Minneapolis, May 2004 Ethnic minorities in Latvia 1

SOME ASPECTS OFSOME ASPECTS OFSOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL COHESION I IN LATVIAN LATVIA

The problems of ethnic minorities – a myth or reality?The problems of ethnic minorities – a myth or reality?

Jolanta SupeDeputy Head, Statistical Methodology and Organisation Division

Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia

tel: +371 73 666 29

e-mail: Jolanta.Supe@csb.gov.lv

Minneapolis, May 2004 Ethnic minorities in Latvia 2

STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATIONSTRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION

• Introduction

• Ethnic composition

• Education

• Employment

• Mass media

• Conclusions

Minneapolis, May 2004 Ethnic minorities in Latvia - introduction 3

WHERE WE WHERE WE ARE …ARE …

ESTONIA

LITHUANIA

BELORUSSIA

RUSSIA

POLAND

LATVIALATVIA

MINNEAPOLISMINNEAPOLIS

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… … HOW WE LOOK LIKE …HOW WE LOOK LIKE …

RIGARIGARIGARIGA

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… … IN COMPARISON …IN COMPARISON …

AREA (thsd kmAREA (thsd km22)) POPULATION 2000 (mln)POPULATION 2000 (mln)

M = 4.9 M = 4.9 M = 225.2 M = 225.2

Latvia

L = 64.4 L = 64.4 L = 2.3 L = 2.3

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ETHNICETHNIC COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION

dynamicsdynamics

7752 59

934 29

14 14 13

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1935 1989 2004

others

Russians

Latvians

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ETHNIC COMPOSITIONETHNIC COMPOSITION1 January 20041 January 2004

59

29

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%Other

Jews

Lithuanians

Poles

Ukrainians

Belarussians

Russians

Latvians

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CITIZENSHIP – by nationalityCITIZENSHIP – by nationality

78

100

65

58

53

49

29

18

47

29

32

30

43

48

69

76

40

70

21

13

2

12

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

LATVIANS

POLES

JEWS

ESTONIANS

LITHUANIANS

RUSSIANS

BELARUSSIANS

UKRAINIANS

Other

citizens non-citizens foreigners etc.

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CITIZENSHIP - structureCITIZENSHIP - structure

75

18

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CITIZENS

Latvians

Russians

Others: Poles, Belarussians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians etc.

9

67

13

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NON-CITIZENS

Russians

Belarussians

Ukrainians

Others: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians etc.

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EDUCATION – EDUCATION – establishmentsestablishments by by language of instruction, 2002/03language of instruction, 2002/03

72

1217

2011

68

0.50.4

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Preschoolestablishments

Generalschools

other

Latvian /Russian

Russian

Latvian

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EDUCATION – EDUCATION – enrollmentenrollment by by language of instruction, 2002/03language of instruction, 2002/03

7088

22 3010

74

5 0.4 2

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Preschoolestablishments

General fulltimeschools

Highereducation

institutions andcolleges

other

Russian

Latvian

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EDUCATION – different dimensionsEDUCATION – different dimensions

Higher education institution enrolment by language of instruction 2002/03

88

55

10

98

44

2.11.8 0.6

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Total highereducation

institutions

StateInstitutions

Institutionsestablished bylegal persons

English

Russian

Latvian

Preschool establishment enrolment by language of

instruction on September 1, 2002 65

90

1114

23 288

57

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Total Urbanlocalities

Rurallocalities

Latvian /Russian

Russian

Latvian

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EDUCATION – the reformEDUCATION – the reform

… starting on 1 September 2004 the language of instruction beginning with the 10th grade or 1st year at central and local government general/vocational secondary education institutions that provide study programs for ethnic minorities will be the official state language for not less than three fifths of the total taught time per school year including foreign languages. Nevertheless the study programs relating to the language of ethnic minority, its identity and culture will be conducted in the language of this minority …

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Legislators, managers and senior officials

Professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Clerks

Service workers and shop and market sales workers

Skilled agriculture and fishery workers

Craft and related trades workers

Plant and machine operators and assemblers

Elemetary occupations

Latvians

NonLatvians

EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT by occupation and nationalityby occupation and nationality

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0

5

10

15

20

25

A+

B

C+

D+

E F G H I J K L M N

O+

P

Latvians NonLatvians

EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENTby kinds of activity (NACE Rev. 1.1)by kinds of activity (NACE Rev. 1.1)

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MASS MEDIA - TVMASS MEDIA - TV

259

250

0.30

50

100

150

200

250

300

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Russian Latvian other

Length of TV programs(1996 = 100)

Structure of TV programsby language

7082

14

18 15

0.02

0%

10%

20%30%

40%

50%

60%

70%80%

90%

100%

19962002

otherRussianLatvian

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MASS MEDIA - RADIOMASS MEDIA - RADIO

Length of radio programs(1996 = 100)

287

188

612

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

RussianLatvian

other

Structure of radio programsby language

90.584.5

8.311.8

3.7 1.2

0%

10%20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%90%

100%

19962002

otherRussianLatvian

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MASS MEDIA - PRESSMASS MEDIA - PRESS

• Analyses of 6 major newspapers (3 Latvian + 3 Russian)

• Articles about Bilingual education

Minorities’ languages

Politics towards minorities

Civic involvement

56% 44%

49%51%

LatvianRussian

VOLUME of articles

NUMBER of articles

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MASS MEDIA – PRESSMASS MEDIA – PRESS

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1stpage

2ndpage

3rdpage

4thpage

5thpage

6thpage

7thpage

8thpage

9thpage

10thpage

Latvian newspapers

Russian newspapers

Placement of articlesPlacement of articles

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MASS MEDIA – PRESSMASS MEDIA – PRESS

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

LV-1 LV-2 LV-3 RU-1 RU-2 RU-3

Bilingualeducation

Language

Ethnicminorities

Civicinvolvement

Number of articles on specified topicsNumber of articles on specified topics

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CONCLUSIONS - educationCONCLUSIONS - education

• Reform regulates only state schools

• 77% minorities’ schools are ready

65

17 26

11 9

72

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Enrollment in General schools

Children 5-19

other

Latvian / Russian

Russian

Latvian

• Enrollment ~ ethnic composition

Minneapolis, May 2004 Ethnic minorities in Latvia 22

0

5

10

15

20

25

A+B L C+D+E I

Latvians NonLatvians

CONCLUSIONS – employment (%)CONCLUSIONS – employment (%)

A+B … Agriculture, hunting, forestry & fishingL … Public administration and defence & compulsory social security

2.1

2.9

1.5

1.7

Industry & energetics …C+D+ETransport, storage & communications … I

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CONCLUSIONS – mass mediaCONCLUSIONS – mass media

• TV hard restrictions to 2 public TV canals

but new programs for ethnic minorities

• Radio restrictions to organisations not canals

broadcasting in Russian and other languages has significantly increased

• Press - no obstacles

Minneapolis, May 2004 Ethnic minorities in Latvia 24

!!! Many different aspects to look at

In general, all seems OK !!!

Thank you for attention!

Any questions?