mirror

4/4/2014 Mirror - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror 1/17

Mirror reflecting a vase

A first surface mirror coated with aluminum and

enhanced with dielectric coatings. The mirror was

constructed from an optical flat with a flatness of

/20, which equates to a surface deviation less than

31.6 nanometers.

MirrorFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A mirror is an object that reflects light in a way thatpreserves much of its original quality subsequent to itscontact with the mirror.

Some mirrors also filter out some wavelengths, whilepreserving other wavelengths in the reflection. This isdifferent from other light-reflecting objects that do notpreserve much of the original wave signal other thancolor and diffuse reflected light. The most familiar typeof mirror is the plane mirror, which has a flat surface.Curved mirrors are also used, to produce magnified ordiminished images or focus light or simply distort thereflected image.

Mirrors are commonly used for personal grooming oradmiring oneself (in which case the archaic termlooking-glass is sometimes still used), decoration, andarchitecture. Mirrors are also used in scientific apparatussuch as telescopes and lasers, cameras, and industrialmachinery. Most mirrors are designed for visible light;however, mirrors designed for other types of waves orother wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are alsoused, especially in non-optical instruments.

Contents

1 History

2 Manufacturing

3 Types of glass mirrors4 Effects

4.1 Shape of a mirror's surface

4.2 Mirror image

5 Applications

5.1 Safety and easier viewing

5.2 One-way mirrors and windows

5.3 Signalling

5.4 Technology

5.4.1 Televisions and projectors

5.4.2 Solar power

5.4.3 Instruments5.4.3.1 Face-to-face

mirrors

5.4.4 Military applications

5.4.5 Seasonal lighting

5.5 Arts & design

5.5.1 Architecture



Seated woman holding a

mirror.Ancient Greek Attic red-figure

lekythos, ca. 470460 BC, National

Archaeological Museum, Athens

5.5.1 Architecture

5.5.2 Fine art

5.5.2.1 Paintings5.5.2.2 Other artistic

mediums

5.5.3 Decoration

5.5.4 Entertainment

5.5.5 Film and television

5.5.6 Literature

6 Mirrors and animals

7 Unusual kinds of mirrors

8 See also

9 References10 Bibliography

11 External links

History

The first mirrors used by people were most likely pools of dark, stillwater, or water collected in a primitive vessel of some sort. Theearliest manufactured mirrors were pieces of polished stone such asobsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass. Examples of obsidianmirrors found in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) have been dated to

around 6000 BC.[1] Polished stone mirrors from Central and South

America date from around 2000 BC onwards.[1] Mirrors of polished

copper were crafted in Mesopotamia from 4000 BC,[1] and in

ancient Egypt from around 3000 BC.[2] In China, bronze mirrors

were manufactured from around 2000 BC,[3] some of the earliestbronze and copper examples being produced by the Qijia culture.Mirrors made of other metal mixtures (alloys) such as copper and tin

speculum metal may have also been produced in China and India.[4]

Mirrors of speculum metal or any precious metal were hard to

produce and were only owned by the wealthy.[5]

Metal-coated glass mirrors are said to have been invented in Sidon

(modern-day Lebanon) in the first century AD,[6] and glass mirrorsbacked with gold leaf are mentioned by the Roman author Pliny in his

Natural History, written in about 77 AD.[7] The Romans alsodeveloped a technique for creating crude mirrors by coating blown

glass with molten lead.[8]

Parabolic mirrors were described and studied in classical antiquity by the mathematician Diocles in his work On

Burning Mirrors.[9] Ptolemy conducted a number of experiments with curved polished iron mirrors,[10] and

discussed plane, convex spherical, and concave spherical mirrors in his Optics.[11] Parabolic mirrors were also

described by the physicist Ibn Sahl in the 10th century,[12] and Ibn al-Haytham discussed concave and convex



A sculpture of a lady looking into a

mirror, India

mirrors in both cylindrical and spherical geometries,[13] carried out a number of experiments with mirrors, andsolved the problem of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one point is reflected to

another point.[14] By the 11th century, clear glass mirrors were being produced in Moorish Spain.[15]

In China, people began making mirrors with the use of silver-mercury amalgams as early as 500 AD.[16] Sometime during the early Renaissance, European manufacturers perfected a superior method of coating glass with atin-mercury amalgam. The exact date and location of the discovery is unknown, but in the 16th century, Venice,a city famed for its glass-making expertise, became a centre of mirror production using this new technique. Glass

mirrors from this period were extremely expensive luxuries.[17] The Saint-Gobain factory, founded by royalinitiative in France, was an important manufacturer, and Bohemianand German glass, often rather cheaper, was also important.

The invention of the silvered-glass mirror is credited to German

chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835.[18] His process involved thedeposition of a thin layer of metallic silver onto glass through thechemical reduction of silver nitrate. This silvering process wasadapted for mass manufacturing and led to the greater availability ofaffordable mirrors. Nowadays, mirrors are often produced by the wetdeposition of silver (or sometimes aluminum via vacuum

deposition[19]) directly onto the glass substrate.

Manufacturing

Mirrors are manufactured by applying a reflective coating to a suitablesubstrate. The most common substrate is glass, due to itstransparency, ease of fabrication, rigidity, hardness, and ability to takea smooth finish. The reflective coating is typically applied to the backsurface of the glass, so that the reflecting side of the coating isprotected from corrosion and accidental damage by the glass on oneside and the coating itself and optional paint for further protection on the other.

In classical antiquity, mirrors were made of solid metal (bronze, later silver) and were too expensive forwidespread use by common people; they were also prone to corrosion. Due to the low reflectivity of polishedmetal, these mirrors also gave a darker image than modern ones, making them unsuitable for indoor use with the

artificial lighting of the time (candles or lanterns).[citation needed]

The method of making mirrors out of plate glass was invented by 16th-century Venetian glassmakers on theisland of Murano, who covered the back of the glass with mercury, obtaining near-perfect and undistortedreflection. For over one hundred years, Venetian mirrors installed in richly decorated frames served as luxurydecorations for palaces throughout Europe, but the secret of the mercury process eventually arrived in Londonand Paris during the 17th century, due to industrial espionage. French workshops succeeded in large scaleindustrialization of the process, eventually making mirrors affordable to the masses, although mercury's toxicity

remained a problem[citation needed].

In modern times, the mirror substrate is shaped, polished and cleaned, and is then coated. Glass mirrors are

most often coated with non-toxic silver[20] or aluminium, implemented by a series of coatings:[citation needed]

1. Tin(II) chloride

2. Silver

3. Chemical activator



18th century vermeil mirror in the

Muse des Arts dcoratifs,

Strasbourg

4. Copper

5. Paint

The tin(II) chloride is applied because silver will not bond with the glass. The activator causes the tin/silver to

harden. Copper is added for long-term durability.[21] The paint protects the coating on the back of the mirror

from scratches and other accidental damage.[citation needed]

In some applications, generally those that are cost-sensitive or that require great durability, mirrors are made

from a single, bulk material such as polished metal.[citation needed] For technical applications such as lasermirrors, the reflective coating is typically applied by vacuum deposition on the front surface of the substrate. Thiseliminates refraction and double reflections (a weak reflection from the surface of the glass, and a stronger onefrom the reflecting metal) and reduces absorption of light by the mirror. Technical mirrors may use a silver,aluminium, or gold coating (the latter typically for infrared mirrors), and achieve reflectivities of 9095% whennew. A protective transparent overcoat may be applied to prevent oxidation of the reflective layer. Applicationsrequiring higher reflectivity or greater durability, where wide bandwidth is not essential, use dielectric coatings,

which can achieve reflectivities as high as 99.999% over a narrow range of wavelengths.[citation needed]

Types of glass mirrors

There are many types of glass mirrors, each representing a differentmanufacturing process and reflection type.

An aluminium glass mirror is made of a float glass manufacturedusing vacuum coating, i.e. aluminium powder is evaporated (or"sputtered") onto the exposed surface of the glass in a vacuumchamber and then coated with two or more layers of waterproofprotective paint.

A low aluminium glass mirror is manufactured by coating silver andtwo layers of protective paint on the back surface of glass. A lowaluminium glass mirror is very clear, light transmissive, smooth, andreflects accurate natural colors. This type of glass is widely used forframing presentations and exhibitions in which a precise color

representation of the artwork is truly essential or when the background color of the frame is predominantly

white.[citation needed]

A safety glass mirror is made by adhering a special protective film to the back surface of a silver glass mirror,which prevents injuries in case the mirror is broken. This kind of mirror is used for furniture, doors, glass walls,

commercial shelves, or public areas.[citation needed]

A silkscreen printed glass mirror is produced using inorganic color ink that prints patterns through a specialscreen onto glass. Various colors, patterns, and glass shapes are available. Such a glass mirror is durable andmore moisture resistant than ordinary printed glass and can serve for over 20 years. This type of glass is widelyused for decorative purposes (e.g., on mirrors, table tops, doors, windows, kitchen chop boards,

etc.).[citation needed]

A silver glass mirror is an ordinary mirror, coated on its back surface with silver, which produces images byreflection. This kind of glass mirror is produced by coating a silver, copper film and two or more layers ofwaterproof paint on the back surface of float glass, which perfectly resists acid and moisture. A silver glassmirror provides clear and actual images, is quite durable, and is widely used for furniture, bathroom and other

decorative purposes.[citation needed]



Photographer taking picture of

himself in curved mirror at the

Universum museum in Mexico City

Decorative glass mirrors are usually handcrafted. A variety of shades, shapes and glass thickness are often

available.[citation needed]

Effects

See also: Mirror image and Specular reflection

Shape of a mirror's surface

A beam of light reflects off a mirror at an angle of reflection equal toits angle of incidence (if the size of a mirror is much larger than thewavelength of light). That is, if the beam of light is shining on a mirror'ssurface at a angle vertically, then it reflects from the point ofincidence at a angle from vertically in the opposite direction. Thislaw mathematically follows from the interference of a plane wave on aflat boundary (of much larger size than the wavelength).

In a plane mirror, a parallel beam of light changes its direction

as a whole, while still remaining parallel; the images formed by

a plane mirror are virtual images, of the same size as theoriginal object (see mirror image).

In a concave mirror, parallel beams of light become a

convergent beam, whose rays intersect in the focus of themirror. Also known as converging mirror

In a convex mirror, parallel beams become divergent, with the

rays appearing to diverge from a common point of intersection

"behind" the mirror.Spherical concave and convex mirrors do not focus parallel

rays to a single point due to spherical aberration. However, the

ideal of focusing to a point is a commonly-used approximation. Parabolic reflectors resolve this,

allowing incoming parallel rays (for example, light from a distant star) to be focused to a small spot;almost an ideal point. Parabolic reflectors are not suitable for imaging nearby objects because the light

rays are not parallel.

Mirror image

Main article: Mirror image

If one looks in a mirror, one's image reverses (e.g., if one raises one's right hand, one's left hand will appear togo up in the mirror). However, a mirror does not "swap" left and right, any more than it swaps top and bottom.A mirror reverses the forward/backward axis, and we define left and right relative to front and back. Flippingfront/back and left/right is equivalent to a rotation of 180 degrees about the vertical axis (in the same way thattext which is back-to-front and upside-down simply looks like it has been rotated 180 degrees on the page).Therefore, looking at an image of oneself with the front/back axis flipped is the same as looking at an image withthe left/right axis flipped and the whole figure rotated 180 degrees about the vertical axis, which is exactly whatone sees when standing in front of a mirror.

Applications



Reflections in a spherical convex

mirror. The photographer is seen

at top right.

A mirror on a racing car.

Safety and easier viewing

Convex mirrorsConvex mirrors provide a wider field of view than flat mirrors, and

are often used on vehicles, especially large trucks, to minimize

blind spots. They are sometimes placed at road junctions, and

corners of sites such as parking lots to allow people to see aroundcorners to avoid crashing into other vehicles or shopping carts.

They are also sometimes used as part of security systems, so that

a single video camera can show more than one angle at a

time.[citation needed]

Mouth mirrors or "dental mirrors"Mouth mirrors or "dental mirrors" are used by dentists to allow

indirect vision and lighting within the mouth. Their reflective

surfaces may be either flat or curved. Mouth mirrors are also

commonly used by mechanics to allow vision in tight spaces and

around corners in equipment.

Rear-view mirrors

Rear-view mirrors are widely used in and on vehicles (such asautomobiles, or bicycles), to allow drivers to see other vehicles

coming up behind them. Some motorcycle helmets have a built-in

so-called MROS (Multiple Reflective Optic System): a set of

reflective surfaces inside the helmet that together function as a

rear-view mirror.[22] On rear-view sunglasses, the left end of the

left glass and the right end of the right glass work as mirrors.

One-way mirrors and windows

Main article: One-way mirror

One-way mirrors

One-way mirrors (also called two-way mirrors) work by overwhelming dim transmitted light with bright

reflected light. A true one-way mirror that actually allows light to be transmitted in one direction only

without requiring external energy is not possible as it violates the second law of thermodynamics: if one

placed a cold object on the transmitting side and a hot one on the blocked side, radiant energy would be

transferred from the cold to the hot object. Thus, though a one-way mirror can be made to appear to

work in only one direction at a time, it is actually reflective from either side.One-way windows

One-way windows can be made to work with polarized light in the laboratory without violating the

second law. This is an apparent paradox that stumped some great physicists, although it does not allow a

practical one-way mirror for use in the real world.[23][24] Optical isolators are one-way devices that arecommonly used with lasers.

Signalling

Main article: Heliograph



Parabolic trough at Harper Lake in

California

E-ELT mirror segments under test.

With the sun as light source, a mirror can be used to signal by variations in the orientation of the mirror. Thesignal can be used over long distances, possibly up to 60 kilometres on a clear day. This technique was used byNative American tribes and numerous militaries to transmit information between distant outposts.

Mirrors can also be used for search to attract the attention of search and rescue helicopters. Specializedsignalling mirrors are available and are often included in military survival kits.

Technology

Televisions and projectors

Microscopic mirrors are a core element of many of the largest high-definition televisions and video projectors. Acommon technology of this type is Texas Instruments' DLP. A DLP chip is a postage stamp-sized microchipwhose surface is an array of millions of microscopic mirrors. The picture is created as the individual mirrorsmove to either reflect light toward the projection surface (pixel on), or toward a light absorbing surface (pixeloff).

Other projection technologies involving mirrors include LCoS. Like a DLP chip, LCoS is a microchip of similarsize, but rather than millions of individual mirrors, there is a single mirror that is actively shielded by a liquidcrystal matrix with up to millions of pixels. The picture, formed as light, is either reflected toward the projectionsurface (pixel on), or absorbed by the activated LCD pixels (pixel off). LCoS-based televisions and projectorsoften use 3 chips, one for each primary color.

Large mirrors are used in rear projection televisions. Light (forexample from a DLP as mentioned above) is "folded" by one ormore mirrors so that the television set is compact.

Solar power

Mirrors are integral parts of a solar power plant. The one shown inthe picture to the right uses concentrated solar power from anarray of parabolic troughs.

Instruments

See also: Mirror support cell

Telescopes and other precision instruments use front silvered or firstsurface mirrors, where the reflecting surface is placed on the front (orfirst) surface of the glass (this eliminates reflection from glass surfaceordinary back mirrors have). Some of them use silver, but most arealuminium, which is more reflective at short wavelengths than silver.All of these coatings are easily damaged and require special handling.They reflect 90% to 95% of the incident light when new. The coatingsare typically applied by vacuum deposition. A protective overcoat isusually applied before the mirror is removed from the vacuum,because the coating otherwise begins to corrode as soon as it isexposed to oxygen and humidity in the air. Front silvered mirrors have



Deformable thin-shell mirror. It is

1120 millimetres across but just 2

millimetres thick, making it much

thinner than most glass windows.[26]

A dielectric coated mirror used in a dye laser. The

mirror is over 99% reflective at 550 nanometers,

(yellow), but will allow most other colors to pass

through.

A dielectric mirror used in lasers

to be resurfaced occasionally to keep their quality. There are optical mirrors such as mangin mirrors that aresecond surface mirrors (reflective coating on the rear surface) as part of their optical designs, usually to correct

optical aberrations.[25]

The reflectivity of the mirror coating can be measured using areflectometer and for a particular metal it will be different for differentwavelengths of light. This is exploited in some optical work to makecold mirrors and hot mirrors. A cold mirror is made by using atransparent substrate and choosing a coating material that is morereflective to visible light and more transmissive to infrared light.

A hot mirror is the opposite, the coating preferentially reflectsinfrared. Mirror surfaces are sometimes given thin film overcoatingsboth to retard degradation of the surface and to increase theirreflectivity in parts of the spectrum where they will be used. Forinstance, aluminum mirrors are commonly coated with silicon dioxideor magnesium fluoride. The reflectivity as a function of wavelengthdepends on both the thickness of the coating and on how it is applied.

For scientific optical work, dielectric mirrors are oftenused. These are glass (or sometimes other material)substrates on which one or more layers of dielectricmaterial are deposited, to form an optical coating. Bycareful choice of the type and thickness of the dielectriclayers, the range of wavelengths and amount of lightreflected from the mirror can be specified. The bestmirrors of this type can reflect >99.999% of the light (ina narrow range of wavelengths) which is incident on themirror. Such mirrors are often used in lasers.

In astronomy, adaptive optics is a technique to measurevariable image distortions and adapt a deformable mirroraccordingly on a timescale of milliseconds, tocompensate for the distortions.

Although most mirrors are designed to reflect visiblelight, surfaces reflecting other forms of electromagneticradiation are also called "mirrors". The mirrors for otherranges of electromagnetic waves are used in optics and astronomy.Mirrors for radio waves (sometimes known as reflectors) are importantelements of radio telescopes.

Face-to-face mirrors

Two or more mirrors placed exactly face to face can give an infiniteregress of reflections. Some devices use this to generate multiplereflections:

FabryProt interferometer

Laser (which contains an optical cavity)

3D Kaleidoscope to concentrate light[27]



A multi-facet mirror in the Kibble Palace

conservatory, Glasgow, Scotland

Trump International Hotel and Tower

reflects the skyline along the Chicago

River in downtown Chicago

momentum-enhanced solar sail

Military applications

It has been said that Archimedes used a large array of mirrors to burn Roman ships during an attack onSyracuse. This has never been proven or disproved; however, it has been put to the test. Recently, on a popularDiscovery Channel show, MythBusters, a team from MIT tried to recreate the famous "Archimedes DeathRay". They were unsuccessful (http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www//experiments/deathray/10_Mythbusters.html) atstarting a fire on the ship; however, previous attempts to light the boat on fire using only the bronze mirrorsavailable in Archimedes' time were unsuccessful, and the time taken to ignite the craft would have made its useimpractical, resulting in the MythBusters team deeming the myth "busted". It was however found that the mirrorsmade it very difficult for the passengers of the targeted boat to see, likely helping to cause their defeat, whichmay have been the origin of the myth. (See solar power tower for a practical use of this technique.)

Seasonal lighting

Due to its location in a steep-sided valley, the Italiantown of Viganella gets no direct sunlight for seven weekseach winter. In 2006 a 100,000 computer-controlledmirror, 85 m, was installed to reflect sunlight into thetown's piazza. In early 2007 the similarly situated villageof Bondo, Switzerland, was considering applying this

solution as well.[28][29] In 2013, mirrors were installed toreflect sunlight into the town square in the Norwegian

town of Rjukan.[30] Mirrors can be used to produceenhanced lighting effects in greenhouses orconservatories.

Arts & design

Architecture

See also: Architectural glass

Mirrors are a popular design theme in architecture, particularly withlate modern and post-modernist high-rise buildings in major cities.Early examples include the Campbell Center in Dallas, which opened

in 1972,[31] and the John Hancock Tower in Boston.

More recently, two skyscrapers designed by architect Rafael Violy,the Vdara in Las Vegas and 20 Fenchurch Street in London, haveexperienced unusual problems due to their concave curved glassexteriors acting as respectively cylindrical and spherical reflectors forsunlight. In 2010, the Las Vegas Review Journal reported that sunlightreflected off the Vdara's south-facing tower could singe swimmers inthe hotel pool, as well as melting plastic cups and shopping bags;employees of the hotel referred to the phenomenon as the "Vdara

death ray".[32] In 2013, sunlight reflecting off 20 Fenchurch Street melted parts of a Jaguar car parked nearby

and scorching the carpet of a nearby barber shop.[33]



Titian's Venus with a mirror

Fine art

Paintings

Painters depicting someone gazing into a mirror often also show theperson's reflection. This is a kind of abstractionin most cases theangle of view is such that the person's reflection should not be visible.Similarly, in movies and still photography an actor or actress is oftenshown ostensibly looking at him- or herself in the mirror, and yet thereflection faces the camera. In reality, the actor or actress sees onlythe camera and its operator in this case, not their own

reflection.[citation needed]

The mirror is the central device in some of the greatest of European

paintings:[citation needed]

douard Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergre

Titian's Venus with a MirrorJan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait

Pablo Picasso's Girl before a Mirror (1932)

Diego Velzquez's Las Meninas, wherein the viewer is both the

watcher (of a self-portrait in progress) and the watched, and the many adaptations of that painting in

various media

Veronese's Venus with a Mirror

Mirrors have been used by artists to create works and hone their craft:

Filippo Brunelleschi discovered linear perspective with the help of the mirror.[citation needed]

Leonardo da Vinci called the mirror the "master of painters". He recommended, "When you wish to see

whether your whole picture accords with what you have portrayed from nature take a mirror and reflect

the actual object in it. Compare what is reflected with your painting and carefully consider whether both

likenesses of the subject correspond, particularly in regard to the mirror."[citation needed]

Many self-portraits are made possible through the use of mirrors:

Without a mirror, the great self-portraits by Drer, Frida Kahlo, Rembrandt, and Van Gogh could

not have been painted.[citation needed]

M. C. Escher used special shapes of mirrors in order to achieve a much more complete view of his

surroundings than by direct observation in Hand with Reflecting Sphere (also known as Self-

Portrait in Spherical Mirror).

Mirrors are sometimes necessary to fully appreciate art work:

Istvn Orosz's anamorphic works are images distorted such that they only become clearly visible when

reflected in a suitably shaped and positioned mirror.[citation needed]

Other artistic mediums

Some other contemporary artists use mirrors as the material of art:

A Chinese magic mirror is an art in which the face of the bronze mirror projects the same image that was

cast on its back. This is due to minute curvatures on its front.[34]



Chimneypiece and overmantel

mirror, c. 1750 V&A Museum no.

738:1 to 31897

Specular holography uses a large number of curved mirrors embedded in a surface to produce three-

dimensional imagery.Paintings on mirror surfaces (such as silkscreen printed glass mirrors)

Sculptures comprised entirely or in part of mirrors

Infinity Also Hurts is a mirror, glass and silicone sculpture by artist, Seth Wulsin

Sky Mirror is a public sculpture by artist, Anish Kapoor

Special mirror installations

Follow Me mirror labyrinth by artist, Jeppe Hein (see also, Entertainment: Mirror mazes, below)

Mirror Neon Cube by artist, Jeppee Hein

Decoration

Mirrors are frequently used in interior decoration and as ornaments:

Mirrors, typically large and unframed, are frequently used in

interior decoration to create an illusion of space and amplify the

apparent size of a room.[citation needed] They come also framed in

a variety of forms, such as the pier glass and the overmantle

mirror.

Mirrors are used also in some schools of feng shui, an ancient

Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space, toachieve harmony with the environment.

The softness of old mirrors is sometimes replicated bycontemporary artisans for use in interior design. These

reproduction antiqued mirrors are works of art and can bring colorand texture to an otherwise hard, cold reflective surface. It is an

artistic process that has been attempted by many and perfected by

few.[citation needed]

A decorative reflecting sphere of thin metal-coated glass, workingas a reducing wide-angle mirror, is sold as a Christmas ornament

called a bauble.

Entertainment

Illuminated rotating disco balls covered with small mirrors are

used to cast moving spots of light around a dance floor.The hall of mirrors, commonly found in amusement parks, is an attraction in which a number of

distorting mirrors are used to produce unusual reflections of the visitor.Mirrors are employed in kaleidoscopes, personal entertainment devices invented in Scotland by Sir

David Brewster.Mirrors are often used in magic to create an illusion. One effect is called Pepper's ghost.

Mirror mazes, often found in amusement parks as well, contain large numbers of mirrors and sheets ofglass. The idea is to navigate the disorientating array without bumping into the walls. Mirrors in attractions

like this are often made of Plexiglas as to assure that they do not break.[citation needed]

Film and television

Candyman is a horror movie about mirrors.



An illustration from page 30 of

Mjallhvt (Snow White) an 1852

Icelandic translation of the Grimm-

version fairytale

Taijitu within a frame of trigrams and

a demon warding mirror. These

charms are believed to frighten away

evil spirits and to protect the dwelling

from bad luck

Mirrors is a horror movie about mirrors.

Poltergeist III features mirrors as a major theme.The 10th Kingdom miniseries requires the use of a magic mirror for the characters to change setting

between modern day New York City (the 10th Kingdom), and the Nine Kingdoms of fairy tale, primarilythe 4th Kingdom from Snow White.

Literature

Mirrors play a powerful role in cultural literature.

Christian Bible passage, 1 Corinthians 13:12 ("Through a GlassDarkly"), references a dim mirror image or poor mirrorreflection.

Narcissus of Greek mythology wastes away while gazing,self-admiringly, at his reflection in water.

In the European fairy tale, "Snow White" (collected byBrothers Grimm in 1812), the evil queen asks, "Mirror, mirror,

on the wall... who's the fairest of them all?"In Alfred, Lord Tennyson's famous poem "The Lady ofShalott" (1833, revised in 1842), the titular character

possesses a mirror that enables her to look out on the peopleof Camelot, as she is under a curse that prevents her from

seeing Camelot directly.Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass and What

Alice Found there (1871) is one of the best-loved uses ofmirrors in literature. The text itself utilizes a narrative thatmirrors that of its predecessor, Alice's Adventures in

Wonderland.[citation needed]

In Oscar Wilde's novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890),a portrait serves as a magical mirror that reflects the true visageof the perpetually youthful protagonist, as well as the effect on

his soul of each sinful act.[35][36]

The short story Tln, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius of Jorge LuisBorges begins with the phrase "I owe the discovery of Uqbarto the conjunction of a mirror and an encyclopedia" and

contains other references to mirrors.The magical objects in the Harry Potter series (1997-2011)

include the Mirror of Erised and two-way mirrors.Under "Appendix: Variant Planes & Cosmologies" of the

Dungeons & Dragons Manual Of The Planes (2000), is

The Plane of Mirrors (page 204).[37] It describes the Plane of

Mirrors as a space existing behind reflective surfaces, andexperienced by visitors as a long corridor. The greatest danger

to visitors upon entering the plane is the instant creation of amirror-self with the opposite alignment of the original visitor.

Mirrors and animals



The Asian elephant can recognize

its own reflection in a mirror

4.5-metre (15 ft) high acoustic

mirror near Kilnsea Grange, East

Yorkshire, UK

Main article: Mirror Test

Only a few animal species have been shown to have the ability torecognize themselves in a mirror, most of them mammals. Experimentshave found that the following animals can pass the mirror test:

All great apes:Humans. Humans tend to fail the mirror test until they are

about 18 months old, or what psychoanalysts call the

"mirror stage".[38][39][40]

Bonobos[41]

Chimpanzees[41][42]

Orangutans[43]

Gorillas. Initially, it was thought that gorillas did not pass thetest, but there are now several well-documented reports of

gorillas (such as Koko[44]) passing the test.

Bottlenose dolphins[45]

Orcas[46]

Elephants[47]

European Magpies[48]

Unusual kinds of mirrors

Other types of reflecting device are also called "mirrors".

Acoustic mirrors are passive devices used to reflect and perhapsto focus sound waves. Acoustic mirrors were used for selective detection of sound waves, especiallyduring World War II. They were used for detection of enemy aircraft prior to the development of radar.

Acoustic mirrors are used for remote probing of the atmosphere; they can be used to form a narrow

diffraction-limited beam.[49] They can also be used for underwater imaging.

Active mirrors are mirrors that amplify the light they reflect. They are used to make disk lasers.[50] The

amplification is typically over a narrow range of wavelengths, and requires an external source of power.Atomic mirrors are devices which reflect matter waves. Usually, atomic mirrors work at grazingincidence. Such mirrors can be used for atomic interferometry and atomic holography. It has been

proposed that they can be used for non-destructive imaging systems with nanometer resolution.[51]

Cold mirrors are dielectric mirrors that reflect the entire visible light spectrum, while efficientlytransmitting infrared wavelengths. These are the converse of hot mirrors.Corner reflectors use three flat mirrors to reflect light back towards its source, they may also be

implemented with prisms that reflect using total internal reflection that have no mirror surfaces. They areused for emergency location, and even laser ranging to the Moon.

Hot mirrors reflect infrared light while allowing visible light to pass. These can be used to separate usefullight from unneeded infrared to reduce heating of components in an optical device. They can also be used

as dichroic beamsplitters. (Hot mirrors are the converse of cold mirrors.)Metallic reflectors are used to reflect infrared light (such as in space heaters or microwaves).Non-reversing mirrors are mirrors that provide a non-reversed image of their subjects.

X-ray mirrors produce specular reflection of X-rays. All known types work only at angles near grazing

incidence, and only a small fraction of the rays are reflected.[52] See also X-ray optics.



See also

Anamorphosis

Aranmula kannadiBronze mirror

Chirality (mathematics)Cold mirror and Hot mirror

Curved mirrorDeformable mirror

Dielectric mirrorDigital micromirror deviceDistorting mirror

Home decorHoneycomb mirror

Infinity mirrorList of telescope parts and construction

Mirror armour (an oriental partial plate armour from polished metal mirrors)Mirror Mirror: a history of the human love affair with reflection (book)Mirror writing

Mirrors in Mesoamerican culturePerfect mirror

PeriscopeRear-view mirror

ReflectivitySilveringSpectrophobia

TLV mirror An ancient type of Chinese mirror from the Han Dynasty.Two-way mirror (Also known as one-way mirror)

Venus effect

References

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2. ^ The National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm(http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=12447)

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4. ^ Google Books Search (http://books.google.com/books?id=BYixSmXUCuMC&pg=PA238&dq=speculum+metal&lr=#v=onepage&q=speculum%20metal&f=false), byJoseph Needham, Gwei-djen Lu, Science and civilisation in China, Volume 5, page 238

5. ^ Books Search (http://books.google.com/books?id=ioNOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA89&dq=speculum+metal+mirros+of+precious+metal#v=onepage&q=&f=falseGoogle), Albert Allis, The Scientific American cyclopedia of formulas, page 89

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8. ^ The Book of the Mirror (http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/9781847181930-sample.pdf), Cambridge ScholarsPublishing, edited by Miranda Anderson

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and Commentary, A. Mark Smith, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 86, No. 2(1996), pp. iii300.

12. ^ pp. 465, 468, 469, A Pioneer in Anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on Burning Mirrors and Lenses, Roshdi Rashed, Isis,

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16. ^ Archaeominerology By George Rapp Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 page 180

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20. ^ Mirror Manufacturing and Composition (http://www.mirrorlink.org/tech/manufacture.htm)

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22. ^ http://www.reevu.fr

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(http://fisica.uaz.edu.mx/~imoreno/Publicaciones/JOSA2010.pdf). JOSA A 27 (9): 1985.Bibcode:2010JOSAA..27.1985M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JOSAA..27.1985M).doi:10.1364/JOSAA.27.001985 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.27.001985).

28. ^ "Italy village gets 'sun mirror' " (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6189371.stm). BBC News. 18 December2006. Retrieved 12 May 2010.

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30. ^ Mirrors finally bring winter sun to Rjukan in Norway (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24747720),BBC News, 30 October 2013

31. ^ Steve Brown (2012-05-17). "Reflections on mirrored glass: 70s bling buildings still shine"(http://www.dallasnews.com/business/columnists/steve-brown/20120517-reflections-on-mirrored-glass-70s-bling-buildings-still-shine.ece). Dallas Morning News.

32. ^ "Vdara visitor: 'Death ray' scorched hair" (http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/vdara-visitor-death-ray-scorched-hair).

33. ^ " 'Death Ray II'? London Building Reportedly Roasts Cars" (http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/09/03/218536265/death-ray-ii-london-building-reportedly-roasts-cars).

34. ^ "Magic Mirrors" (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000817/081712eo.pdf). The Courier (Unesco): 1617. October 1988. ISSN 0041-5278 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-5278). Retrieved 23 August 2011.

35. ^ Simon Callow (19 September 2009). "Mirror, mirror" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/sep/19/oscar-wilde-picture-dorian-gray). The Guardian. The Guardian: Culture Web. Retrieved 20 November 2010.

36. ^ "The Picture of Dorian Gray" (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/doriangray/). Sparknotes.com. Retrieved 20November 2010.

37. ^ Grubb, Jeff; David Noonan and Bruce R. Cordell (2001). Manual Of The Planes



37. ^ Grubb, Jeff; David Noonan and Bruce R. Cordell (2001). Manual Of The Planes(http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=products/dndacc/882420000). Wizards of the Coast. ISBN 0-7869-1850-0.

38. ^ "Consciousness and the Symbolic Universe"(http://www.ulm.edu/~palmer/ConsciousnessandtheSymbolicUniverse.htm)

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40. ^ Archer, John (1992). Ethology and Human Development. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-389-20996-1.

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42. ^ Povinelli, Daniel; de Veer, Monique; Gallup Jr., Gordon; Theall, Laura; van den Bos, Ruud (2003). "An 8-year

longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)". Neuropsychologia 41 (2): 229334. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0028-3932%2802%2900153-7).ISSN 0028-3932 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3932).

43. ^ "National Geographic documentary "Human Ape"" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-pc_M2qI74).Retrieved 2010-06-11.

44. ^ Francine Patterson and Wendy Gordon The Case for Personhood of Gorillas (http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/patterson01.htm). In The Great Ape Project, ed. Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, St.Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 5877.

45. ^ Marten, K. & Psarakos, S. (1995). "Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiopstruncatus)" (http://earthtrust.org/delbook.html). In Parker, S.T., Mitchell, R. & Boccia, M. Self-awareness inAnimals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361379. Retrieved 2008-10-04.

46. ^ Delfour, F; Marten, K (2001). "Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales(Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)".

Behavioural processes 53 (3): 181190. PMID 11334706 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11334706).

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Science) 6 (8): e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060202).PMC 2517622 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517622). PMID 18715117(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715117). Retrieved 2008-08-21.

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Physics B 39 (7): 16051623. Bibcode:2006JPhB...39.1605K(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhB...39.1605K). doi:10.1088/0953-4075/39/7/005(http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0953-4075%2F39%2F7%2F005).

52. ^ V.V.Protopopov; V.A.Shishkov, and V.A.Kalnov (2000). "X-ray parabolic collimator with depth-graded

multilayer mirror". Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (12): 43804386. Bibcode:2000RScI...71.4380P(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000RScI...71.4380P). doi:10.1063/1.1327305(http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1327305).

Bibliography

Mirror, Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair with Reflection, Mark Pendergrast. Basic Books

(2003). ISBN 0-465-05471-4 .



On reflection, Jonathan Miller, National Gallery Publications Limited (1998). ISBN 0-300-07713-0 .

The Mirror: A History, Sabine Melchior-Bonnet, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-92448-0

External links

Mirror Manufacturing and Composition, Mirrorlink (http://www.mirrorlink.org/tech/manufacture.htm)

Stannous Chloride: Silvering Mirrors, American Chemical Association(http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_chlorine/science_sec.asp?

CID=1242&DID=4720&CTYPEID=113)Video of Mirror Making (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y-kWGe01jE)The Mirror: A History by Sabine Melchior-Bonnet at Google Books (http://books.google.com/books?

hl=en&id=P-c1g6QIPHIC&dq=mirror+history&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=LfmtU-zNjJ&sig=ZqkBUsx18w_zoq_lH5-7Pl1zTIk#PPP1,M1)

How Mirrors Are Made (video) (http://www.glasswebsite.com/video/mirror.asp), Glass Association ofNorth America (GANA)

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