S.K.CHAUDHARY EDUCATIONAL TRUST’S

SHANKARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KUKAS, JAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

SESSION (2015-2016) A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA (RAJASTHAN)

“AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT”

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Mr. ASHUTOSH MISHRA ROHIT KUMAR (048)

H.O.D SANJAY MISHAN (049)

(E.C.E. DEPARTMENT) SHRUTI NARAYAN (051)

YESHAWANT SINGH (059)

i  

PREFACE

Engineering is not only a theoretical study but it is an implementation of all .We study for creating something new and making things more easy and useful through practical study. It is an art which can be gained with systematic study, observation and practice. In the college curriculum we usually get the theoretical knowledge of industries and a little bit of implementation knowledge that how it works? But how we prove our practical knowledge to increase the productivity or efficiency of industries? To overcome such problem we student of SHANKARA INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY, KUKAS, JAIPUR are supposed to make project on “AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT”. This project is designed to automatically glow the street lights or switch it off according to the natural lighting conditions. Street lights with manual switching remains ON during daytime till someone see it and switch it off. This results in the unnecessary wastage of the electricity. The circuit designed by us saves the extra electricity consumed in daytime.

 

ii  

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task would be put incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.

We express our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Ashutosh Mishra, HOD of ECE Department & Project Supervisor, Shankara Institute of Technology for his valuable guidance, and encouragement during my project.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Jagdish Prasad Maheshwari, Project guide for his able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped us in completing the project work in time.

We are particularly thankful to Mr. Jagdish Prasad Maheshwari, Project guide of ECE Department for his guidance & giving us permission to undergo this project and providing all other necessary facilities, intense support and encouragement, which helped us to modeled our project into a successful one. During our project period all the staff member of ECE department have helped us with their skills.

Finally thanks to all our friends for their continuous support and enthusiastic help.

ROHIT KUMAR (048) SANJAY MISHAN (049)

SHRUTI NARAYAN (051) YESHAWANT SINGH (059)

 

 

iii  

CONTENTS

S. No. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 Preface………………………………………………………..…….i

3 Acknowledgement……………………………………….………..ii

4 List Of Figures…………………………………………………….v

CHAPTER-1

1. Introduction………………………………………………...01

CHAPTER-2

2. Principle and Working……………………………………..02

2.1 Principle……………………………………………………02 2.2 Working……………………………………………………03

CHAPTER-3

3.1 Circuit Diagram……………………………………………04

3.2 Block Diagram……………………………………………..05

CHAPTER-4

4. Components list……………………………………………06

CHAPTER-5

5. Component Description……………………………………07

5.1 Battery……………………………………………………...07

5.2 NE 555 Timer IC…………………………………………..08

5.3 LDR………………………………………………...………13

 

iv  

5.4 Resistor…………………………………………………….15

5.5 LED………………………………………………………...17

5.6 Switches……………………………………………………19

CHAPTER-6

6. PCB Layout……………………………………...…………22

CHAPTER-7

7. Soldering and desoldering………………………………….23

7.1 Soldering…………………………………………………...23 7.2 Desoldering………………………………………...………25

CHAPTER-8

8 Applications………………………………………………..28

CHAPTER-9

9 Advantages and Disadvantages…………………………….29

9.1 Advantages…………………………………………………29 9.2 Disadvantages……………………………………………...29

Conclusion…………………………………………………30

References………………………………………………….31

 

v  

LIST OF FIGURES

S. No. FIGURES PAGE NO

FIG 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT………...4

FIG 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT………….5

FIG 5.1 9V DC BATTERY……………………………………………………8

FIG 5.2 NE555 TIMER IC…………………………………………………….9

FIG 5.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF NE555 TIMER IC…………………………….10

FIG 5.4 LDR………………………………………………………………….14

FIG 5.5 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF LDR……………………….14

FIG 5.6 RESISTOR…………………………………………………………..15

FIG 5.7 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LED………………………………..19

FIG 5.8 SWITCHES………………………………………………………….20

FIG 6.1 PCB FRONT VIEW…………………………………………………22

FIG 6.2 PCB BACK VIEW…………………………………………………..22

FIG 6.3 LAYOUT OF STREET LIGHT CIRCUIT MODEL……………….22

FIG 7.1 SOLDERING PROCEDURE……………………………………….23

FIG 7.2 DESOLDERING PROCEDURE……………………………………26

1  

CHAPTER-1

1. INTRODUCTION

This circuit of automated street light needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF. When there is a need of light in the street it automatically switches ON. When darkness rises to a certain level then sensor circuit gets activated and switches ON and when there is other source of light i.e. daytime, the street light gets OFF. The sensitiveness of the street light can also be adjusted. In our project we have used four L.E.D as a symbol of street lamp, but for high power switching one can connect Relay (electromagnetic switch) at the output of pin 3 of I.C 555 that will make easy to turn ON/OFF any electrical appliances that are connected through relay and we can use a bulb instead of the LEDs for the illuminating the streetlight.

2  

CHAPTER-2

2. PRINCIPLE AND WORKING:-

2.1 Principle:-

This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with

pin-6 connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is

at lower then 1/3rd level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0)

when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to

change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two

states high and low and cannot remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a

6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 4, 6

and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To detect the present

of an object we have used LDR and a source of light.

LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the

light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total

darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It

responds to a large part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider circuit

with LDR and 100K variable resistance connected in series. We know that voltage

is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from this divider

when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given

to pin 2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd

in brightness and fall below 1/3rd in darkness.

Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark

the voltage of pin 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED

or buzzer which is connected to the output gets activated.

3  

2.2 WORKING:-

When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase

of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which

compares between the input voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply

voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set low.

Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of

pin 3 to drive relay or LED, besides in poor light condition we get output to energize.

4  

CHAPTER-3

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

5  

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

6  

CHAPTER-4

4. COMPONENTS LIST:-

9v Battery with strip

Switch

L.D.R (Light Dependent Resistor)

I.C NE555 with Base

L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode) 3 to 6 pieces.

Resistance of 50 KΩ and 470Ω

P.C.B (Printed Circuit Board of 555 or Vero board)

Connecting wires

7  

CHAPTER-5

5. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION WITH SPECIFICATIONS

5.1 BATTERY

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, in its most common form was introduced

for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges

and a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie

talkies, clocks and smoke detectors. They are also used as backup power to keep the

time in certain electronic clocks. This format is commonly available in primary

carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in

rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion.

Mercury oxide batteries in this form have not been manufactured in many years due

to their mercury content. This type is designated NEDA 1604, IEC 6F22 and "Ever

Ready" type PP3 (zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (alkaline).

Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5V LR61 cells

enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA

cells and can be used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm

shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a

moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent drying.

As of 2007, 9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the

US. In Switzerland as of 2008, 9-volt batteries totalled 2% of primary battery sales

and 2% of secondary battery sales.

8  

5.2 NE 555 TIMER IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse

generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays,

as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing

circuits in one package.

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors,

2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line

package (DIP-8).Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two

555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four

slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling edge

sensitive instead of level sensitive).

9  

The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0°C to +70°C, and

the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, −55°C to +125°C.

These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive

epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V,

NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name

from the three 5 kΩ resistors used within, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the

number was arbitrary.

Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS

TLC555. The 7555 is designed to cause less supply noise than the classic 555 and

the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in

many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply. Those parts

should generally be included, however, because noise produced by the timer or

variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a circuit or

influence its threshold voltages.

10  

Pin Diagram:-

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose

1 GND Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

2 TRIG

The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input

falls below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL

being 2/3 VCC by default if CTRL is left open).

3 OUT This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +VCC, or to

GND.

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4 RESET

A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the

timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately

0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR.

5 CTRL Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default,

2/3 VCC).

6 THR

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR

("threshold") is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is

open).

7 DIS Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between

intervals. In phase with output.

8 VCC Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V

depending on the variation.

Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a

voltage to the CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics

of the device. In most applications, the CONTROL VOLTAGE input is not used. It

is usual to connect a 10 microf. Capacitor between pin 5 and 0 V to prevent

interference. The CONTROL VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable

multivibrator with a frequency-modulated output.

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Modes

The IC 555 has three operating modes:

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger – the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS

pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched

switches.

Monostable mode – in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse

generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree

switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-

width modulation (PWM) and so on.

Astable (free-running) mode – the 555 can operate as an electronic oscillator.

Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone

generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. The 555 can be

used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length.

A photo-resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photo-resistor decreases with increasing

incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo-

resistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-

activated switching circuits.

A photo-resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo-

resistor can have a resistance as high as several megohms (MΩ), while in the light,

13  

a photo-resistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light

on a photo-resistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the

semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction

band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity,

thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photo-resistor

can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photo-resistors

may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.

5.3 LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR/PHOTO-RESISTOR):-

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic

semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for

example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence

band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across

the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, and

added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the

electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer

wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample

of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there

will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic

semiconductor.

14  

An LDR

Photo-resistors are less light-sensitive devices than photodiodes or phototransistors:

the two latter components are true semiconductor devices, while a photo-resistor is

a passive component and does not have a PN-junction. The photoresistivity of any

photo-resistor may vary widely depending on ambient temperature, making them

unsuitable for applications requiring precise measurement of or sensitivity to light.

Photo-resistors also exhibit a certain degree of latency between exposure to light and

the subsequent decrease in resistance, usually around 10 milliseconds. The lag time

when going from lit to dark environments is even greater, often as long as one

second. This property makes them unsuitable for sensing rapidly flashing lights, but

is sometimes used to smooth the response of audio signal compression.

Symbolic Representation of LDR

15  

5.4 RESISTOR:-

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same

time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are

used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and

terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors, that can

dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor

controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors

have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating

voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume

control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or

chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are

ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be

16  

composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within

integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common

commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of

magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance will fall within a manufacturing

tolerance.

The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified

by Ohm's law:

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I),

where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R). For example, if a

300 ohm resistor is attached across the terminals of a 12 volt battery, then a current of 12 /

300 = 0.04 amperes flows through that resistor.

Practical resistors also have some inductance and capacitance which will also affect the

relation between voltage and current in alternating current circuits.

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm.

An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured

over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm

(1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and megohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.

17  

Series and parallel resistors

The total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their individual

resistance values.

The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the sum

of the reciprocals of the individual resistors.

5.5 LED:-

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied

to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,

releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence,

18  

and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined

by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components

may be used to shape its radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted

low-intensity infrared light, Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting

elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide

variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low

intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible,

ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing

small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the

form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task

lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including

lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller

size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as

diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general

lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes and lighted wallpaper. As of 2015, LEDs

powerful enough for room lighting remain somewhat more expensive, and require

more precise current and heat management, than compact fluorescent lamp sources

of comparable output.

19  

5.6 SWITCHES:-

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break

an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to

another.

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device

with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits.

Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts

are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts

are separated and the switch is non-conducting. The mechanism actuating the

transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" or

"momentary" type.

20  

Fig.No.4.5:- Switches

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system,

such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as

a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions

of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open

position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches

may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current,

voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a

system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control

a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called

a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism.

Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible

point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation

of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.

21  

An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits

on voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state

changes, and would change state without "bouncing" between on and off positions.

Practical switches fall short of this ideal; they have resistance, limits on the current

and voltage they can handle, finite switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used

in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, but

this can lead to a less accurate solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-

ideal properties is required in the design of large networks of switches, as for

example used in telephone exchanges.

22  

CHAPTER-6

6. PCB LAYOUT

PCB FRONT VIEW PCB BACK VIEW

LAYOUT OF STREET LIGHT CIRCUIT MODEL

23  

CHAPTER-7

7. SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING

7.1 SOLDERING:-

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by

melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a

lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that

soldering does not involve melting the work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal melts

at a higher temperature, but the work piece metal does not melt. In the past, nearly

all solders contained lead, but environmental concerns have increasingly dictated

use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes.

Common solder formulations based on tin and lead are listed below. The fraction

represent percentage of tin first, then lead, totaling 100%:

24  

63/37: melts at 183 °C (361 °F) (eutectic: the only mixture that melts at a

point, instead of over a range)

60/40: melts between 183–190 °C (361–374 °F)

50/50: melts between 185–215 °C (365–419 °F)

The purpose of flux is to facilitate the soldering process. One of the obstacles to a

successful solder joint is an impurity at the site of the joint, for example, dirt, oil or

oxidation. The impurities can be removed by mechanical cleaning or by chemical

means, but the elevated temperatures required to melt the filler metal (the solder)

encourages the work piece (and the solder) to re-oxidize. This effect is accelerated

as the soldering temperatures increase and can completely prevent the solder from

joining to the work piece. One of the earliest forms of flux was charcoal, which acts

as a reducing agent and helps prevent oxidation during the soldering process. Some

fluxes go beyond the simple prevention of oxidation and also provide some form of

chemical cleaning (corrosion).

Fluxes for soft solder are currently available in three basic formulations:

1. Water-soluble fluxes - higher activity fluxes designed to be removed with

water after soldering (no VOCs required for removal).

2. No-clean fluxes - mild enough to not "require" removal due to their non-

conductive and non-corrosive residue. These fluxes are called "no-clean"

because the residue left after the solder operation is non-conductive and won't

cause electrical shorts; nevertheless they leave a plainly visible white residue

that resembles diluted bird-droppings. No-clean flux residue is acceptable on

all 3 classes of PCBs as defined by IPC-610 provided it does not inhibit visual

25  

inspection, access to test points, or have a wet, tacky or excessive residue that

may spread onto other areas. Connector mating surfaces must also be free of

flux residue. Finger prints in no clean residue is a class 3 defect.

3. Traditional rosin fluxes - available in non-activated (R), mildly activated

(RMA) and activated (RA) formulations. RA and RMA fluxes contain rosin

combined with an activating agent, typically an acid, which increases the

wettability of metals to which it is applied by removing existing oxides. The

residue resulting from the use of RA flux is corrosive and must be cleaned.

RMA flux is formulated to result in a residue which is not significantly

corrosive, with cleaning being preferred but optional.

Flux performance needs to be carefully evaluated; a very mild 'no-clean' flux might

be perfectly acceptable for production equipment, but not give adequate

performance for a poorly controlled hand-soldering operation.

7.2 DESOLDERING:-

In electronics, de soldering is the removal of solder and components from a circuit

board for troubleshooting, repair, replacement, and salvage. Specialized tools,

materials, and techniques have been devised to aid in the desoldering process.

26  

Desoldering tools and materials include the following:

Solder wick

Heat guns, also called hot air guns

Desoldering pump

Removal alloys

Removal fluxes

Heated soldering tweezers

Various picks and tweezers for tasks such as pulling at, holding, removing,

and scraping components.

Vacuum and pressure pumps with specialized heater tips and nozzles

27  

Rework stations, used to repair printed circuit board assemblies that fail

factory test.

Terminology is not totally standardised. Anything with a base unit with

provision to maintain a stable temperature, pump air in either direction, etc.,

is often called a "station" (preceded by rework, soldering, desoldering, hot

air); one, or sometimes more, tools may be connected to a station, e.g., a

rework station may accommodate a soldering iron and hot air head. A

soldering iron with a hollow tip and a spring-, bulb-, or electrically-operated

suction pump may be called a desoldering iron. Terms such as "suction

pen" may be used; the meaning is usually clear from the context.

28  

CHAPTER-8

8. APPLICATIONS:-

Street lights can be used for increasing public safety in areas that people use,

such as doorways and bus stops in the night time.

It can be used in areas where manual switching is difficult such as hilly areas

and dense paths.

It is used as energy efficient lighting technique for the streets.

With some modifications it can also be used at home for rooftop lighting.

It can be used on roads which reduces the accidents.

29  

CHAPTER-9

9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

9.1 Advantages:-

It saves the electricity by automatic switching of the lights. It gets automatically on in dark weather conditions in rainy days. Reduces human effort. All the components are easily available. Circuit is not costly and can be commonly used. Easy to install. On/off switch is also available in circuit to off the system when not in use for

a long time.

9.2 Disadvantages:-

For efficient working of circuit, the LDR used should be sensitive. I.C should not be heated too much while soldering, excess heat can destroy

it. Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.C. LEDs should be connected in forward bias for circuit to work. So we have to

take care of polarity while connection. LDR should be so adjusted that it should not get light from streetlight itself.

30  

CONCLUSION

Energy saving is a big issue in the current world and it is very important as it is being

generated by non-renewable sources of energy. This automatic street light circuit is

very efficient energy saver and also user friendly as it also works in bad weather

conditions for the purpose of lighting the streets and roads. The best part of this

project is the automatic switching of the lights without much human effort and

therefore it can be used on a large scale.

31  

REFERENCES

http://circuiteasy.com/automatic-street-light/

http://projectabstracts.com/1644/automatic-street-light-control-

system.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light

http://www.pdfmachine.com

http://www.efymag.com

http://www.datasheets4u.com

http://www.eleccircuit.com

http://www.engineersgauraz.com