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CAT GLOBAL MINING

www.CAT.com

© 2006 Caterpillar

A Reference Guide to Mining Machine Applications

Field Guide

Printed in U.S.A.

AEXQ0030

Contents

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Loading Tools 2Trucks 8Wheel Dozers 14Motor Graders 18Track-type Tractors/Wheel Tractor Scrapers 22

Basic Haul Road Design and MaintenanceDesign 26Maintenance 34

Management Ideas Management Strategies 41Hauling System Application Zones 45

Reference InformationPercentage Swell and Load Factors 49Approximate Loose Weight of Materials 50Typical Rolling Resistances 52Approximate Coefficient of Traction Factors 53Formulas and Rules of Thumb 54Weights and Measures 56Miscellaneous Technical Data 60

Machine SpecificationsTrack-type Tractors 63Wheel Loaders 65Wheel Dozers 67Trucks 69Motor Graders 73Tractor Scraper 75Underground Mining Equipment 77

Scope

This document is primarily intended for use byCaterpillar and CAT dealer project managers as a readyreference for the assessment of machine applicationand haul road conditions on their project sites. It mayalso prove useful to other Caterpillar and CAT dealerpersonnel in need of a concise reference tool.

It contains practical benchmarking data that isachievable with correct and well-managed machineapplication. It is also intended to provide guidance onassessing haul road design and maintenance thatsupports sound industry practices.

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Loading Tools

Watch for...

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 2LOADING TOOLS

* GET - GroundEngaging Tools

** ME - MassExcavation

First pass must be a good pass(operator has entire truck exchangeto get bucket full) Ensure truck is correctly “spotted”by loader (with first pass, or thehorn)

Hydraulic Front Shovels• First two passes:

Upper half of face • 3rd / 4th passes:

Load out the center• Final passes:

Clean up floor• Keep work area as tight

as possible• Avoid excessive prying or

corner loading; don’t swinginto pile

• Maximize GET* tip contact andminimize bowl contact (i.e.,boom up and curl bowl throughmaterial).

• Use “boom-up” to minimizebucket heel contact.

• Never operate a bare edge

Hydraulic Backhoes (ME**) • Maintain tight work zone;

ideally dig no more than 45degrees either side ofcenter line (i.e., work overidlers and swing no morethan 60 degrees to truck)

• Watch poorly blasted toe• Maximize GET* tip contact

and minimize bucketcontact (i.e., enter facewith tips at the correctangle and curl bucketthrough material). Useboom-up to minimizebucket heel contact


Wheel Loaders• Enter pile straight-on, with

floor of bucket parallel tofloor

• Keep frame straight when digging

• Lift bucket before crowding• Fill bucket by the time lift

arms are horizontal• Minimize non-productive

floor contact (cleanup)

• Maintain proper kick-outadjustment

• Keep time in face below 0.2minute (12 seconds)

• Wheel turns only from faceto truck


Rope Shovels• 70 - 90 degree

maximum swing• Efficient support machine

activity to keep floor clean• Power cable maintenance• Never operate a

bare edge


Rope Shovels

Top of boom sheaves

28 - 40 seconds(avg. 35 seconds)

100 - 105%

3 - 5 passes

• Working a single face of the correct height

• Stable/level floor• Wide benches

(to facilitate truck maneuverability)• Well-shot material

• Poor underfoot

Optimum Bench Height

Cycle Times

Bucket Fill Factor in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass Match

Favorable Site Conditions

Adverse Site Conditions to Avoid

Hydraulic Front Shovels

Just above boom/stick pivot


90 - 100%

4 - 6 passes

• Selective digging: can also efficiently minemultiple targets

• Tight load area with tight material• Can work in poor floor conditions• Angle tracks slightly to face• Define dig pattern,

L to R or R to L, and maintain pattern

• Excessive tramming• Low benches


Hydraulic Backhoes(Mass Excavation)Length of stick, or between truck siderail and ducktail


80 - 110%

4 - 6 passes

• Correct bench height (worth 10-15% more production than too high)

• Truck below HEX(worth 15-20% over same-level loading)

• Tight load area, with tight material• Short swing — 60° (worth 5% over

90° swing)• Well-shot material• Remove farthest pass during

truck exchange• Maintain key-cut

• High benches• Excessive tramming• Unstable benches• Low angle of repose material

Large Wheel Loaders

Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift


90 - 110%

4 - 6 passes

• Level, dry, smooth, firm floors• Sufficient crossfall and drainage in high rainfall areas

to minimize tire damage • Well-fragmented materials that minimize crowding

time, particularly in the toe-area of the cut• Lower face profile• Multi-face loading

• Poor/wet underfoot• Tight load areas• Tire damage due to poor clean up

Optimum Bench Height

Cycle Times

Bucket Fill Factor in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass Match

Favorable Site Conditions

Adverse Site Conditions to Avoid

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Trucks

Exchange Time

Load Placement

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 10

Good 0.7 minute (42 seconds)

Acceptable 0.9 minute (54 seconds)

Lateral Center load above hoist cylinders or load arrow.

Longitudinal Centered aboutcenterline of body.

General No substantial amount ofmaterial on headboard.Enough freeboard to minimize spillage fromsides through cornersand from the rear ongrades.Target 33%/66% load split on front/rear axles.

Correct Loading Correct LoadingIncorrect Loading Incorrect Loading

TRUCKS

Payload Accuracy VIMS/TPMS Payload

system will read“heavy” if the load isplaced rearward and“light” when the load isplaced forward of thecorrect point. Payloadaccuracy can vary 3 – 5% for each 600 mm (2 feet) the load is out of position laterally.

The elapsed time fromwhen the loaded truckreceives its last loaduntil the next truckreceives its firstloading pass

Watch for...

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 12TRUCKS

* TKPH - Tonne Kilometers Per Hour (Tons Mile Per Hour)

• Truck Position - Spotted in correct position by loader operator,rather than where truck operator decides to stop.Can be spotted by horn or by first pass.Positioned to help facilitate fastercycles:• At 45° for wheel loaders• Depending on loading technique

for shovels and backhoesNot parked with rear tires up on toeof pile.No excessive queuing or waitingfor loading tool.

• Safety - Truck parked with Parking Brake ON, Trans. in “N”(Retarder may be applied inaddition to Parking Brake, butParking Brake must be appliedwhenever truck is stopped morethan momentarily).

• Body - Watch for wear-through of liner plates: Dual Slope bodiestypically wear the front “triangle”of the rear slope, and rear corners.

Wear is typically even across the rear 1/3 of the floor. Also, ensure correct alignment ofbody pads.• Tires - Tires offer a valuable

insight into road and pitconditions. Look for sidewall cutting, impactand cutting in the tread face,erosion and cracking in thebead/flange area, etc.

Check TKPH (TMPH)* for allchosen haul profiles.Visit tire “graveyard” looking for scrapped tires with significant tread remaining.Identify causes and work to improve life and tread utilization.

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Wheel Dozers

Watch for...

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 16WHEEL DOZERS

• Truck / Wheel Dozer MatchThe following truck/wheeldozer model sizes arerecommended for pushingdumped material from thesetruck models (target is atwo-pass clean upprocedure):

834 – 773 / 777

844 – 777 / 785

854 – 785 / 789 / 793

• General• Keep loads small and “roll”. • Avoid excessive down-

pressure. • Don’t ballast front tires.• Push load with machine

straight as possible. • Minimize heel-plate

contact.• Maintain full blade contact

with the floor.• Blade Angle

• Keep heel-plate parallelwith floor and the back ofthe blade vertical.

• A blade rolled too farforward will wear end-bitsand moldboard prematurelyand decrease productivity.

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Motor Graders

Watch for...General Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear

(6–11 km/h / 4-7 mph).Grading in 4th gear greatlyaccelerates circle drive pinion and cutting edge wear.Speed is excessive if cutting edge shows signs ofexcessive heat (temperingback/bluing) and flaking. Maintain 1st gear for allripping, manually operatethrottle.Ensure cutting edges maintain protection formoldboard; change ahead of moldboard damage(recommend when 10 mm [1/2 inch] remaining).Keep edges sharp forimproved penetration.

Use scarifiers to break uphard-packed top surface formaterial redistribution if blade is unable to penetrateeffectively. A number ofpasses may be required topenetrate effectively.

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 20MOTOR GRADERS

For further information, consult H-series Motor Grader Application Guide AEGQ0945.

Blade PositionTip Angle Top of moldboard

should be 50 mm -100 mm (2”- 4”) ahead of thecutting edge (16 and24 motor graders).Maintaining aconstant tip angle inoperation minimizescutting edge wear.

Blade Angle Use widest possible

pass width/increase angle if material flowsaround leading edge.When using theGraderbit system or aserrated edge, use ablade angle of 10degrees maximum.Maintain full widthcutting edge contactwith road surface.

Work Envelope Maintain full blade

contact with thefloor to avoid highpoint loading.Consider usingtrack-type tractorsor wheel dozerswhen not able tomaintain contact.

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Track-Type Tractors/Wheel Tractor Scrapers

Watch for... General Operation Excessive tramming

between jobs (<5% of time).Loose or missing trackhardware.

RippingGeneral Rip downhill wherever

possible.When ripping for scrapers, rip in the same direction asthe scrapers will load.Generally, speeds of 1.5-2.5km/hr (1-1.5 mph) at 2/3 throttle will give the mosteconomical production, withreduced speeds inshock/impact conditions.

Ripper Position Begin pass with ripper tip

rearward, then pull tipforward/under the tractorafter tip penetrates ground.Excessive track slippage and blunt tips are goodindicators that ripper position is not correct.

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 24TRACK-TYPETRACTORS

Truck / DozerDump MatchThe following TTTmodel sizes arerecommended forpushing dumpedmaterial fromthese truckmodels:D9 – 777D10 – 777 / 785 /

789D11 – 789 / 793 /

797

For further information,consult The Handbook ofRipping AEDK0752.

Pin breakage in shankprotectors or ripper tipsis also a good indicationof incorrect operation

DozingGeneral “Big loads slow” rather

than “small loads fast”.Doze in 1st gear. Steer machine withBlade Tilt cylindersrather than steeringclutches when blade isloaded; track slap in themiddle of a cut is a goodindication that steeringclutches are being used.

Use slot dozingwherever possible, as itcan be worth up to 20%extra production andassure the tractor ispushing all it can push. Start to doze from thefront of the cut. Work tothe rear, moving back 1to 2 machine lengthseach additional pass.

Keep slot depth to be amaximum of 2/3 bladeheight.Minimize corner loading,prying and impact;maintain a steady dozingpressure.

Blade Position On Dual Tilt machines,

begin cut with bladetilted forward for betterpenetration, then beginto lay blade back whenabout full. Continue to fillblade while lying back,until blade is full andracked fully back.

GET Penetration ripper tipreinforcing ribs mustface upward; they shipon the shank with the rib down.Ensure GET pins,retainers and bolts areinstalled correctly andare not missing.Never operate a bare shank.

Watch for... Loading Time Good: 0.4-0.5 minute

(24-30 seconds)*

Average 0.6-0.7 minute (36-43 seconds)** Open bowl/push-loaded

Wheel-Tractor Scraper (shorter time for tandem, longer time for single-powered)Consult publications for self-loading (elevating/ auger) and push-pull machines.

Basic ApplicationBenchmarks and Operating Techniques 25

SCRAPERS

Scraper/TractorThe following TTTmodel sizes arerecommended forpush loading thefollowing scrapermodels.

621 – D8631 – D9 / D10651 – D10 / D11

For further information,consult Making the Mostof Scraper PotentialAEGQ2380 and OptimumScraper Load TimeAEGC0195.

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Basic Haul Road Design andMaintenance

Horizontal and General Vertical Alignment

Cross-slopes

Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 28

To maximize safe workingconditions, corners and crestsmust be designed such thatmachine operators are capableof seeing and avoiding hazardswhen travelling at normaloperating speeds. Thesecalculations must becompleted using worst casescenarios (i.e., smallestobstacle, longest stoppingdistance, highest expectedspeeds, wet roads, etc.).

On FlatsApply the minimum slope to maintain drainage for expectedrainfall conditions on site.

If conditions permit, consider a2% constant crossfall, withloaded trucks running on the“uphill” side of the road. Thiscan help optimize tire loadsharing across the rear of thetruck. Otherwise, a crown with minimum slope angle.

On GradesMinimal cross-slope requiredunless rainfall is very heavy, as drainage is provided by downgrade.

2° constant crossfall

1

10

Grade

Corners

Road Width


GeneralSmooth and of constant grade tominimize transmission shifts andmaintain higher average gradespeed. This also allows moreconstant braking effort on returns.

RadiusUse maximum practical radius.Keep constant and smooth aspossible.Super-elevationEmploy if speeds exceed 15 km/h(10 mph) per PerformanceHandbook recommendations(Tables section). Super-elevationgreater than 10% should be usedwith caution due to the danger ofsideways slippage in wetconditions.

1 way Straights/Corners Aminimum 2 - 2.5 widths isrecommended.2 way - In Straights A minimum of

3 - 3.5 truck widths.- In Corners A minimum of

3.5 - 4 truck widths.

Correct Incorrect

One-way (Straights/Corners)

Two-way (In Straights)

Two-way (In Corners)

Bench Width

Drainage

Safety Berms(windrows)

Rolling Resistance


GeneralTruck to clear loader under fullacceleration.Minimum width = machine turningradius + safety berm.

GeneralMust be able to adequately carryaway maximum expected rainfall, witha minimum of puddling, pot holing, orentry of water into the road sub-base.

All LocationsBerm should be a minimum half ofwheel height at the dump edge andalong all haul road/highwall edges.Check against local mining regulations.

For trucks running radial-ply tires,assume a minimum rolling resistance of:• 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained,

permanent haulroads

• 3% for a well-maintained road withlittle flexing

• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1”) tire penetration




In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in up to a 10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in production costs.

1/2 wheel height

Drainage

Bench Width

Rules of Thumb

Soft/Wet Areas

Dust


Can you travel comfortably at 60km/h (35 mph) on haul road in a light vehicle?Haul road begins at the loadingface and ends at the dump. Can you travel at a reasonablespeed to the dump zone?

It is far more practical to fullyremove wet/soft spots in thehaul road completely and refillthan to continually try andmaintain. Fix it once, fix it right!

Watering to remove the hazard of dust also helps maintaincompaction (and strength) ofthe road base. Use “checkerboard” or “spot” intermittentwatering pattern on slopes toreduce the risk of slippageduring braking. “Spot” watering works well forareas with limited water supply.

Analysis Tools


Fleet Production and Cost (FPC)

Use FPC to compare actual cycletimes with theoretical values:• Are trucks achieving predicted

speed on grades?• Are trucks cycling in predicted

cycle times?• Are truck wait times at the

loader in the predicted range?

If theoretical values don’t matchactual times, investigatepossible causes:

• Rough/slippery roadscausing operators to slow

• Higher rolling resistancethan planned/expected

• Tight corners forcingmachine to slow

• Poor visibility due to dustor obscured views

• Pinch points, STOP signs atintersections, etc.

Fleet Productivity Optimization(FPO)

Use FPO to assess machineapplication severity: • To identify locations/features

on the road for improvement • To quantify the severity of the

haul from strut pressure data• To illustrate transmission shift

frequency and gear on grade• To identify brake/retarder

application (frequency andlocation)

Note: Earlier version of FPOwere known as (ASA)Application Severity Analysis

Vital Information ManagementSystem (VIMS)

Use VIMS to help managemachine application:• Datalogger data export to FPO

to quantify haul roadconditions

• Better payload managementto optimize speed on grade

• Check event logs for highbrake temperatures, engineover-speeds, etc.

• Use RAC (Road AnalysisControl) to alert an operator toa damaging haul roadcondition

Loading Zone

Main Haul Road


Watch for smooth floor, withadequate water removal, keptclear of debris fallen from theface and from trucks as theyleave the zone. Make certain trucks are notbacking onto rocks fallen fromthe face, or driving over rocksspilled during loading, as thisdamages tires and powertraincomponents and adverselyaffects payload accuracy.Avoid tight, high-speed turns astrucks return to the load area. Can the truck leave the loadingzone under full and continuousacceleration, or is the loadingzone too tight, too rough, or toocongested with other machinesto allow this to occur?

A well-maintained, smooth haulroad, with sufficient drainage,free from potholes, ruts andgullies, with smooth/constantgrades, adequate passing room(road width), adequate cornerradius (super-elevated ifnecessary), etc., that allows safe

Loading Zone

and reliable operation at thehighest possible road speed. Is spillage that falls from movingtrucks removed quickly?Are there signs of rubber beingdeposited on tight or rocky turns?

Are operators applying highbraking forces to negotiatecorners?Can the truck achieve expectedroad speeds for all segments?

Dump Zone A smooth floor that allows trucks tomaintain speed until they reach dumpzone, entering parallel to edge andbraking in a straight line before turningand stopping to reverse and dump.Safety berms of regulation height alongthe entire edge.Ensure dump is stable, or dump short andpush off.

Basic Haul Road Design

and Maintenance 39

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Management Ideas

ManagementStrategies

Management Ideas 42

Present machine applicationissues to mine management in alanguage they understand; i.e.,Productivity (lost or gained) and Cost per Ton.

Identify the potential to improveproductivity.

• Better bucket fill factorsthrough:

• Improved fragmentation• Correct bucket selection,

GET selection and GETmaintenance

• Correct bench heights• Correct loader orientation

to face

• Faster loader cycle timesthrough:

• Correct orientation to face• Correct truck placement• Improved material condition• Improved floor conditions

• Higher average OHT roadspeeds through:

• Smoother Roads (includingloading and dump zones)

-use Vital InformationManagement System(VIMS)

- RAC- FPO

-use TPMS (Truck PayloadMeasurement System)

- FPO• Minimize rolling resistance• Better haul road designs

that:-reduce switchbacks-remove cross-overs withSTOP signs -allow constantspeed/gear on grades

• Better payload control toensure highest possible gearon grade

-use VIMS/TPMS andVIMS Supervisor

Use Cat® Software Tools [FPC,EMF, DOZSIM, etc.] to:• Compare theoretical with

actual: • Grade speeds/Cycle times• Fuel consumption• Total machine/fleet

productivity

• Model the effects on totalproductivity through changesto:

• Average road speeds-higher on-grade speeds-reduced rolling resistance-reduced corner severity-removal of speed limits

• Improved bucket fill factorsand truck/loader match

• Reduced truck exchangeand waiting times

• Reduced fuel consumption• Improved component life

and machine/fleetavailability

• Improved tire life/reducedtire costs

Hauling SystemsApplication Zones

Management Ideas 44

Consider whether the most economicearthmoving system is being used in the application. The following values are rules of thumb but will vary with underfoot conditions, material type,required production rate, and operator skill:

Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)

Load and Carry: 50 to 120 m (150 to 400 ft)

Scrapers: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Articulated Trucks: 120 to 1200 m

Rear Dump Truck: 120 to 9000 m

(400 to 4000 ft)

(400 to 29,500 ft)

Support Equipment

Management Ideas 46

Tractors, Wheel Dozers,Motor Graders andWater Trucks

Consider the benefits outlined in“Management Strategies” forcorrect support machine use:allows optimum machineproductivity, minimum impact onmajor component lives, maximumtire life, maximum haul road life,and most importantly, maximumoperational safety.

Also consider that Wheel Dozersare typically more cost-effectivethan Track-type Tractors in lighterapplications, such as haul roadand shovel clean up, and offergreater speed for better coverageand improved flexibility.

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Reference Information

Reference Information 48

% Swell Load FactorCINDERS 45 .69CLAY

Dry 40 .72Wet 40 .72

CLAY & GRAVELDry 40 .72Wet 40 .72

COALAnthracite 35 .74Bituminous 35 .74

EARTH, LOAMDry 25 .80Wet 25 .80

GRAVELDry 12 .89Wet 12 .89

GYPSUM 74 .57HARDPAN 50 .67LIMESTONE 67 .60ROCK, WELL BLASTED 65 .60SAND

Dry 12 .89Wet 12 .89

SANDSTONE 54 .65SHALE & SOFT ROCK 65 .60SLAG, BANK 23 .81SLATE 65 .60TRAP ROCK 65 .61*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests mustbe made to determine exact material characteristics.

lbs/yd3 kg/m3

BASALT 3,300 1960BAUXITE, KAOLIN 2,400 1420CALICHE 2,100 1250CARNOTITE, URANIUM ORE 2,750 1630CINDERS 950 560CLAY

Natural Bed 2,800 1600Dry 2,500 1480Wet 2,800 1660

CLAY & GRAVELDry 2,400 1420Wet 2,600 1540

COALAnthracite, Raw 2,000 1190

Washed 1,850 1100Ash, Bituminous Coal 900-1,100 530-650Bituminous, Raw 1,600 950Washed 1,400 830

DECOMPOSED ROCK75% Rock, 25% Earth 3,300 196050% Rock, 50% Earth 2,900 172025% Rock, 75% Earth 2,650 1570

EARTHDry packed 2,550 1510Wet excavated 2,700 1600Loam 2,100 1250

GRANITEBroken or Crushed 2,800 1660

GRAVELPit Run 3,250 1930Dry 2,550 1510Dry 1/4” – 2” 2,850 1690Wet 1/4” – 2” 3,400 2020

GYPSUMBroken 3,050 1810Crushed 2,700 1600

*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests mustbe made to determine exact material characteristics.

Percentage swell and load factors of different materials* Approxiamate loose weight of materials*


A hard, smooth, stabilized, surfaced roadway without penetrationunder load, watered, maintained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

A firm, smooth, rolling roadway with dirt or light surfacing, flexing slightly under load or undulating, maintained fairly regularly,watered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

SnowPacked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

A dirt roadway, rutted, flexing under load, little if any maintenance, nowater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Rutted dirt roadway, soft under travel, no maintenance, no stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Loose sand or gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Soft, muddy, rutted roadway, no maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . .200 to 400

*Various tire sizes and inflation pressures will greatly reduce or increaseestimating purposes when specific information on performance of particularequipment on given soil conditions is not available.

Typical Rolling Resistances in lbs. per gross ton of weight*lbs/yd3 kg/m3

HEMATITE, IRON ORE, HIGH GRADE 4,000-5,400 1810-2450LIMESTONE

Broken or Crushed 2,600 1540MAGNETITE, IRON ORE 4,700 2790PYRITES, IRON ORE 4,350 2580SAND

Dry, Loose 2,400 1420Damp 2,850 1690Wet 3,100 1840

SAND & CLAYLoose 2,700 1600Compacted 4,050 2400

SAND & GRAVELDry 2,900 1720Wet 3,400 2020

SANDSTONE 2,550 1510SHALE 2100 1250SLAG

Broken 2,950 1750SNOW

Dry 220 130Wet 860 520

STONE, CRUSHED 2,700 1600TACONITE 3,600-4,200 1630-1900TOPSOIL 1,600 950TAP ROCK

Broken 2,950 1750* Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.

Approximate loose weight of materials*


Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour

Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)Lbs. Per Bank Yard

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X 100100 + % Swell

Bank Yards = Compacted YardsShrinkage Factor

Trips per Hour = 60 min.Cycle Time (min.)

OrWorking Min. per Hr.

Cycle Time (min.)

Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time

Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)

Variable Time = Total Haul Time + Total Return Time

Travel Time (min.) = Distance (ft.)Speed (ft. per min.)

OrDistance (ft.)

Mph X 88

Rolling Resistance (lbs.) = RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)= 40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1” tire penetration)

X weight on wheels (lbs.)= 2% + 11/2% (for each 1” tire penetration) X Weight

on Wheels (lbs.)Grade Resistance (lbs.) = 20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons)

= % grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.)

Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) = Rolling Resistance Factor(lbs./ton or %) + GradeResistance Factor (lbs./ton or%)Total Pull Required = RollingResistance (lbs.) + GradeResistance (lbs.)

Formulas and rules of thumbTRACTION FACTORS

Rubber Tires TracksCONCRETE .90 .45CLAY LOAM

Dry .55 .45Wet .40 .90Rutted .70 .70

LOOSE SAND .30 .30QUARRY PIT .65 .55GRAVEL ROAD (LOOSE NOT HARD) .36 .50PACKED SNOW .20 .25ICE .12 .12*EARTH

Firm .55 .45Loose .90 .60

COAL, STOCKPILED .45 .60*Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27

Approximate coefficient of traction factors


APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scruple 8 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce3 scruples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound

Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT27.344 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce 4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound 2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton

TROY WEIGHT24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pwt20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 poundused for weighing gold, silver, and jewels

CLOTH MEASURE2 1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard

CUBIC MEASURE1,728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood)40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping)2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel

DRY MEASURE2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt 4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel8 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck 36 bushels . . . . . . . . . .1 chaldron

LIQUID MEASURE4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt 4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt 31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . . .1 barrel2 barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hogshead

LONG MEASURE12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot 40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd 8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. Mile5 1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod 3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league

Weights and MeasuresFormulas and rules of thumbTotal Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade

Resistance (lbs.)

Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) = Coeff. of Traction X Weighton Drivers

Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet

Hourly Prod. Req’d = Quan. (b.c.y.)Working Time (hr.)

No. Units Req’d = Hourly Prod. Req’d.Unit Prod.

No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle timePusher cycle time

Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min.33000

Typical dragline calculating factors: Using 110˚ swing, average swing cycle

For 1/2 yd. = 24 secondsFor 11/2 yd = 30 secondsFor 2 yd. = 33 seconds

Bucket Factors:Easy digging =approx. 95-100% of rated capacityMed. digging= approx. 80-90% of rated capacityMedium hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacityHard digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity

Typical shovel calculating factors: Using 90˚ swing average swing cycle

For 1/2 yd. = 20 sec.For 1 yd. = 21 sec.For 11/2 yd.= 22 sec.For 2 yd. = 23 sec.For 21/2 yd. = 24 sec.

Dipper Factors: Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacityMedium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacityMedium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacityHard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity


METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq. yds1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.83611 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers

METRIC EQUIVALENTS – WEIGHTS1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tons

METRIC EQUIVALENTS – MEASURE OF VOLUME1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters 1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 quart dry . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter

Weights and MeasuresMARINERS’ MEASURE6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom 120 fathoms . . . . .1 cable length71/2 cable lengths . . .1 mile 5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. mile6076.1 feet . .1 nautical mile

PAPER MEASURE24 sheets . . . . . . . . . .1 quire 20 quires . . .1 ream (480 sheets)2 reams . . . . . . . . . .1 bundle 5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale

SQUARE MEASURE144 sq. inches . . . .1 sq. foot 40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood9 sq. feet . . . . . . . .1 sq. yard 4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre301/4 sq. yards . . . .1 sq. rod 640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile

SURVEYOR’S MEASURE7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 township

TIME MEASURE60 seconds . . . . . . . . .1 min. 60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr.24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day 7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month30 days . . . . . . . . . . .1 month . . . . . . . . . .in computing interest365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr 366 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr.

MISCELLANEOUS3 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm 4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand6 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 span 18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit21.8 inches . . .1 Bible cubit 21/2 ft . . . . . . . . . . .1 military pace

METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE1 centimeter .0.3937 inches 1 inch . . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters1 decimeter . . .3.937 inches 1decimeter . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot1 foot . . . .3.048 decimeters 1 meter . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches1 meter . . . . . . .1.0936 yards 1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter1 dekameter . . .1.9884 rods 1 rod . . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter1 kilometer . . . .0.62137 mile 1 mile . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers

Weights and Measures


To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831.To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416.To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072.To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single. One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds.One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes.A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 81/3 lbs. And contains 231 cubicinches. There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square foot of gratesurface.A cubic foot of water contains 71/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches, and weighs 62 1/2 pounds.Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour.To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they are eatendeep enough.A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot per minute, or 550lbs. on foot per second. To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water, multiply theheight of the column in feet by .434.Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has a pressureequal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch).

Miscellaneous Technical DataAPPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5/8 of a mile1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25/8 bushels1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21/2 acres1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21/5 lbs1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds

TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit)Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zeroWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zeroOlive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zeroWine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zeroVinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zeroAlcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 173 above zeroWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zeroPetroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 306 above zeroBlood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zeroEggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero

Weights and Measures

CAT GLOBAL MINING

Machine Specifications

Track-type Tractor

Miscellaneous 62

MODEL D9T D10T D11R D11R CD

Operating Weight 105,600 (47 900) 146,500 (66 451) 230,100 (104 600) 248,600 (113 000)lb (kg) (Differential Steer)Flywheel Power 410 (306) 580 (433) 850 (634) 850 (634)hp (KW)

Engine Model C18 ACERT C27 ACERT 3508B TA 3508B TA

Blade CapacitySU 17.7 (13.5) 24.2 (18.5) 35.5 (27.2)U 21.4 (16.4) 28.7 (22) 45 (34.4)CD 57 (43.6)yd3 (m3)

Blade WidthSU 14'2" (4.31) 15'11" (4.86) 18'4" (5.60)U 15'3" (4.65) 17'3" (5.26) 20'10" (6.35)CD 22'0" (6.71)ft/in (m)(included end bits)

Track On Ground 11'5" (3.47) 12'9" (3.89) 14'7" (4.44) 14'7" (4.44)ft/in (m)

General DimensionsHeight 13'1" (3.99) 14'2" (4.34) 15'0" (4.57) 15'0" (4.57)ft/in (m)(to top of canopy ROPS)

Overall Length 27'8" (8.48) 30'4" (9.26) 34'1" (10.68) 35'5" (10.50)ft/in (m) (U-Blade & Single Shank Ripper)

Wheel Loaders

Miscellaneous 64

MODEL 994F 994FHL 994FSHL 992G 992G HL

Operating Weight (lb) 427,300 430,900 467,100 210,424 218,513(kg) 192 244 193 782 207 068 95 447 99 116

Engine 3516B 3516B 3516B 3508B 3508B

Flywheel Power (hp) 1438 1438 1438 800 800(kW) 933 933 933 597 597

Rated Payload (T) 38 34 34 24 24(t) 34.5 31 31 22 22

Dump Height (ft/in) 18'3" 19' 24' 15'2" 17'3"(mm) 5698 5931 7315 4626 5250

Dump Reach (ft/in) 7'5" 8'11" 9'6" 7'7" 7'7"(mm) 2263 2643 2926 2315 2304

Bucket Size (yd3) 19.5 - 41 19.5 - 41 41-47 15 - 30 15 - 30(m3) 15 - 31 15 - 31 31-36 11.4 - 23 11.4 - 23

Breakout Force (lb) 222,553 203,968 156,562 137,692 134,753(kN) 989 1015 696 612 599

Full Turn Tip Load (lb) 243,760 203,968 152,014 112,764 108,664(kg) 110 570 92 518 68 952 51 149 49 289

Wheel Dozers

Miscellaneous 66

MODEL 854G 844 834GOperating Weight (lb) 219,128 156,120 103,849

(kg) 99 395 70 815 47 106Engine 3508B 3412E 3456

Flywheel Power (hp) 800 620 481(kW) 597 463 359

Blade Capacity- Semi - U (yd3) 33.1 20.7 14.56

(m3) 25.4 15.9 11.13- Coal (yd3) 58.2 40.2 29

(m3) 44.7 30.7 22.2- Straight (yd3) 10.33

(m3) 7.9

Blade Width- Semi - U (ft/in) 20' 9" 19' 4" 16' 11"

(mm) 6321 5846 5151- Coal (ft/in) 23' 7" 17' 9" 18' 7"

(mm) 7200 5418 5677- Straight (ft/in) 16' 8"

(mm) 5074

Transmission Gears 3F/3R 3F/3R 4F/3R

Top Speed- Forward (mph) 13.6 14 24.1

(kph) 23.2 22.5 38.7- Reverse (mph) 15 15.4 14.3

(kph) 24.2 24.8 23

Trucks

Miscellaneous 68

MODEL 773E 775E 777D

Body Type Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Dual Slope**

Gross MachineOperating Weight* (lb) 219,000 239,000 360,000

(kg) (99 300) (108 400) (163 293)

Target Payload* (tons) 60 68 100(tonnes) (54.3) (62.1) (90.7)

CapacityHeaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 46 53.9 73.6

(m3) (35.2) (41.2) (60.1)

Engine 3412E 3412E 3508B

Gross Power (hp) 710 760 1000(kW) (530) (567) (746)

Tire Size 24.00R35 24.00R35 27.00R49

Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 41.1 41.1 39.9(km/h) (65.8) (65.8) (60.4)

Loading Height (ft/in) 12'5" 12'11" 14'4"(m) (3.77) (3.93) (4.39)

Overall Length (ft/in) 31'9" 31'9" 32'1"(m) (9.69) (9.69) (9.78)

Overall Width (ft/in) 16'8" 16'8" 20'0"(m) (5.08) (5.08) (6.10)

*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 PayloadPolicy Revision #4 for information on grossmachine operating weight and target payload

**Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and minespecific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions aredependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.

Trucks

Miscellaneous 70

MODEL 785C 789C 793C 797Body Type Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Flat Floor**

Gross MachineOperating Weight* (lb) 550,000 700,000 846,000 1,375,000

(kg) (249 475) (317 513) (383 727) (623 690)

Target Payload* (tons) 155+ 201+ 240+ 380+(tonnes) (140+) (182+) (218+) (345+)

CapacityHeaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 102 137 169 290

(m3) (78) (105) (129) (220)

Engine 3512B 3516B 3516B HD 3524B HD

Gross Power (hp) 1450 1900 2300 3550(kW) (1082) (1417) (1715) (2648)

Tire Size 33.00R51 37.00R57 40.00R57 59/80R6346/90R5744/80R57

Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 34 33.8 33.7 39.9(km/h) (54.8) (54.4) (54.3) (64.2)

Loading Height (ft/in) 16'4" 17'1" 19'3" 23'2"(m) (4.97) (5.21) (5.87) 7.08)

Overall Length (ft/in) 36'2" 39'11" 42'3" 47'8"(m) (11.02) (12.18) (12.87) (14.53)

Overall Width (ft/in) 21'4" 25'2" 24'4" 30'0"(m) (6.64) (7.67) (7.44) (9.15)

*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 PayloadPolicy Revision #4 for information on grossmachine operating weight and target payload

**Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and minespecific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions aredependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.

Motor Graders

Miscellaneous 72

MODEL 14H 16H 24H

Operating Weight 41,010 (16,600) 54,350 (24,740) 136,610 (61,950)lb (kg)

Flywheel PowerBase : Gears 1-8 220 (164) 265 (198) 500 (373)VHP : Gears 4-8 240 (179) 285 (213)hp (kW)

Engine Model 3176C 3196 3412E HEUI

Blade Length 14' (4.27) 16' (4.88) 24' (7.32)ft (m)

Minimum Turn Distance 26'3" (8) 27'0" (8.2) 39'11" (12)ft/in (m)(full articulation & front wheel steer)

TOP SPEED Forward 28.7 (46.1) 29.9 (48.1) 23.4 (37.7)Reverse 31.8 (51.1) 26.9 (43.2) 22.4 (36.1)mph (km/h)

General DimensionsHeight (to canopy top 10'11" (3.34) 11'7" (3.52) 14'3" (4.35)of ROPS)ft/in (m)

Overall Length 35'4" (10.77) 38'2" (11.62) 51'10" (15.80)ft/in (m)(with ripper & push plate)

Width 9'3" (2.82) 10'1" (3.08) 13'8" (4.23)ft/in (m)(at top of front tires)

Tractor Scraper

Miscellaneous 74

MODEL 633E II 637G 651E 657EEmpty Weight 112,580 (51065) 112,760 (51,147) 134,760 (61,130) 152,290 (69,080)lb (kg)Flywheel PowerTractor (Elevating Scraper)(gears 1-2) 450 (335) 450 (335) 552 (410) 550 (410)(gears 3-8) 490 (365) 490 (365) 605 (452) 605 (452)(elevator on gears 1-2) 490 (365)Scraper(gears 1-2) 249 9186) 400 (298)(gears 3-8) 274 (204) 440 (328)hp (kW)Engine ModelTractor 3408E 3412E HEUI 3408E HEUI 3412E HEUIScraper C9 3408E HEUICapacityStruck 23.2 (17.1) 24 (18.3) 32 (24.5) 32 (24.5)Heaped 34 (26) 34 (26) 44 (33.6) 44 (33.6)yd3 (m3)Rated Load 82,000 (37,285) 82,000 (37,285) 104,000 (47,175) 104,000 (47,175)lb (kg)Top Speed (Loaded) 33.4 (53.8) 33 (53) 33 (53) 33 (53)mph (km/h)Width of Cut 11'6" (3.51) 11'6" (3.51) 12'8" (3.85) 12'8" (3.85)ft/in (m)General DimensionsHeight 14'1" (4.29) 14'1" (4.29) 15'5" (4.71) 15'5" (4.71)ft/in (m)(top of scraper)Length 48'7" (14.81) 47'9" (14.56) 53'1" (16.2) 53'1" (16.2)ft/in (m)Width 13'3" (4050) 12'11" (3.94) 14'4" (4.35) 14'4" (4.35)ft/in (m)

Underground MiningEquipment

Miscellaneous 76

MODEL AD30 DE-1732 (*Based on 14.4m3 Body) AD45 DE-1644 (*Based on m3 Body)

Description Metric Imperial Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 298 kW 400 hp 380 kw 510 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3406E ATAAC Caterpillar 3408E HEUIWeight (Empty) 30 000 kg 66,139 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lbWeight (Loaded) 60 000 kg 132,277 lb 85 000 kg 187,393 lbCapacity (Body) 30 tonnes 33.1 tons 45 tonnes 49.6 tonsHeaped SAE 2:1 14.4 m3 18.8 yd3 21.3 m3 27.9 yd3

Turning Radius SAE 8007 mm 315.2 inch 8594 mm 338.3 inchOuter Clearance Radius 8571 mm 337.4 inch 9228 mm 363.3 inchInner Turning Radius 5030 mm 198.0 inch 5295 mm 208.5 inchHeight (Cab) 2600 mm 102.4 inch 2700 mm 106.3 inchOverall Length* 10 160 mm 400.0 inch 10 660 mm 419.7 inchLoading Height* 2385 mm 93.9 inch 2898 mm 114.1 inchWidth* 2690 mm 105.9 inch 3000 mm 118.1 inchAxle Oscillation ± 10.0° ± 12.0°Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°Speeds Forward1st Speed Forward 5.5 km/h 3.4 mph 7.7 km/h 4.8 mph2nd Speed Forward 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph 10.5 km/h 6.5 mph3rd Speed Forward 17.6 km/h 10.9 mph 14.2 km/h 8.8 mph4th Speed Forward 31.0 km/h 19.3 mph 18.9 km/h 11.8 mph5th Speed Forward 25.2 km/h 15.7 mph6th Speed Forward 32.7 km/h 20.3 mph7th Speed Forward 41.6 km/h 25.9 mphSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 6.8 km/h 4.2 mph 7.3 km/h 4.5 mph2nd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 9.5 km/h 5.9 mph3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/h4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/hTires BRIDGESTONE 26.5 x R25 MS VSNT E4 BRIDGESTONE 29.5 x R29 MS VSNT E4Unladen Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 28 500 kg 62831.67Unladen Rear Axle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 11 500 kg 25353.13Laden Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 40 469 kg 89217.88493Laden Rear Axle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 44 531 kg 98174.77098Weight Distribution Front Unladen 50% 71%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 50% 29%Weight Distribution Front Laden 50% 48%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 50% 52%


Miscellaneous 78

MODEL AD55 DE-1681 DNW1 & UP (*Based on 26.9m3 Body)

Description Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 485 kW 650 hpEngine Model Caterpillar C18 DI TA AAACWeight (Empty) 47 467 kg 104,647 lbWeight (Loaded) 102 000 kg 224,871 lbCapacity (Body) 55 tonnes 60.6 tonsHeaped SAE 2:1 26.9 m3 35.2 yd3

Turning Radius SAE 9171 mm 361.1 inchOuter Clearance Radius 9885 mm 389.2 inchInner Turning Radius 5540 mm 218.1 inchHeight (Cab) 3000 mm 118.1 inchOverall Length* 11 547 mm 454.6 inchLoading Height* 3045 mm 119.9 inchWidth* 3346 mm 131.7 inchAxle Oscillation ± 10.0°Articulation Angle ± 42.5°Speeds Forward1st Speed Forward 8.1 km/h 5.1 mph2nd Speed Forward 11.2 km/h 6.9 mph3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph4th Speed Forward 20.3 km/h 12.6 mph5th Speed Forward 27.6 km/h 17.1 mph6th Speed Forward 37.2 km/h 23.1 mph7th Speed Forward 50.4 km/h 31.3 mphSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 7.9 km/h 4.9 mph2nd Speed Reverse 10.7 km/h 6.6 mph3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/hTires BRIDGESTONE 35 X 65 R33 MS VSNT E4Unladen Front Axle Weight 31 300 kg 69,005 lbUnladen Rear Axle Weights 16 167 kg 35,642 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 48 202 kg 106,268 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 53 798 kg 118,603 lbWeight Distribution Front Unladen 66%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 34%Weight Distribution Front Laden 47%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 53%


Miscellaneous 80

MODEL R1300G DE-1784 R1600G DE-1839 Description Metric Imperial Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 123 kW 165 hp 186 kW 250 hpEngine Power (Gross) Dual 201 kW 270 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3176C EUI ATAACSpeeds Forward1st Speed Forward 4.9 km/h 3.0 mph 5.0 km/h 3.1 mph2nd Speed Forward 8.8 km/h 5.5 mph 8.7 km/h 5.4 mph3rd Speed Forward 15.3 km/h 9.5 mph 15.2 km/h 9.5 mph4th Speed Forward 26.1 km/h 16.2 mph 22.1 km/h 13.7 mph5th Speed Forward6th Speed Forward7th Speed ForwardSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 4.5 km/h 2.8 mph 5.7 km/h 3.6 mph2nd Speed Reverse 8.0 km/h 5.0 mph 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph3rd Speed Reverse 14.0 km/h 8.7 mph 17.2 km/h 10.7 mph4th Speed Reverse 23.8 km/h 14.8 mph 23.8 km/h 14.8 mphTires BRIDGESTONE 17.5X25 20 PLY STMS L5S BRIDGESTONE 18X28 28 PLY STMS L5SHydraulic Cycle TimesRaise 5.0 secs 7.6 secsDump 2.0 secs 1.6 secsLower (empty, Float, Position) 2.3 secs 2.0 secsTotal 9.3 secs 11.2 secsDimensionsRated Payload 6800 kg 14,991 lb 10 200 kg 22,487 lbBucket Capacity** 3.1 m3 4.1 yd3 4.8 m3 6.3 yd3

Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2071 mm 81.5 inch 2564 mm 100.9 inchHeight (Overall) 2118 mm 83.4 inch 2400 mm 94.5 inchLength (Tramming) 8707 mm 342.8 inch 9711 mm 382.3 inchTurning Radius SAE 4650 mm 183.1 inch 5490 mm 216.1 inchOuter Clearance Radius 5741 mm 226.0 inch 6638 mm 261.3 inchInner Turning Radius 2914 mm 114.7 inch 3291 mm 129.6 inchWeight (Empty) 20 950 kg 46187 lb 29 800 kg 65,698 lbWeight (Loaded) 27 750 kg 61178 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lbAxle Oscillation ± 10.0° ± 10.0°Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°Ground Clearance 335 mm 13.2 inch 344 mm 13.5 inchUnladen Front Axle Weight 8200 kg 18,078 lb 12 550 kg 27,668 lbUnladen Rear Axle Weights 12 850 kg 28,329 lb 17 250 kg 38,030 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 18 650 kg 41,116 lb 28 114 kg 61,981 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 9100 kg 20,062 lb 11 886 kg 26,204 lbWeight Distribution Front Unladen 39% 42%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 61% 58%Weight Distribution Front Laden 67% 70%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 33% 30%**SAE 2:1


Miscellaneous 82

MODEL R1700G DE-1498Description Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 231 kW 310 hpEngine Power (Gross) Dual 250 kW 335 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3176C EUI DI-T ATAACSpeeds Forward1st Speed Forward 4.7 km/h 2.9 mph2nd Speed Forward 8.3 km/h 5.1 mph3rd Speed Forward 14.3 km/h 8.9 mph4th Speed Forward 24.1 km/h 15.0 mph5th Speed Forward6th Speed Forward7th Speed ForwardSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 5.4 km/h 3.3 mph2nd Speed Reverse 9.4 km/h 5.8 mph3rd Speed Reverse 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph4th Speed Reverse 25.3 km/h 15.7 mphTires BRIDGESTONE 26.5X25 36 PLY STMS L5SHydraulic Cycle TimesRaise 6.7 secsDump 2.8 secsLower (empty, Float, Position) 2.4 secsTotal 11.9 secsDimensionsRated Payload 12500 kg 27,558 lbBucket Capacity** 5.8 m3 7.6 yd3

Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2689 mm 105.9 inchHeight (Overall) 2557 mm 100.7 inchLength (Tramming) 10 589 mm 416.9 inchTurning Radius SAE 5539 mm 218.1 inchOuter Clearance Radius 6878 mm 270.8 inchInner Turning Radius 3229 mm 127.1 inchWeight (Empty) 38 500 kg 84,878 lbWeight (Loaded) 51 000 kg 112,436 lbAxle Oscillation ± 8.0°Articulation Angle ± 44.0°Ground Clearance 429 mm 16.9 inchUnladen Front Axle Weight 17 000 kg 37,479 lbUnladen Rear Axle Weights 21 500 kg 47,399 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 36 950 kg 81,461 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 14 050 kg 30,975 lbWeight Distribution Front Unladen 44%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 56%Weight Distribution Front Laden 72%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 28%**SAE 2:1


Miscellaneous 84

MODEL R2900G Xtra DE-1825 R2900G Xtra DE-1826Description Metric Imperial Metric ImperialEngine Power (Gross) 282 kW 378 hp 282 kW 378 hpEngine Power (Gross) Dual 306 kW 410 hp 306 kW 410 hpEngine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAACSpeeds Forward1st Speed Forward 5.1 km/h 3.2 mph 5.3 km/h 3.3 mph2nd Speed Forward 9.0 km/h 5.6 mph 9.3 km/h 5.8 mph3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph4th Speed Forward 24.8 km/h 15.4 mph 24.2 km/h 15.0 mph5th Speed Forward6th Speed Forward7th Speed ForwardSpeeds Reverse1st Speed Reverse 6.1 km/h 3.8 mph 6.6 km/h 4.1 mph2nd Speed Reverse 10.9 km/h 6.8 mph 11.6 km/h 7.2 mph3rd Speed Reverse 17.9 km/h 11.1 mph 19.2 km/h 11.9 mph4th Speed Reverse 27.9 km/h 17.3 mph 27.0 km/h 16.8 mphTires BRIDGESTONE 29.5X29 34 PLY STMS L5S BRIDGESTONE 35/65 R33 ** VSDL L5Hydraulic Cycle TimesRaise 9.2 secs 7.6 secsDump 3.4 secs 2.8 secsLower (empty, Float, Position) 3.1 secs 2.4 secsTotal 15.7 secs 12.8 secsDimensionsRated Payload* 17 200 kg 37,919 lb 20 000 kg 44,092 lbBucket Capacity** 7.2 m3 9.4 yd3 8.9 m3 11.6 yd3

Width (Overall) excluding bucket 3010 mm 118.5 inch 3200 mm 126.0 inchHeight (Overall) 2886 mm 113.6 inch 2988 mm 117.6 inchLength (Tramming) 10 949 mm 431.1 inch 11083 mm 436.3 inchTurning Radius SAE 5936 mm 233.7 inch 5991 mm 235.9 inchOuter Clearance Radius 7323 mm 288.3 inch 7511 mm 295.7 inchInner Turning Radius 3383 mm 133.2 inch 3289 mm 129.5 inchWeight (Empty) 50 100 kg 110,451 lb 56000 kg 123,459 lbWeight (Loaded) 67 300 kg 148,371 lb 76000 kg 167,551 lbAxle Oscillation ± 8.0° ± 8.0°Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°Ground Clearance 465 mm 18.3 inch 466 mm 18.3 inchUnladen Front Axle Weight 23 000 kg 50,706 lb 23 000 kg 50,706 lbUnladen Rear Axle Weights 27 100 kg 59,745 lb 33 000 kg 72,752 lbLaden Front Axle Weight 51 166 kg 112,802 lb 55 173 kg 121,635 lbLaden Rear Axle Weights 16 134 kg 35,569 lb 20 827 kg 45,916 lbWeight Distribution Front Unladen 46% 41%Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 54% 59%Weight Distribution Front Laden 76% 73%Weight Distribution Rear Laden 24% 27%*Ore pass dumping only**SAE 2:1

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Documents

bucket contact

seconds wheel

lift bucket

bucket heel contact

curl bucket

floor of bucket parallel

swing wellshot material

high truck