES

YOU DECIDE (DISCUSSION)

AVOIDING ALL THOSE 25 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS


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