ministry of home affairs government of india united...
TRANSCRIPT
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Reading Materials for Training of Trainers under
Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India
United Nations Development Programme
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CONTENT
Introduction:
1. Disaster Response in India: An overview
2. NE – Region Disaster Risk Management Programme
Types of Hazards:
3. What is Earthquake, its causes and Earthquake Safety Tips
4. Landslides its causes and stability of natural and manmade slopes in India
5. Forest Fire prevention and control strategies in India
6. Participatory Rural Appraisal
7. Community Contingency Plan
8. Format of Village Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan
9. Format of Gram Panchayat Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan
10. Format of Block Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan
11. Format of District Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan
12. India disaster Resource Network
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DISASTER RESPONSE IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
I am compelled to utter a truism in asserting that physical catastrophes have their inevitable and exclusive origin in certain combinations of physical facts. Rabindranath Tagore Disaster has been mankind’s constant though inconvenient companion since time immemorial. The fury of nature can be as disastrously beautiful as the gifts of nature received gratis. Natural disasters continue to strike unabated and without notice and are perceived to be on the increase in their magnitude, complexity, frequency and economic impact. These hazards pose to threat to people, structures and economic assets and assume disastrous proportions when they occur in areas of dense human habitations. Increasing population and various other socio-politico-economic considerations have forced people to live in areas that are considered uninhabitable like flood prone areas of major river systems and the low lying areas along the sea and islands, which are often inundated. Be it an ‘act of God’ or ‘act of man’ a mind-boggling spectrum of disasters wreak havoc in the Indian subcontinent. Disasters: In Indian Context The unique geo-climatic conditions of India make this region particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. Disasters occur with unfailing regularity and despite better preparedness to meet all such contingencies, the economic and the social costs on account of losses caused by the natural disasters continue to mound year after year. Orissa has a history of recurring natural disasters. While the coastal districts of Orissa are exposed to flood and cyclones, western Orissa is prone to acute droughts; and a large section of the state is also prone to earthquakes. In addition the State is also affected by disasters like heat waves, epidemics, forest fire, road accidents etc. The two successive cyclones in October 1999 ---- in Ganjam and the super cyclone that hit the 14 coastal districts of the state damaged the infrastructure and disrupted public life. The 1999 Super Cyclone changed people’s respective, Government policies and approaches towards management of Disasters. The vulnerability of the state to disaster necessitates the preparation of comprehensive disaster management plans. The history of Disasters substantiates the fact that about 80% of the State is prone to one or more forms of natural disasters. The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNRD) has made an effort to mitigate disaster worldwide. Recognizing the rapid rising world wide toll of human and economic losses due to natural disasters, the UN General Assembly in 1989 took a decision to launch a far reaching global understanding during the nineties to save human lives and reduce the impact of natural disasters. With this aim in mind, the decade 1990-2000 was declared as the ‘International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction’ [IDNDR]. The main objective of the [IDNDR] is to reduce, through concerted international action, especially in the developing countries, loss of life, property damage and social and economic disruptions caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones etc. The IDNDR workshop in Yokohama in May 1994, a plan of action for disaster reduction called the Yokohama Strategy was evolved. The Yokohama Strategy gave guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation, shifting the focus and emphasis from disaster management to disaster prevention and preparedness.
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DISASTER TERMINOLOGY: 1) Disaster:
1) “…. A serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or enviourmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.”
2) The United Nations defines disaster as “… the occurrence of a sudden or major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society (community). It is an event or a series of events which gives rise to casualties and /or damage or loss of property, infrastructure, essential services or means of livelihood on a scale that is beyond the normal capacity of the affected communities to cope with unaided.
Thus a disaster has the following main features:-
v Unpredictability v Unfamiliarity v Speed v Urgency v Uncertainty v Threat
2) Types of Disaster:
DISASTER
NATURAL MAN MADE
Natural Disasters:- i. Famines ii. Floods iii. Storms iv. Drought v. Epidemics
Man Made Disasters:- i. Air, Rail and Sea disasters ii. Fire/ Explosions iii. Building Collapse disaster iv. Industrial accident v. Terrorism
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Following charts will give a better account of the classification Water and Climate Related Man-made Geological Chemical Biological Biological Disaster
Bacteria Related
Food Other Fungal Contamination
Virus Related
Chemical Disasters
Toxic Gases and Nuclear Radiation
Food Soil Contamination Contamination and pesticides Water Contamination
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Man Made Disaster Water And Climate Related Disaster
Geological Disaster Earthquakes Landslides Dam Failures/ & Mudflows Dam Bursts
Man-Made Disaster
Rail Accidents
Road Accidents
Boat Capsizing
Forest & Urban Fire
Terrorist Activity
Panic Exodus
Mine Collapse
Mine Flooding
Ocean Oil Spills
Aviation Accidents
Water and Climate Related Disaster
Hurricanes
Cyclones
Storm
Tornadoes
Floods Hailstorms
Cold Wave
Avalanches
Heat Wave
Drought
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3) Disaster Management: It is the range of activities designed to mitigate the effects of disaster and emergency situations and to provide a framework for helping people at risk to avoid or recover from the impact of the disaster. Managing disasters includes steps to be taken prior to, during and after the disaster and involve preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery. Dm= f (D1……………………D9) Where
• D1-Pre disaster preparedness • D2-Warning • D3-Impact phase • D4-Rescue • D5-Relief • D6-Rehabilitation • D7-Reconstruction • D8-Vulnerability reduction & long term planning • D9-Other independent variables
4) Risk: Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event of a particular magnitude occurring in a given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of particular occurrences and the losses each would cause. The level of risk depends upon: v Nature of the Hazard v Vulnerability of the elements which are affected v Economic value of those elements
How to measure Risk Risk= f (D, P, L, VV) Where
• F - Frequency • D- type of disaster • P –Probability of occurrence of the disaster • L-Level of disaster (intensity) • VV-Value of vulnerable elements
Hazard and Vulnerability: 5) Hazards: Hazards are defined as “Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. They could be either manmade or naturally occurring in our enviourment.” The extent of damage from a disaster depends on:
1) The Impact, intensity and characteristics of the phenomenon and 2) How people, enviournment and infrastructures are affected by that phenomenon
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Crunch diagram: HAZARD > < VULNERABILITY This relationship can be written as an equation: 6) Vulnerability: It is defined as “the extent to which a community, structure, service and geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area” Types of Vulnerability: Physical vulnerability: It relates to the physical location of people and elements at risk; buildings, infrastructure etc and their proximity to the hazard. Socio- economic Vulnerability: This relates to the degree to which a population is affected by the calamity in relation to the prevailing social and economic conditions. The impact of a disaster is determined by the event, its effects on people and their enviourment, as well as the consequential effect on human activities within a given society. 7) Relief: It refers to a period immediately following the occurrence of a disaster when steps are taken to meet the needs of survivors with respect to shelter, water, food and medical care. 8) Rehabilitation: It includes activities that are undertaken to support the victims’ return to ‘normal’ life and re-integration into regular community functions. 9) Disaster Mitigation: is a collective term used to encompass all activities undertaken in anticipation of the occurrence of a potentially disastrous event, including preparedness and long-term risk reduction measures.
DI SASTER
Disaster Risk = Hazard +Vulnerability
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It involves measures to reduce the effects of disaster causing phenomena. It includes scientific analysis or risk assessment, social, economic, legal and technical processes in development of suggestive measures and administrative and political processes in application of these measures. Mitigation is often not given the same priority as preparedness or recovery. This is because there is a tendency to view disasters and development in terms of “trade – offs” with needed resources being diverted from development towards disaster mitigation.
THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
The Disaster Management Cycle consists of the following broad stages: a) The Disaster Event: This refers to the real time event of the hazard occurring and affecting elements at risk. The damage is directly proportional to duration of the event. b) Response and Relief: This refers to the first stage after the calamity. Relief materials like food, clothing, medicines and other necessities are distributed to bring life to normalcy. c) Recovery (Rehabilitation and Reconstruction): It is used to describe the activities that encompass the three overlapping phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. v Emergency Relief: Activities undertaken during and immediately after the disaster strikes,
which includes immediate relief, rescue, damage and need assessment etc. v Rehabilitation: It includes the provision of temporary public utilities and housing as
interim measures to assist long term recovery v Reconstruction: It is an attempt to return communities to improve pre-disaster
functioning
Disaster Impact
Respons
Rehabilitation
Developm
Prevention
Mitigation
Prepared
Reconstruction
RI SK MANAGEMENT
CRI S I S MANAGEMENT
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d) Development: It is an ongoing activity for a evolving economy. Long-term prevention/ disaster reduction measures like construction of embankments against flooding, increasing plantation for reducing the occurrence of landslides etc. are some of the activities that can be taken up as a part of development plans. e) Prevention and Mitigation: Reduction of risk in disasters involves activities, which either reduces or modify the scale and intensity of the threat faced or by improving the elements at risk. Mitigation too aims at reducing the physical, economical and social vulnerability to threats and the underlying cause for this vulnerability. f) Preparedness: The process embraces measures that enable governments, community and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situation to cope with them effectively. Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories and the training of personnel. It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation plans for areas that may be ‘at risk’ for a recurring disaster. All preparedness plans needs to be supported by appropriate rules and regulations with clear allocation of responsibilities and budgetary provisions.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT: OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITIES Disaster Management can be divided into pre and post disaster contexts. This sequence embraces pre and post disaster actions that are concerned with the six stages of:
1. Inception of Disaster Planning 2. Risk assessment 3. Defining levels of acceptable risk 4. Preparedness and mitigation planning 5. Testing the plan 6. Feedback from lessons learnt
Each grows out of the stage before it and leads to further action. Together the sequence can build up a planning and implementation system, which can become a powerful risk reduction tool. If disaster planning is restricted to only preparedness plan, then the full benefits of disaster planning sequence for disaster management.
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Before donors decide what victims needs
Now community members participate in decision-
making to prioritize needs
CONTROL ROOM Control Room plays a vital role in the disaster management activation. It coordinates the flow of information with respect to activities associated with relief operations. During the normal times it maintains a systematic database of the resources available, important phone numbers, names and addresses of important government and non government officials, International bodies, NGOs. During a crisis it is expected to function as a center for decision-making and helps flow of information horizontally and vertically to the respected departments for smoother relief operations.
Early Warning Dissemination
District Control Room
Block Control Room
G.P. Control Room
Police Control Room
Irrigation Control Room
State Control Room
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RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CONTROL ROOM: The Control room has the following responsibilities: The operational procedures of the control room can be divided into two parts:
i) Normal Time activities of a control room:
o To identify vulnerable places through mapping procedure o To encourage the district officers to prepare the disaster management plans o To operationalise the communication equipments o To constitute research groups and the task force to look into the details of
Disaster Management. o To give warning signals as per the need of the hour
ii) Control room at the time of disaster:
o To receive and record messages authentic information round the clock. It should be manned for 24 hours
o Collect and transmit information concerning natural calamities and relief. o Keep close contact with the local government and also at the state level which is
affected by the calamity o Keeps regular contact with the metrological department o To make arrangements to disseminate information to all concerned agencies and
vulnerable places A well-set control room should have:
o Separate house/room o Telephone (with STD facility) o FAX o VHF/HF o Computer with Internet facility o Radio/ TV set o Generator o Notice Board o Maximum – Minimum thermometer o Rain gauge o A vehicle with a driver and a Loud speakers o Maps o Demographic details o List of important telephone numbers of various departments o Resources available – boats, godowns, whole sale dealers, tarpaulins/ tents
Check up http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/ jtwc.html and www.imd.ernet.in and other web sites.
Village Task Force (Warning Group)
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PERFORMA FOR “IN” MESSAGE REGISTER
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Instruction/follow-up to be done
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PERFORMA FOR “OUT” MESSAGE REGISTER
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Operational Timing: Operational Timing: JUNE to DECEMBER Every Year Normal Warning Post 6 A.M. to 8 A.M. 6 P.M. to 8 A.M.
24 Hour 24 Hour
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Personnel Deployment in Control Room:
Days 7AM to 10AM (Day Office) 1PM to 5PM (Morning Office)
5PM TO 10 PM 10 PM TO 7AM
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY
Desk Management in a Control room
In the Control Room all the major activities will be distributed among different government officials to ensure accountability, proper information, assimilation and record keeping. This will also help in easy coordination and reporting to the District /State Disaster Manager. Operation Desk:
The officials managing this desk will be responsible for
• Ensuring adequate supplies of food and water. • Monitoring rescue and evacuation operations. • Monitoring Salvage operations. • Monitoring disposal of dead/carcasses. • Transportation for medical aid to needy. • Proper function of transits and feeding centers. • Co-coordinating with NGOs, Civil Society members and District Control Room. • Dissemination of Information. • Maintenance of records in the Control Room. • Requisition of accommodation, transport and other necessary equipments for relief
groups. • Providing badges and stickers for volunteers and vehicles. • Regular updates to the Disaster Managers at various levels.
Communication and information Desk: The officers will be responsible for
• Monitoring the weather reports and sharing the information • Keep the Contingency plans along with all necessary maps in hand. • Maintenance of important telephone numbers, database on available resources, list of
key persons. • Send and receive message in their respective records.
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• Maintain information of damage, materials sent and ongoing activities for immediate sharing with District Control Room.
Logistics Desk The officers in charge will
• Assess the need in terms of manpower and resources and ensure regular supply • Ensure proper storage and transport facilities for relief materials. • Maintain adequate supply of necessary transport and equipments. • Coordinate with private transport associations and boat association for emergency
requirement. • Organize transportation for rescue party, evacuated people medical terms and injured or
sick people.
Health Desk: The officers is responsible to ensure
• Organize treatment of injured and sick, disposal of carcasses. • Preventive Medicine and anti-epidemic measures are taken. • Maintain record of all activities. • Assess and ensure setting up medical relief camps. • Maintain adequate supply of medicines, equipments and personnel. • Monitor maintenance of health measures in all camps and provision of safe drinking
water. Service desk: The officers in charge will be responsible for
• Assessing the relief, search and rescue and cash compensation requirements. • Organize and co-ordinate setting up of transit, relief and cattle camps. • Ensure adequate supplies to these camps. • Maintain law and order. • Coordinate identified NGO activities to ensure community participation. • Reporting the procurement and disbursement of relief material received from all sources. • Organize and clear debris and temporary repair of communication facilities, power supply
and water supply. • Construction of temporary shelters, school buildings, medical facilities etc.
Resource Desk: The officers will be responsible for
• Maintenance of cash and disbursements receipts, issue of relief materials, personnel T.A. & D.A. of relief duty staff, daily wages, cash and credit vouchers, Gratuitous and compensation paid, etc.
• Issuing of all cash and material receipts. • Reimbursement of all expenses approved. • Issue of cash vouchers for petrol and diesel.
Check List for Control Room:
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Activities Page no. for Reference
Yes/no
• Assessing of duty. • Maintain inventory of resources. • Provide information who needs it. • Service division and assign duties. • Receive information on a routine basis and record. • Receive preparedness report from various relevant
dept. • Basing on the reports feedback to the district authority
and others. • Vulnerable area map displayed. • Imp. Phone numbers.
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GOI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme [2002-2007] Sub-programme: NE Region Disaster Risk Management Programme [Arunachal Pradesh,
Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland]1 I. North East Scenario: North Eastern India is rich in natural resources and has a wealth of valuable flora, fauna, cultures and heritage. It has a complex socio-economic, political and cultural history. The British adopted the principle of non- interference and seclusion in matters of administration in the region. The customary rules and laws prevail till date. Some North Eastern States have autonomous district councils to manage their affairs, resulting in even greater diversity of law and policy level bodies in this region. The northeastern region consists of eastern part of the great Himalayan arc comprising the whole of Arunachal Pradesh, and the eastern hill ranges comprising of the Patkai-Manipur-Mizoram-Arakan-Chittagong hill tracts and the Shillong-Mikir Plateau. Scenic blue hills and numerous meandering streams surround the entire region. Dominating the geography of the region is the Brahmaputra River providing the largest drainage network in the entire eastern region of the country. The interstate drainage basins of the mighty Brahamaputra & the Barak represent the hydrologic scenario of almost the entire North-East India. The Brahamaputra basin extends over an area of 580,000 sq km and lies in Tibet, Bhutan, India and Bangladesh. The drainage area of the basin, lying in India, is 194,413 sq. km, nearly 5. 9% of the total geographical area of the country. The basin lies in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and West Bengal. The Barak basin has its drainage area in India, Myanmar and Bangladesh. The drainage area of the basin in India is 26,123 sq. km. The basin spans the states of Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Assam and forms a part of the main Brahamaputra basin. The hydro climatic environment of the region is a typical hydrological entity in the world. Endowed with huge water resource potential, and rightly termed as the powerhouse and reservoir of the country, it has also the worst water resource problems rendering untold sufferings to millions of souls every year. The region experiences excessive rainfall and severe floods in the monsoon season. Floods in the region are caused by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The unique geo-environmental setting of the region vis-à-vis the eastern Himalayas, heavy rainfall, weak geological formations, active seismicity, accelerated rates of erosion, rapid channel congestion, massive deforestation, intense land use pressure and high population growth especially in the flood plain belt and temporary palliative measures for flood control are some of the dominant factors that cause and intensify floods. Due to the unplanned exploitation of resources, coupled with the factors mentioned above, the region is crippled with problems such as food deficiency, energy shortage, inadequate surface communication, flood, drainage congestion and declining productivity. The fragile hills are subjected to high rainfall and seismic activities, which trigger soil erosion and landslides. The average soil erosion in the North Eastern region is about 28 ton/ha/year.
1 Assam, Meghalaya and Sikkim are covered in GOI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme separately.
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Seismically, the NE region is one of the most active regions of the world. The region has experienced two major Earthquakes in 1897 of magnitude 8.7 and 1950 of magnitude 8.5, which are estimated to be largest in the world. For development of the region it is important to address the issues relating to proper management of natural resources and minimizing loss of infrastructure and property due to recurring natural disasters like floods, landslides, erosion and earthquakes. The focus today has shifted from post disaster relief to disaster preparedness. The GOI-UNDP programme on Disaster Risk Management focuses on disaster preparedness and mitigation. Due to increasing frequency of the natural disasters and their severe impact on individuals, communities, society, economy and environment in the last few years, the subject of disaster management has received greater attention in India at all levels. UNDP has been supporting the initiatives of the central and state governments to strengthen the disaster management capacities for nearly a decade. The GOI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme [2002-2007] has been initiated with Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India as the executing agency with UNDP country office support. The programme is designed to assist the states in the country, which are most prone to natural disasters. All the eight states of the Northeastern region are also covered under this programme. The thematic focus of the programme at sub-national levels is on awareness generation and education, training and capacity building for mitigation and better preparedness in-terms of disaster risk management and recovery at community, district and state levels, and strengthening of state and district disaster management information centers for accurate and timely dissemination of warning. Specialized support to Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) would be provided to enable them to set up the institutional and administrative systems for disaster risk management These states are exposed to various natural disasters and strengthening disaster prevention, response and recovery in all multi-hazard prone districts would minimize the natural disaster risks. The programme components would include the following: o Awareness generation regarding hazard vulnerabilities, safe building practices as well as
other mitigation measures. o Development of state and district disaster management plans. o Development of natural disaster risk management and response plans at Village, Ward,
and Gram Panchayat, Block/Urban local bodies. o Constitutions of Disaster Management Teams and Committees at all levels, Village, Ward,
Gram Panchayat, Block, and Urban local bodies/Districts and States. o Capacity building of Disaster Management Teams at all levels. o Training and demonstration in cyclone and earthquake resistant /retrofitting feature
houses in disaster-prone districts. o Integration of disaster management plans with development plans of the local self-
governments. o Techno-legal regime- training to administrators of ULBs and engineers in safe
construction practices, etc. II. Goals and Objectives: The overall goal of the programme is “Sustainable Reduction in Disaster Risk in some of the most hazard-prone districts in the selected States of India”.
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Objectives:
• Environment building, education, awareness programme and strengthening the capacity at all levels in natural disaster risk management and sustainable recovery.
• Multi-hazard preparedness, response and mitigation plan for natural disaster risk management at state, districts, blocks/councils, gram Panchayat and villages in 43 districts of five selected states in North Eastern region.
• Networking knowledge on effective approaches, methods and tools for natural disaster risk management and promoting policy frameworks at state level.
• Putting appropriate techno legal regime in place III. Activities: Activities for Objective 1:
• Consultations with district and state administration, CBOs / NGOs, Corporate & Private sectors institutions and others at the District and state level for area specific disaster reduction and recovery strategies for all hazards.
• Sensitization of all stakeholders regarding need for disaster preparedness and mitigation measures and convergence of vulnerability reduction in developmental activities.
• Formulation of district specific awareness campaign strategies and implementation for disaster preparedness programme in all districts - hazard specific dos’ and don’ts, checklists etc.
• Awareness generation activities in all villages in selected blocks /councils through street play, workshop / seminar / meeting/training, poster/leaflet, wall painting, and observation of disaster preparedness day/ week.
• Development of manuals for district, blocks/ councils, Gram Panchayat, Community at Village and Ward level for formulating disaster preparedness and response plans.
• Preparation of Manuals for designing and construction of hazard-resistant houses in selected districts.
• User-friendly manual for retrofitting and roof top rainwater harvesting features. Activities for Objective 2:
• Geographical Information System (GIS) based hazard and vulnerability mapping of most vulnerable districts and blocks.
• Identification and networking with nodal depts. and partners at different levels for implementation of the programme.
• Development of state and all districts multi-hazard preparedness and mitigation plans • Identification of most vulnerable Blocks for community-based women led disaster
preparedness programme. All villages will cover under this proposed project. • Development of disaster preparedness and mitigation plans in all Urban Local Bodies • Formation of Districts, ULB, Block/council, Gram Panchayat/ schedule areas, Village
and ward level disaster management committees to include DRDA and all line departments, Senior citizens, National Cadet Corps (NCC) / National Social Service (NSS) /Nehru Yuba Kendra Sangathan (NYKS), Zillah Sainik Board, PRI elected members, NGOs / Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and civil society groups.
• Formation and training of different Disaster Management Teams at district, block/council, G P/ schedule areas and village/ ward and Urban Local Bodies levels.
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Preference will be given to women as the in DMTs especially in Shelter management, First aid and Water and Sanitation activities.
• Training of all stakeholders on the process of development of community based disaster preparedness and response plans.
• Training and capacity building of government and non-government functionaries on disaster preparedness and mitigation focusing on greater understanding of the determinants of disasters.
• Training of village volunteers and Disaster Management Team members in search and rescue operation, First aid, water & sanitation, shelter management, carcass disposal, counseling, interpretation and dissemination of early warning signals. Special training will be provided to the women DMTs members.
• Strengthening the capacities of local self-government representatives for early recovery. • Development of hazard specific disaster preparedness and mitigation plans at village,
Panchayat and block/councils level in the all multi hazard blocks and all ULBs. • Disaster Response Mock drill at all levels- Districts, ULB, Block/ council, Gram
Panchayat/ schedule areas and Community levels. • Simulation exercise in operationalisation of the disaster preparedness and mitigation plan
at all levels - Districts, ULB, Block/ Council, Gram Panchayat/ Schedule areas and Community levels.
• Development of Inventory of resources at all levels for speedy response during emergencies - use of GIS to project the resources on the maps for immediate decision-making.
• Installation of early warning system in the state, districts disaster as per the need to management information centers for dissemination of accurate weather forecast and quick recovery.
• District database on vulnerability reduction and disaster management at district level. Activities for objective 3:
• State database on vulnerability reduction and disaster management. • Research and documentation on Risk and Vulnerability reduction index for tracking the
level of preparedness of districts using a standardized vulnerability reduction index. • Preparation of vulnerability reduction reports of the state. • Documentation and sharing of best practices on vulnerability reduction at state level • Consultation and studies in Vulnerability reduction and global climatic change linkages • Training and capacity building of communities to upgrade their skill in design and
construction of cost effective earthquake, flood and cyclone-resistant houses. • Training and capacity building of communities to upgrade their skill in design and
construction/execution of appropriate types of community based roof top rainwater-harvesting structures.
• Model retrofitting initiatives features as mitigation measures in selected districts. • Better Cooperation and coordination among the states for effective disaster management
in the region. Activities for objective 4
• Orientation for policy makers to enforce legislation for registration and regulation of builders, promoters, and real estate developers for creation of safe habitat.
• Orientation of govt. officials in Urban Local Bodies - Development Authorities/Municipalities/Town Planning Departments/Housing Societies/Housing Boards, etc. towards hazard zonation, risk evaluation and mitigation.
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• Developing systems for city specific Audit of safe building practices • Constitution of empowered committees at the national and city levels to review the
zoning regulations, building codes & byelaws and regulatory mechanisms at national, city and ward levels (for newly developed areas, old ‘core’ areas of the city and slums) for earthquake vulnerability reduction.
• Creating a framework for compulsory certification system for engineers and architects- to set standard levels of competence among all practitioners.
• Developing course curriculum for compulsory certification of practicing engineers and architects through a national level committee to be constituted by MHA.
• Setting up of Institutional framework for a Regional/State Ombudsman to ensure compliance of safe building byelaws and construction practices
• GIS vulnerability database using for risk vulnerability reports as policy instrument to enhance national and state policy on earthquake risk management.
IV. Programme Strategy: The key element in this project is to focus on community based disaster preparedness and to establish linkages with government and civil society response for capacity building and preparedness. Panchayati Raj institutions /councils at all levels would be directly involved in these exercises and the whole process would be integrated to the over all development process so that these initiatives are sustainable in the long run. Training of elected representatives, teachers and volunteers in disaster management would be priority area as a capacity building measure. In order to achieve the above, GoI - UNDP would like to implement the project through the state nodal agency for disaster preparedness in each of the states in NE Region. IV.1: Awareness generation: Disaster awareness programmes are essential for the community living in disaster prone areas to have a more realistic understanding of the disaster risks they face and take practical measures to save lives, livelihoods and property. Public education on natural hazards using media is a comparatively new endeavor in this project. An effective statewide disaster awareness campaign strategy would be developed through a participatory approach to design and to identify the information needed for disaster prevention, mitigation and long-term sustainable recovery. State Nodal agency would organize consultation workshops/meetings with all stakeholders including state relief dept. or relevant government departments and some media advocacy /research units and NGOs for development of campaign strategy and massive awareness generation programme through out the project states for the entire project duration of three years. IV.2: Manuals and standard operating guidelines: Based on the experiences the state nodal agencies and research units will develop training manuals for all levels for disaster management teams, development of disaster preparedness and mitigation plans for different hazards and Standard Operating Procedures [SOPs]. The manuals would be printed in vernacular languages after field-testing. Training will be provided to the stakeholders on use of the manuals for wider circulation and replication of the programme. Check list will be prepared for all the stakeholders. Specific manuals will be developed for masons and engineers on disaster resistant housing technology and good practices. NE regional advisor will provide technical support to the state nodal agencies for development of manuals and IEC materials.
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IV.3: Training/ Capacity Building: The North Eastern Advisor, Disaster Management along with State nodal agency will organize the Training of Trainers (ToT) at district and block levels to enhance the capacity of disaster management committees and other resource personnel to form a core team of trainers to further train others. Training would be a continuous process and the trained cadre will facilitate the process of disaster preparedness and mitigation plan development at different levels. The existing training institutes such as Administrative Trainings institutions and State Institution of Rural Developments will be used for organization of all training programmes. Five ATIs and SIRDs will be involved in this process. Selected village volunteers will be provided with modular training programmes to develop village disaster preparedness and mitigation plans. The PRIs/ CBOs/NGOs/ Teachers from their own locality will select one or two volunteers with experience in relief and rehabilitation activities, for facilitating the process at village and GP levels. Rescue and evacuation, First aid and shelter management training will be organized with special emphasis on lady volunteers. Training will be provided to all PRI members and schoolteachers on disaster preparedness and management at the block level. Trained PRIs will help the village volunteers in mobilising the community for village disaster preparedness. Trained teachers will act as catalysts for awareness generation in the communities and also enhance knowledge of students in preparedness. Specialized training will be organized at different levels for the disaster management team members for enhancement of skills to carry out their responsibilities like warning dissemination, search and rescue operation, shelter management, first aid, carcass disposal, relief material management, trauma counseling, damage assessment, etc. After completion of training, the DMT members will be provided with a specific type of apron/ arm band/ jacket for easy identification during operations. Special training will be provided to the women DMT members to carry out their activities effectively. The master trainers will be responsible for the training of DMT members at village level along with the local existing resource persons such as local Medical Officer, Engineers from RWSS, Police and Ex-servicemen etc. IV.4: Multi-hazard Preparedness and Mitigation Plans: Well-documented plans are an important aspect of disaster preparedness. The development of specific plans is necessary to ensure that the required action will be carried out efficiently and effectively. The plans will need to be specific to the hazard profile of the geographic area. In areas prone to multiple hazards, general disaster preparedness plans combined with contingency plans specific to each hazard with high probability of occurrence in the area have to be developed. The proposed districts are generally prone to multi-hazards i.e. earthquake, landslides and floods. Hence these varia tions in disaster risks would be factored in while developing disaster preparedness and mitigation plans. Through the regional advisor to the programme UNDP would support development of area and hazard specific preparedness and response plans in all villages, Gram Panchayats/schedule areas, blocks, ULBs and in all districts of the selected states. Gender concerns will be an integral part of the plans. Steps would be taken to study the existing community coping mechanisms to improve disaster preparedness. Networking among all key players for sharing of information and responding to the crisis effectively will be facilitated. The plans at all levels would have a special focus on issues of women and their participation at all levels would be promoted. IV.5: Formation of Disaster Management Committees /Team:
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There will be Disaster Management Committees [DMC] at each level to play an advisory role and to facilitate the preparedness programme and develop the natural disaster risk management and emergency response plans and providing timely support to the DMTs. In order to reflect problems and issues of women appropriately, adequate representation of women representatives in DMCs would be ensured. IV.6: Disaster Management Teams (DMT): DMTs would be formed at District, Municipality, Block/council, Gram Panchayat/schedule areas, Community and Ward levels to carry out the activities during emergency for sustainable recovery from disasters. DMT at village/ward level would comprise of a group of 10-12 people in task-based groups such as Early Warning, Search and Rescue, First Aid & Water & Sanitation, Shelter Management Trauma Counseling and Damage Assessment) groups. Similarly, DMT at Gram Panchayat, ULB and Block levels would be formed with the involvement of people’ representatives to carry out all disaster preparedness activities smoothly. Adequate representation of women will be ensured in all disaster management Teams. IV.7: Demonstration Unit: Construction of demonstration unit in each of the districts on disaster resistant and cost effective technologies in housing sector would be undertaken through trained masons and engineers for wider dissemination and adoption of the technology in selected districts, which would enable the communities to adopt disaster-resistant and cost-effective technologies. Training and skill up-gradation of engineers and masons in construction of multi-hazard resistant houses would lead to safer habitat for the community. Dissemination of structural mitigation measures in some multi-hazard prone districts will be facilitated through mason training and retrofitting demonstration models. IV.8: Strengthening of District Disaster Management Information Centers: Effective disaster response depends upon the accurate and timely dissemination of information, which is an important component of disaster management. Communication problems arise partly from the destruction, disruption or non-availability of communication equipment and public information system. UNDP intends to strengthen the district information centres for accurate early warning dissemination and proper coordination of the entire operations during emergency with capacity building of functionaries and by providing necessary systems to the control rooms. Efficient early warning systems are crucial to minimize loss of lives, property and agriculture, livestock related livelihoods of the community. The lack of local area specific information limits the effectiveness of disaster forecasting and response. To address this issue with particular reference to establishing localized early warning system at Panchayat and community levels, capacity building to analyze and interpret the warning and disseminate it for appropriate action would be undertaken. The state and district control rooms will also provide the platform for coordination during and post emergencies. Hard ware requirements such as computers with Internet facility, public address system or HAM Radios will be procured and provided based on the need of the district administration and in consultation with the state nodal agency. IV.9: Strengthening local coping mechanisms: In addition to focusing on the most vulnerable geographic areas for all disaster mitigation and response activities, issues affecting the most vulnerable segments of the communities living in
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these areas would be addressed. All activities of the programme will attempt to delineate and address the socio-economic dimensions of vulnerability to disasters, existing coping mechanisms during disasters and recovery after disasters. IV.10: Vulnerability and Risk Reduction Indexing: Research, study and consultation workshops on Vulnerability and Risk Reduction Index for each programme states would be carried out to understand better the factors that influence damage and loss. A state database would also be developed for assessment of preparedness and preparation of Vulnerability Reduction Reports. The proposed project would build on the above initiatives and would aim at institutionalizing the disaster preparedness system in the district administration as well as with state nodal agency. The project would attempt to integrate inputs from the concerned state Government in order to achieve synergy in this formidable task. V: Following are the direct outcomes of the programme:
• Comprehensive disaster management framework and environment building for disaster preparedness in 43 most vulnerable districts of disaster prone 5 states.
• Aware and informed community in the all most hazard-prone blocks on disaster preparedness and mitigation.
• 43 districts with multi-hazard preparedness, response and mitigation plans based on their hazard profile.
• Trained volunteers and trained Disaster Management Teams for disaster mitigation and response at village/ gram Panchayat/Block level in all 43 most vulnerable districts.
• Participation of elected representatives of local self-governments in 43 districts • Enhanced capacity of the government functionaries at district and block levels in
development of and updating the preparedness and mitigation plans from time to time. • Well-equipped disaster management information centers at Districts, • Manuals, training modules and awareness strategies documentation are available for
replication in other areas. • 2150 Trained skilled masons and 86 engineers for hazard-resistant housing. • 86 Models for demonstration units with disaster resistant and retrofitting features. • Five States and 43 Districts database on vulnerability reduction developed. • Five State level vulnerable risk reduction reports. • Strengthening training institutions for regular training. • Five Study on disaster reduction programmes.
The following are indirect outcomes of the programme:
• Reduction of expenditure on disaster relief & increased investment in preparedness measures
• Effective and transparent utilization of government and non-governmental development investment by ensuring accountability to the local community.
• Sharing of disaster relief cost by the community • Self-reliant village, Gram Panchayat/schedule areas, Blocks/councils, ULBs and Districts
for preparedness and mitigation plans.
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• Sensitization of all stakeholders about the gender and socioeconomic dimensions of disasters and development.
• Convergence of services & links to area development plans • Peoples awareness and participation increased • Cost reduction in housing construction and community infrastructures aimed at disaster
mitigation. VI: Execution arrangements: Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI would execute this programme under National Execution guidelines. The programme involves partnerships at different levels and with different stakeholders. It aims to reach the most multi-hazard prone states and districts and thus it has a multi-state focus. The programme seeks to establish close partnership with communities, civil society organistions. UNDP would provide country office support in the implementation of the programme.
VII: Institutional arrangements:
§ Coordination at the National level: The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India will be the nodal agency at central level for smooth execution of the programme supported out of Country Cooperation Framework resources. There would be a Programme Management Board (PMB) headed by the Secretary, MHA to provide overall guidance to the programme. Programme Steering Committee (PSC) headed by the Joint Secretary [DM] in MHA would be constituted, which will meet quarterly to review the progress of the programme.
§ Monitoring at the State level: In each state, a State Steering Committee (SSC) headed by Chief Secretary will review the programme at periodic intervals. The committee may consist of executing agencies, implementing agency and UNDP. A joint UNDP-Govt of India assessment would be carried out to examine the effectiveness of the programme at the end of each programme year.
§ The financial arrangement and audit would as per the guidelines of Department of Economic Affairs, UNDP guidelines and procedures established for Country Office Support agreements.
VIII: Implementation Process: The disaster management plan would start from the village/ward level and would be consolidated through similar planning at the Panchayat, Block, Urban Local Body and District levels in the selected districts. A cadre of village volunteers would be created to carry out the village based natural disaster risk management programmes in the select programme districts. These Village Volunteers will be drawn from the community with the help of civil society organizations such as NCC, NSS, NYKS, Scouts and Guides and Civil Defence etc. The plans would focus on the natural disaster risk prevention and early recovery through community-based preparedness and response plans, skill development for construction of hazard-resistant housing and enhanced access to information as per the need of the community. Information Technology Specialists,
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UNDP would be responsible for development of disaster database at state and district levels for emergency response. IX: Management Arrangements: GoI and UNDP would work very closely with state government, relevant government departments, Panchayati Raj Institutions and CBOs/NGOs and civil society response groups at districts, block, Gram Panchayat and village levels. The North Eastern Advisor, Disaster Management would work with the government, community and other partners for awareness generation on multi-hazard disaster preparedness. The disaster preparedness plan would start from the village level and would be consolidated through similar planning at the Panchayat, Block and District levels in the selected districts. A cadre of village volunteers would be created to carry forward the community based disaster preparedness plans in the operational areas. Volunteers having some knowledge of disaster response and motivated and willing to serve the community [selected by the PRIs] would be trained by the government and UNDP. Two officers from each district will be trained by the GoI and UNDP on disaster management, preparation of disaster preparedness and mitigation plans and implementation of disaster risk management programme. These trained officials, PRIs, NGOs and CBOs would help and guide the communities to identify their vulnerability along with the existing resources for preparedness. The plans would also focus on the vulnerability reduction through community based preparedness plans, skill development for designing and construction/execution of hazard-resistant housing. The district administration would develop the database at district level for early recovery. Disaster management information centers at district and state levels for accurate dissemination of warnings, with necessary equipments and training would be established to operationalise the centers. The nodal agencies for the project at State level would take steps to ensure sustainability of the programme at all levels. GoI would support one training institution like State Institute of Rural Development [SIRD], Administration Training Institutions [ATIs], and other resource units in the north eastern region for continuous capacity building of all stakeholders on disaster management, studies on existing coping mechanisms and preparation of training and operational manuals for different levels. X: Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitoring at the national and state level: At the national level, a programme steering committee headed by Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India would review the implementation of the programme to provide necessary policy level support for implementation of the national programme. The State Steering Committee headed by Chief Secretary-cum-Chairperson at state level will review the programme at periodic intervals. The committee may consist of representatives from UNDP, Line Departments and NGOs. A joint UNDP and state government assessment/evaluation would be carried out to examine the effectiveness of the programme at the end of every year. The execution of the project would be in conformity with UNDP programme guidelines in India. The UNDP would carry out monitoring and evaluation as per the guidelines of the UNDP along
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with the State Nodal Agency. State Nodal Agency would be responsible for implementation and day-to-day monitoring of the programme. Any other periodic and statutory monitoring of activities will be carried out by the UNDP, as and when required. XI: Duration: Three years [April 2003 to March 2006] XII: Budget: Resource need is US$ 2,440,000 for this programme in three years. Detailed budget is attached. [Annexure – I]
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LANDSLIDES ITS CAUSES AND STABILITY OF NATURAL AND MAN-MADE SLOPES
Introduction
Landslides constitute a major geologic hazard because they are widespread; occurring in all the north eastern sates, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, states, and causes a huge damage. Landslides are common in mountainous regions, causing loss of property, life and resources. It pose serious threats to highways and structures that support fisheries, tourism, timber harvesting, mining, and energy production as well as general transportation. Landslides commonly occur with other major natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods that exacerbate relief and reconstruction efforts and
expanded development and other land use has increased the incidence of landslide disasters.
Landslides are termed the “sleeper” of all the geologic hazards. Though incited by snowmelt, rain, poor excavation, or earthquakes, they sometimes startle the unsuspecting homeowner with the ferocity of their rapid movement, or the slow stretching of the once peaceful terrain.
There are certain forces responsible for the landslides namely:
• Gravitational forces - Every slope tries to move out under gravitational pull • Seismic force is also a contributing factor - Seismic force causes horizontal
acceleration inducing relative displacements in the soil mass causing outward movement of slope
A landslide is a result of shear failure along the boundary of moving soil or rock mass. A shear failure occurs when average shear stress along a potential sliding surface becomes equal to the shear strength of soil or rock. However, in practice, failure occurs at shear stresses, much lower
than the shear strength of soil or rock because of progressive failure.
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Failure starts at the toe and spreads up the slope. Maximum shear stress occurs at the toe of a slope, therefore, the shear strength of soil is first exceeded at this point, and causing failure at the toe that spreads up the slope progressively. There are some of the other causes for landslides;
• Geological and Hydrological conditions, topography, climate, and weathering. • Gradual decrease in shear strength over the time, and triggered by the extreme
condition at the time of failure. • Increase in the average shear stress along the potential failure planes or surfaces,
due to steepening of a slopes or erosion at the toe of a slope. • Construction activities involving excavation for highways, railways, tunneling,
vibration due to piling etc. • Erosion from streams and rivers, glaciers, waves, currents, and wind. • Earthquake causing high frequency vibrations. • Heavy Rains initiating factor is high intensity storm. In moist sand, rain water
replaces the pore air and increases the pore pressure and thus reduces the shear strength.
The primary purpose of slope analysis in most engineering applications is to contribute to the safe and economic design of excavations, earth dams, and spoil heaps. The main recognised aims of slope analysis may be summarised as follows:
(a) To assess the stability of different types of slopes under given conditions: This
may require examination under short-term conditions (as for example just after the construction is over) or under long-term conditions.
(b) To assess possibility of landslides involving natural or existing man-made slopes:
This may require studying the influence of proposed modification to the existing slope; making comparative assessment of proposed preventive or remedial measures; and carrying out a Sensitivity Analysis to study how variations in material or field parameters of uncertain magnitude might affect stability.
(c) To analyse slips and landslides that have already occurred and to assist in the
understanding of failure mechanism and the influence of environmental factors.
(d) To enable the redesign of failed slopes, and the planning and design of preventive and remedial measures where necessary.
(e) To enable a study of the effect of the exceptional loading such as earthquakes on
slopes and embankments. Stability of Natural Slopes The material composing any slope has a natural tendency to slide under the influence of gravitational and other forces like seismic, which is resisted by the shearing resistance of
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the material. Instability occurs when the shearing resistance is not enough to counterbalance the forces tending to cause movement along any slope. Natural slopes, which have been stable for many years may suddenly fail due to one or more of the following main causes:
(a) External disturbance in the form of cutting or filling of parts of a slope or of ground adjacent to it resulting in an alteration of the balance between forces tending to cause instability and forces tending to resist it.
(b) External disturbance in the form of seismic activities.
(c) Increase in pore water pressure within a slope due to significant changes in the
surrounding areas, such as deforestation, filling up of valleys, disturbance of natural drainage characteristics, urbanisation, construction of reservoirs, exceptional rainfall.
(d) Change of pore water pressure to equilibrium values several years after a cutting
in materials of low permeability, which may result in significant post-construction decrease of the pore water pressure below their equilibrium values.
(e) Progressive decrease in shear strength of slope material: This may be due to
significant deformations which do not appear to constitute instability but lead to it. Such deformations may occur due to sustained gravitational forces and slope disturbances of intensity not high enough to cause complete failure. Deformations often occur along major natural discontinuities, ancient slip surfaces and tectonic shear zones within a slope.
(f) Progressive change in the stress field within a slope: Every natural geological
formation has an initial stress field, which may be significantly different from one considered in terms of the weight of the material alone. Lateral stresses may occur which do not bear any predictable relationship with the vertical stress computed from gravitational considerations. The unique initial stress field of any slope material is of tremendous importance. A change in the initial stress field may occur due to changes similar to those which produce a progressive decrease of shear strength. Release of stresses may accompany or follow most forms of slope disturbances.
(g) Weathering: Weathering may occur at a rate rapid enough to be of concern in the
design of engineering works, and therefore it is important to consider not only the existence of weathering which has occurred in the past also the possibility of continued and even accelerated weathering. Weathering of soils and rocks destroys the bond of soils and rocks and reduces shear strength.
Stability of Man-Made Slopes
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These may be considered in three main categories:
(a) Cut Slopes, (b) Embankment including earth dams, and (c) Spoil and Waste Heaps.
• Cut Slopes Shallow and deep cuts are of major interest in many civil and mining engineering operations. The aim is to design a slope with such a height and inclination as to be stable within a reasonable life span with as much economy as possible. Making cut slopes so flat they are stable for an indefinite period of time would often be uneconomical and sometimes unpractical. On the other hand, slopes, which are too steep, may remain stable for only a short time and pose real danger to life and property. Frequent failures would also involve tremendous inconvenience and the expense of repairs, maintenance and stabilisation measures.
• Embankments Fill slopes involving compacted soils include railway and highway embankments, earth dams and levees. The analysis of embankments does not involve the same difficulties and uncertainties as does the natural slopes and cuts. However, independent analyses are required for the following critical conditions:
i) End of Construction, ii) Long Term Condition, iii) Rapid Draw Down (For water retaining structures), and iv) Seismic Disturbances.
It is often necessary to consider the stability of an embankment-foundation system rather than that of an embankment alone.
• Spoil and Waste Heaps The stability of spoil heaps consisting of mining and industrial waste is being recognised as a problem of major importance in view of the dangers involved and scarcity of adequate sites, and growing magnitude of the waste to be disposed off. The solution to these problems is greatly complicated where there is inadequate control on composition, location and compaction of refuse material. Types of Slope Movement and Land Slides
In general, there may be a slide, a fall or a flow; and it is important to distinguish between them. In each category, movement can be and is often is extremely rapid, although some slides occur slowly. Rate of movement range from very slow to extremely rapid. A
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movement of 0.06 m/year may be taken as slow and that of 3m/sec can be taken as very rapid.
Some landslides move slowly and cause damage gradually, whereas others move so rapidly that they can destroy property and take lives suddenly and unexpectedly.
Debris flows, sometimes referred to as mudslides, mudflows, lahars, or debris avalanches, are common types of fast-moving landslides. These flows
generally occur during periods of intense rainfall or rapid snowmelt. They usually start on steep hillsides as shallow landslides that liquefy and accelerate to speeds that are typically about 10 mph, but can exceed 35 mph. The consistency of debris flows ranges from watery mud to thick, rocky mud that can carry large items such as boulders, trees, and cars. Debris flows from many different sources can combine in channels where their destructive power may be greatly increased. They continue flowing down hills and through channels, growing in volume with the addition of water, sand, mud, boulders, trees, and other materials. When the flows reach canyon mouths or flatter ground, the debris spreads over a broad area, sometimes accumulating in thick deposits that can wreak havoc in developed areas.
What Are Debris Flows?
Debris flows are fast-moving landslides that occur in a wide variety of environments throughout the world. They are particularly dangerous to life and property because they move quickly, destroy objects in their paths, and often strike without warning. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists are assessing debris-flow hazards in the United States and elsewhere, and developing real-time techniques for monitoring hazardous areas so that road closures, evacuations, or corrective actions can be taken.
Dangerous, Fast-Moving Landslides
Fast-moving flows of mud and rock, called debris flows or mudslides, are among the most numerous and dangerous types of landslides in the world. They are particularly dangerous to life and property because of their high speeds and the sheer destructive force of their flow. These flows are capable of destroying homes, washing out roads and
bridges, sweeping away vehicles, knocking down trees, and obstructing streams and roadways with thick deposits of mud and rocks. Debris flows are typically associated with periods of heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt and tend to worsen the effects of flooding that often accompanies these events. Finally, in areas burned by forest and brush fires, a lower threshold of precipitation may initiate debris flows.
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Falls are confined to surface zones in soils or rocks and are preceded by the formation and enlargement of cracks and removal of base support of individual blocks or masses. Rock falls may be caused by frost shattering, chemical decomposition, temperature variations, the wedging effect of roots and water pressure.
Slide involves shear failure and may be translational or rotational in character (or a combination of rotation and translation). Translational slides often involve movement along marked discontinuities or planes of weakness. Rotational slips have a failure surface, which is concave upwards and occur in both soil and rock formations. Flows range from slow to extremely rapid and occur mostly in unconsolidated materials. These may be of different types like: rock fragment flow, sand flow, loess flow, sand and silt flow, slow earth flow, rapid earth flow, debris avalanches, and debris flow. Finally it is important to point out that slope movement and landslides are continued process and often multiple as well as complex landslides occur. Nature of Soil Soils are particulate materials, in which the voids space between particles may be filled with liquid or gas or both. Gravels, sands and most silts are composed of non-clay materials such as quartz (more common and stable), feldspar (less common, weak and less stable), and mica (in layers bonded weakly together). Most of the fine particles in soils are composed of clay minerals, which usually exhibit plasticity when mixed with certain quantities of water. Clay minerals are silicates of calcium and aluminium with basic structures such as the silica tetrahedron and the aluminium or magnesium tetrahedrons. The most common clay minerals are Kaolinite, Illite, and Montmorillonite. The origin and history of soil deposits are extremely important because they largely determine soil characteristics including composition, structure and mechanical behaviour.
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It is useful to distinguish between residual soils and transported soils and to learn about the processes of transportation and depositional environment. The depositional history and stress history of soils is often extremely important and it is useful to distinguish between a normally consolidated soil which has never in its history experienced an effective overburden pressure greater than its present overburden pressure; and a over consolidated or pre-consolidated soil which have been subjected in the past to an effective pressure greater than their present pressure. In an over consolidated soil lateral stresses higher than gravitational stresses exist, the magnitude depending on the degree of pre-consolidation. Analysis for Earthquakes
Earthquakes may cause significant failures and movements of natural slopes,
embankments, earth dams or excavations. Many landslides triggered by earthquakes have
resulted in major disasters. Failure may result from increased shear stresses within a soil
mass or from decrease or loss of strength during dynamic loading conditions imposed by
the earthquakes. An important reason for decrease or loss of strength is the development
of high excess pore water pressure in saturated soils during dynamic loading, which is not
dissipated as quickly as they are generated leading to liquefaction.
Pseudo-Static Analysis
Earthquakes produce ground motions, which in turn induce large inertia forces of an
alternating nature in slopes and embankments. The inertia forces are of short duration and
alternate in directions many times.
In pseudo-static approach major simplifications are made. Firstly it is assumed that the
effect of an earthquake can be replaced by acceleration. A times in which A is a seismic
coefficient. Secondly this acceleration is assumed to act in a horizontal direction inducing
an inertia force A times W in the slope in which W is the weight of the potential sliding
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mass. Thirdly, the inertia force AW is considered a static force and not a dynamic force
of short duration.
Consider a φ = 0 slip circle analysis with an additional force AW acting at the centre of
gravity of the potential failure mass as shown in Figure 7. The factor of safety is given
by:
F = (s R2 θ) / (W x + AW y) (31)
In which y is the perpendicular distance from the centre of the slip circle to the line of
action of the force AW. The choice of A varies from 0.1-0.15 in USA to 0.15-0.25 in
Japan.
Effect of Slope Failures and Landslides
Large-scale landslides and slope failures in inhabited regions produce disastrous effect on
the natural environment and man-made structures. Slope movements may threaten:
(a) single building, villages or entire towns; (b) agriculture and forest land; (c) communication routes; (d) hydrological works; (e) reservoir and lakes; (f) Water, sewage, gas conduits, telephone and electric lines, etc.
The above few examples give an indication of the economic importance of slope
movements and the need for their thorough investigation. The overview of world
landslide disaster has revealed that they cause greater loss of life and property than any
other geological catastrophe
Corrective Measures
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The first remedial measures should include
(a) Capture the surface water flowing into the slide area and provide drainage to divert it,
(b) Pumping of ground water through wells and inspection bore holes, (c) Filling and compacting of all major cracks in the upper reaches to prevent further
seepage of surface water, (d) Drilling of one or more horizontal drainage bore holes, if geologically feasible,
The long-term corrective measures should include the following:
(a) Treatment of slope conformation: The stability of slope may be increased either by reducing the volume at the head or by expanding the volume at the toe. The former treatment is particularly effective,
(b) The surface and subsurface drainage by providing open ditches on the surface, after partial stabilization of the slide and by pumping water through wells and exploratory bore well,
(c) Afforestation is an important part of any corrective treatment and is carried out in
the later stages of the work. Tree planting, however is an effective method only in the case of shallow slope slides, and may not work in deep lying slides. It is generally accepted that forest growth helps to dry out the surface layers and that ramification of the root systems assists the consolidation process. It is advantageous to plant deciduous trees than to plant the conifer, which have a comparatively low rate of transpiration. Experience has shown that a mixed forest of broad-leaved trees such as oak, hornbeam, ash, and alder is most appropriate for the afforestation of sliding areas. In Itanagar and surrounding areas Kadamb and Khokan may be more effective.
(d) Construction of retaining walls and other structures are done to bring greater
stability to dangerous slopes. These may in the form of low walls at the toe, high retaining walls to resist considerable horizontal forces, walls along the highway or railway to prevent rock-falls, and walls constructed to stop the movement of sliding masses.
(e) The use of bolts and rock anchors is common in mining and tunnelling for the
prevention of movement in rocky slopes and the stabilization of rockslides. (f) Walls of piles may be used in place of retaining
walls; these have advantages of being installed prior to the excavation. Piles decrease the danger of slope movements in cutting and provide an
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effective means of stabilisation of existing landslides. (g) Use of electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical means of soil stabilisation
may be resorted to in cases where the drainage is expected to be very poor.
Hazardous Areas
Debris flows start on steep slopes-slopes steep enough to make walking difficult. Once started, however, debris flows can travel even over gently sloping ground. The most hazardous areas are canyon bottoms, stream channels, areas near the outlets of canyons, and slopes excavated for buildings and roads.
A: Canyon bottoms, stream channels, and areas near the outlets of canyons or channels are particularly hazardous. Multiple debris flows that start high in canyons commonly funnel into channels. There, they merge, gain volume, and travel long distances from their sources.
B: Debris flows commonly begin in swales (depressions) on steep slopes, making areas down slope from swales particularly hazardous.
C: Road cuts and other altered or excavated areas of slopes are particularly susceptible to debris flows. Debris flows and other landslides onto roadways are common during rainstorms, and often occur during milder rainfall conditions than those needed for debris flows on natural slopes.
D: Areas where surface runoff is channelled, such as along roadways and below culverts, are common sites of debris flows and other landslides.
Wildfires and Debris Flows
Wildfires can also lead to destructive debris-flow activity. In July 1994, a severe wildfire swept Storm King Mountain west of Glenwood Springs, Colorado, denuding the slopes of vegetation. Heavy rains on the mountain in September resulted in numerous debris flows, one of which blocked Interstate 70 and threatened to dam the Colorado River. A 3-mile length of the highway was inundated with tons of rock, mud, and burned trees. The closure of Interstate
70 imposed costly delays on this major transcontinental highway. Here, as in other areas, the USGS assisted in analyzing the debris-flow threat and installing monitoring and warning systems to alert local safety officials when high-intensity rainfall occurred or debris flows passed through a susceptible canyon. Similar types of debris flows threaten transportation corridors and other development throughout the West in and near fire-ravaged hillsides.
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Debris flows like these near Glenwood Springs, Colorado, are a consequence of heavy rainfall on burned hillsides. In addition to personal injuries and damage to 30 vehicles engulfed by these flows, transportation along the Interstate 70 corridor was brought to a standstill for a day, and business and emergency operations in the Glenwood Springs area were seriously impeded (Photo: Jim Scheidt, U.S. Bureau of Land Management).
Debris Flows and Volcanoes
Among the most destructive types of debris flows are those that accompany volcanic eruptions. A spectacular example in the United States was a massive debris flow resulting from the 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Areas near the bases of many volcanoes in the Cascade Mountain Range of California, Oregon, and Washington are at risk from the same types of flows during future
volcanic eruptions. In areas with vulnerable populations, such as the valleys near Mt. Rainier in Washington, scientists are producing hazard maps that delineate debris-flow dangers. In many cases, the USGS works with other agencies installing hazard-detection and warning systems, and developing means for communicating hazards and warnings about volcanic eruptions and debris flows.
Areas those are generally prone to landslide hazards:
• On existing old landslides. • On or at the base of slopes. • In or at the base of minor drainage hollows. • At the base or top of an old fill slope. • At the base or top of a steep cut slope. • Developed hillsides where leach field septic systems are used
Areas that are typically considered safe from landslides:
• On hard, non-jointed bedrock that has not moved in the past. • On relatively flat-lying areas away from sudden changes in slope angle. • At the top or along the nose of ridges, set back from the tops of slopes.
Features that might be noticed prior to major land sliding:
• Springs, seeps, or saturated ground in areas that have not typically been wet before.
• New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street pavements or sidewalks. • Soil moving away from foundations.
What to do and look for during and immediately after heavy rains
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• Ancillary structures such as decks and patios tilting and/or moving relative to the main house.
• Tilting or cracking of concrete floors and foundations. • Broken water lines and other underground utilities. • Leaning telephone poles, trees, retaining walls or fences • Offset fence lines. • Sunken or down-dropped road beds. • Rapid increase in creek water levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content). • Sudden decrease in creek water levels though rain is still falling or just recently
stopped. • Sticking doors and windows, and visible open spaces indicating jambs and frames
out of plumb.
What to do if you suspect imminent landslide danger:
• Contact your local fire, police or public works department. • Inform affected neighbours • Evacuate
For further information on landslides in your area:
• Contact your County Geologist--Some cities also staff geologists. • Contact your State Geologist or
Engineer • If a very detailed site analysis is desired,
contract with a private consulting company specializing in earth movement such companies would likely be those specializing in geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, or civil engineering. Your, Local, state, or county geologist could possibly advise you as to the best kind of professional to contact.
What can you do if you live near steep hills?
Prior to Intense Storms:
1. Become familiar with the land around you. Learn whether debris flows have occurred in your area by contacting local officials, State geological surveys or departments of natural resources, and university departments of geology. Slopes where debris flows have occurred in the past are likely to experience them in the future.
2. Support your local government in efforts to develop and enforce land-use and building ordinances that regulate construction in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows.
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Buildings should be located away from steep slopes, streams and rivers, intermittent-stream channels, and the mouths of mountain channels.
3. Watch the patterns of storm-water drainage on slopes near your home, and note especially the places where runoff water converges, increasing flow over soil-covered slopes. Watch the hillsides around your home for any signs of land movement, such as small landslides or debris flows or progressively tilting trees.
4. Contact your local authorities to learn about the emergency-response and evacuation plans for your area and develop your own emergency plans for your family and business.
During Intense Storms:
1 Stay alert and stay awake! Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping. Listen to a radio for warnings of intense rainfall. Be aware that intense short bursts of rain may be particularly dangerous, especially after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp weather.
2 If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so. Remember that driving during an intense storm can itself be hazardous.
3 Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together. A trickle of flowing or falling mud or debris may precede larger flows. If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow and for a change from clear to muddy water. Such changes may indicate landslide activity upstream, so be prepared to move quickly. Don't delay! Save yourself, not your belongings.
4 Be especially alert when driving. Embankments along roadsides are particularly susceptible to landslides. Watch the road for collapsed pavement, mud, fallen rocks, and other indications of possible debris flows.
Conclusion
Although it may not be possible to predict and prevent slope failures and landslides totally, it may be possible to restrict the damages to a great extent by understanding the mechanism of these failures and designing a slope which ensures a better margin of safety.
References
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• Slope Analysis by R N Chowdhury, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering Vol 22, Elsevier Scientific Publishing House, Amsterdam. 1978.
• Landslides and Their Control by Q Zaruba and V Mencl, , Developments in Geotechnical Engineering Vol 31, Elsevier Scientific Publishing House, Amsterdam. 1982.
• Stability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments - II, A 25 Years Perspective, Vol I & II, Edited by Raymond B Seed and Ross W Boulanger, Geotech Special Publication No 31, ASCE, NY.
• Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice by Karl Terzaghi and Ralph B Peck, John Wiley and Sons, NY.
• U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 176-97 • Ashok Kumar Gupta, Department of Civil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli
(Arunachal Pradesh) • S K Singh, Department of Civil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli (Arunachal
Pradesh)
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Forest Fire Prevention and Control Strategies in India
Abstract
Forestry is in the concurrent list of the constitution of India. Both the central the state Governments can make laws relating to forest management. Forest fire prevention is an important function of the Forest Protection Division in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. This paper gives in brief the mandate of the Union and State Governments on forest fire prevention and control measures, methods adopted by the various agencies in forest fire prevention, detection and control. The Government of India proposes to effectively monitor forest fire incidences in the country in order to create sound data base and quick detection infrastructure. It is also proposed to set up a National Institute of Forest Fire Management in the country for proper research, extension of technology and training of personnel.
Introduction
The total geographic area of the country is 328.7 million ha. out of which the recorded forest cover is 76.50 million ha. The Forest cover thus, constitutes 23.4% of the total geographic area of the nation. As per the latest state of forests report of the Forest Survey of India (FSI 1997), the actual forest cover exists only over 19.27% of the geographic area (63.3 million ha) out of which only 38 million ha of forests are well stocked (crown density >40%). The forests of India are endowed with rich fauna and flora. The plant wealth of India is about 45,000 species (12% of the global plant wealth). The standing timber stock in the country is estimated at 4740 million m3, and the annual increment of the forests is estimated to 87.62 million m3.
This resource has to meet the demand of a population of 950 million people and around 450 million cattle. As such, country has to meet the needs of 16% of the world's population from 1% of the world forest resources. The same forest has also to cater for the 19% of the world cattle population.
The forests of the country are, therefore, under tremendous pressure. On the one hand the poor are heavily dependent on the forests for their subsistence needs, on the other, the
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growing liberalisation, industrialisation and fast spreading economic activities at the national and regional levels are putting pressure on the resource base. Over the years country's forests have suffered serious depletion due to unrelenting pressure from increased demand for fuel wood, fodder, timber, inadequacy of protection and diversion of forest lands to agriculture and pastoral uses etc.
Fig.1. Open southern tropical dry deciduous forest in Central India
Frequent fires burning through these stands prevent the development of fire-sensitive trees and favour fire-tolerant species.
Forest Fire Damages in India
Forest fires are a major cause of degradation of India's forests. While statistical data on fire loss are weak, it is estimated that the proportion of forest areas prone to forest fires annually ranges from 33% in some states to over 90% in others. About 90% of the forest fires in India are started by humans. Forest Fires cause wide ranging adverse ecological, economic and social impacts. In a nutshell, fires cause
• Loss of valuable timber resources and depletion of carbon sinks • Degradation of water catchment areas resulting in loss of water • Loss of biodiversity and extinction of plants and animals • Loss of wild life habitat and depletion of wild life • Loss of natural regeneration and reduction in forest cover and production • Global warming resulting in rising temperature • Loss of carbon sink resource and increase in percentage of CO2 in the
atmosphere • Change in micro climate of the area making it unhealthy living conditions • Soil erosion affecting productivity of soils and production • Ozone layer depletion • Health problems leading to
diseases
• Indirect affect on agricultural production:
Loss of livelihood for the tribes as approximately 65 million people is classified as
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tribals who directly depend upon collection of non-timber forest products from the forest areas for their livelihood.
India has about 1.7 million hectares of productive coniferous forests with such valuable timber and pulpwood species as fir (Abies spp.), spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), kail and chir pine (Pinus wallichiana and P.roxburghii). The estimated growing stock of these forests is over 200 million cubic metres the monetary value of which could be anywhere between Rs.40,000 to Rs.60,000 million (US$ 976 to 1464 million). In other states precious deciduous forests rich in bio-diversity get largely damaged by forest fires. The forests of North-East region of the country are hotspots of biodiversity. To safeguard these precious forests and their value, it is necessary to have more rigorous protection from fire damage than that has been accorded hitherto.
Major Forest Fire Disasters in India during the Past few Years
The normal fire season in India is from the month of February to mid June. India witnessed the most severe forest fires in the recent time during the summer of 1995 in the hills of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. The fires were very severe and attracted the attention of whole nation. An area of 677,700 ha was affected by fires. The quantifiable timber loss was around Rs. 17.50 crores (US$ 43 million; Rs. 1 crore = 10 million rupees). The loss to timber increment, loss of soil fertility, soil erosion, loss of employment, drying up of water sources and loss to bio-diversity were not calculated by the Committee appointed by the Government to enquire into the causes of fires, as these losses are immeasurable but very significant from the point of view of both economy as well as ecology. The fires in the hills resulted in smoke in the area for quite a few days. The smoke haze, however, vanished after the onset of rains. These fires caused changes in the micro-climate of the area in the form of soil moisture balance and increased evaporation. Lack of adequate manpower, communication and, water availability in the hills helped this fire spread rapidly reaching the crown level. The thick smoke spread over the sky affecting visibility up to 14,000 feet.
Estimation of Losses from Forest Fires
The statistics on forest fire damage are very poor in the country. In the absence of proper data, it is difficult to arrive at the accurate losses from the forest fires. Moreover, the losses from fires in respect of changes in biodiversity, carbons sequestration capability, soil moisture and nutrient losses etc. can not be measured but, nevertheless, are very significant from the point of view of ecological stability and environmental conservation. To a certain extent, the loss due to forest fires can be estimated based on the inventories made by the FSI as reported in the state of forest report 1995 and subsequent field observations conducted by them. The statistics of losses from forest fires from the various states of the union is still very sketchy and fragmented. Much of the data available does not reflect the ground situation and is grossly under reported. The total reported loss from the states of the union is around Rs 35 crores (US$ 7.3 million) annually.
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The Forest Survey of India, data on forest fire attribute around 50% of the forest areas as fire prone. This does not mean that country's 50% area is affected by fires annually. Very heavy, heavy and frequent forest fire damages are noticed only over 0.8%, 0.14% and 5.16% of the forest areas respectively. Thus, only 6.17% of the forests are prone to severe fire damage. In the absolute term, out of the 63 million ha of forests an area of around 3.73 million ha can be presumed to be affected by fires annually. At this level the annual losses from forest fires in India for the entire country have been moderately estimated at Rs 440 crores (US$ 107 million). This estimate does not include the loss suffered in the form of loss of biodiversity, nutrient and soil moisture and other intangible benefits. Based on the UNDP project evaluation report of 1987, the benefits of pilot project at todays' prices if 40 million ha of forests are saved annually from forest fires due to implementation of modern forest fire control methods the net amount saved at todays' prices would come to be Rs 280 crores (US$ 6.8 million).
Forest Fire Prevention in India
The subject of forests is in the concurrent list of the Constitution of India. The Central Government and State Governments are both competent to legislate on the issue. The issues relating to policy planning and finance is the primary responsibility of the Government of India. The field administration of the forests is the responsibility of the various state governments. The state Government thus have the direct responsibility of the management of forest resources of the country. The fire prevention and control measures are, therefore, carried out by the state forest departments. Each State and Union Territory has its own separate forest department. At the Government of India level, Inspector General of Forests & Special Secretary to the Government of India is the head of the professional forest service in the country. Inspector General of Forests & Special Secretary is assisted by additional Inspector General of Forest and Deputy Inspector Generals. Forest Fire prevention is looked after by the Forest Protection Division in the Ministry, which is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Forests. The Ministry is implementing a plan scheme "Modern Forest Fire Control Methods" in India under which the state governments are provided financial assistance for fire prevention and control.
India has a history of scientific forest management for over 130 years. Forestry practices have been developed for a large number of forest types and species in India. The forests are managed through well prepared forest working plans and fire prevention and control has always constituted an important component of the working plan. Mostly, the
prescriptions relate to employing traditional practices like creation and maintenance of fire lines, fire tracks, control burning, and engaging fire watchers during the fire seasons etc. The villagers situated in and around forest areas are also legally supposed to assist the forest department staff in extinguishing the fires. These methods proved quite effective in controlling forest
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fires in the country, but gradually due to population pressure on forests and resultant conflicts and resource hunger, it became difficult to check forest fires in India through these methods. More and more biotic pressure increased the fire incidences resulting in poor regeneration in forest areas. In view of this, it was felt necessary to implement a modern forest fire fighting regime in the country. A UNDP project was implemented during 1985 to 1990 in the country to address the problem of resource damage from uncontrolled forest fires. The project primarily focused on involving a systematic approach to deal with forest fire damages through tapping of the knowledge gained by some developed countries in preventing, detecting and suppressing forest fires, and its transfer to India. Under this project, a pilot project was launched in two states viz: Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, where severe fires had affected around 50% of the forest area. The two states offered different ecological and physical characteristics and therefore, offered a good opportunity to try the technologies of forest fire prevention and control.
The project yielded excellent results both from the angle of technical suitability and economic efficiency. It clearly demonstrated that the fire incidents can be reduced drastically as in some cases the incidents were reduced by 90% in selected areas.
Based on the success of this project, the Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests initiated a scheme entitled "Modern Forest Fire Control Methods" since 1992-93. The scheme was launched during the 8th Plan period in 11 states where the major forest fires occur. The project covered 60% of the forest areas of the country. Under the scheme, the Government provided financial assistance to state forest departments for procurement of hand tools, fire resistant clothes and fire fighting equipments, wireless sets, construction of fire watch towers, fire finders, creation of fire lines and for research, training and publicity on fire fighting. Under the Central Government an air operation wing was maintained. The project has been continuing during the 9th plan period (1997-2002) and four more states are being added to the list. The Central component of the scheme envisages closing the Air Operation Wing (as it is felt to strengthen the traditional and cost effective methods) and introducing a component of close monitoring of forest fires for creation of data base through Forest Survey of India and involvement of research institutes and other agencies for generating more information on forest fires for better planning and management. Yet another dimension is being added to the project by involving the village forest protection committees constituted under the Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme. The JFM programme is being implemented in 22 states through 35,000 village forest protection committees over an area of 7 million ha. It is proposed to invoke the people's interest and enlist their support for fire prevention and fire fighting operations. The Government is considering setting up of a National Institute of Forest Fire Management with satellite centres in different parts of India to bring the latest forest fire fighting technologies to India through proper research, training of personnel and technology transfer on a long-term basis. Notwithstanding the existing efforts, it is still felt that there is an acute shortage of resources for forest fire prevention, detection, and control and also for research, training and equipments. All attempts need to be made to obtain more financial resources and technical assistance within the country and also to tap the external funding sources for developing permanent fire fighting capabilities.
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V.K.Bahuguna Deputy Inspector General of Forests Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India Paryavaran Bhawan, C.G.O. Complex Lodhi Road New-Delhi 110 003 INDIA Fax: ++91-11-436-3232
Controlling Forest Fire Incidences by Generating Awareness A Case Study from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve,
Coimbatore, India
(IFFN No. 20 - March,p. 10-15)
The peninsular India constitutes one of the mega biodiversity zones of the world which is abundant with unique and diversified floral and faunal wealth. The prevailing tropical climate coupled with physical and environmental factors have unitedly evolved impact on resources pattern and many eco-subsystems which is highly complex and fragile in nature. The land ecosystem is facing mounting problems in the cruel hands of human beings. One of the causative factors is forest fire, either natural or man-made, which periodically covers larger areas in the tropics destroying timber, other properties and life beyond measures.
In India the ecosystems are under severe threat due to the recurrent fires apart from the anthropogenic pressure on the forests which is attributed to the degradation, soil erosion,
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reduced productivity etc. Every year some or other part of the forests in India is facing the agony in the cruel hands of mankind by putting fire intentionally in the forests which causes severe damages to the regeneration as well as the soils.
Forest fires and indiscriminate grazing are among the most important factors that affect natural regeneration in the forests. According to the Forest Survey of India, an average of 54.7% of forests are affected by fire and 72.1% of the forest area is subjected to grazing. More than 95% of the forest fire incidents in India are human-caused, the main fire starters being the graziers.
In India forest fires are a significant and one of the increasing contributory factors in this degradation process, although the extent of total damage is widely disputed. According to the study by Srivastava, during the sixth five year plan (1980-85) 17,852 fires were reported affecting an area of 5.7 million ha or an annual average of some 1.14 million ha (Sangal 1989). Even this range may be regarded as conservative. Data collected by the Forest Survey of India indicate that the forest area that is affected by annual fires may be as high as 37 million ha (Ministry of Environment & Forests, 1987).
Forest fire and its management have long history in Indian forestry. The traditional method of fire protection in the past was used to be an elaborate network of fire lines, block lines, and guidelines. Though it was successful when the population pressure was low, it no longer works effectively against the will of the person to put fire now-a-days. Therefore intensive management to prevent, detect and suppress forest fires is the need of the hour by evolving latest strategies to protect the environment and the atmosphere, with the use of modern fire equipments and other mechanical aids, apart from involving local people by creating awareness in regard to biodiversity.
The existing human resources pattern in the forest department at present disproportionate with its vastness in extent and undulation to be handled by the forest staff against illicit cutting, poaching, sandalwood smuggling and more so from forest fire. On an average 500 ha of forests have to be patrolled by one forest guard, and it does not seem to be likely that this human resource will be sufficient to detect and prevent all forest fires.
The forests of India are characterized by high biodiversity with approximately 35,000 plant species and 75,000 animal species. India is also a place where scientific forestry has been in practice for more than 130 years. From time immemorial, forests were looked upon both tangible and intangible benefits. However, from the 1970's the stress or focus on tangible benefits has slowly shifted to indirect aspects of forests such as environmental and ecological benefits. From 1972 Stockholm Conference onwards, the central theme of every department issue is on environment and ecology. This does not mean that the production aspects of forestry are less important. India has approximately one fifth of the land area under control of the State Forest Departments. Nearly 600 million rural people depend on forest either for their sustenance or for livelihood. Almost 30% of India's population still live below poverty line.
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Hence, the rich land resource in the custody of the forest department is important to meet their basic needs of firewood, fodder and non-wood forest produces. As a result of uncontrolled forest utilization, however, forests are rapidly degraded and depleted.
India is predominantly an agrarian society with extended agricultural systems which border and merge with reserved forest areas. From Jammu-Kashmir (northernmost part of India) to Kanniyakumari (southernmost part of India), the villages are located on the fringes of forest. More than 70% population are dependent directly or indirectly on the forest. For example, cattle has free access to forest for grazing throughout the year. Fuel wood for cooking comprising of many species comes out from the reserved forest.
Fig.1. In India nearly 600 million rural people depend on forest either for their sustenance or for livelihood. The vast majority of forest fires are caused by people, mostly as a consequence of utilization of wood and non-wood forest product utilization. Photo: J.G. Goldammer (GFMC).
In general the people living on the fringes of forests are unaware of the biodiversity concept. Their concept of forest is just confined to big animals such as elephants, tigers, panthers, etc., as well as big trees such as Teak, Sal, Deodar, Rose wood, and others, and they are totally unaware of the micro-flora and micro-fauna which are of least or no value to them. In the recent past even when the scorching sun has given a severe impact on the rain forest, one can imagine the fate of Indian Forest which are put on flames every year whether intentionally or unintentionally due to heavy pressure of the population all along the reserve forests boundaries. One or the other part of the forest area from northernmost to southernmost region is facing agony of the forest fire incidences in the hands of human beings at the peak period of summer (from December to May in Southern India and March to June in Northern India) in the process of which regeneration composition of the land is getting changed slowly and slowly and paving way to emergence of only fire hardy species.
In the process of civilization, modern humans have emerged out with developmental processes which causes so much agony to the 'Nature God', it is badly reflecting in the form of environmental degradation and causing global warming. The recent fires in Indonesia, Australia and South Mexico has drawn the attention of the environmentalists to the sufferings of human beings as well as wild animals. Most endangered species for example Orangutan have lost habitats in some parts of Indonesia and it was forced to rehabilitate in some other place. One can imagine the fate of unrecognised flora and fauna.
Implementation of Innovative Scheme
Considering the disastrous impact on the forest wealth an innovative scheme was launched to prevent forest fire by involving the local rural masses in creating
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environmental awareness. The Scheme was implemented in Coimbatore division of Tamil Nadu, India which is a part of Western Ghats and also one of the important biospheres of the world. The selected area used to get affected with fire by the graziers, illicit cutters, poachers, etc. Western Ghats constitutes prominent and fascinating features of peninsular India. It runs parallel to West coast ranging from Tapti valley in Gujarat to Kanniyakumari of Tamil Nadu covering a distance of 1600 km covering a total area of 51,185 km2 out of which Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu cover an area of 12,760 km2.
On account of its geographical position it intercepts South west monsoon winds which is the chief source of rain for the greater part of the country. Due to prevailing tropical climate the variability in the altitude and amount of rainfall the region enjoys the boundary of biological resources. Physical and environmental factors have unitedly evolved impact on resources pattern and many sub ecosystem. They have become highly complex and very fragile under the sub systems. This Western Ghats include one of the important biosphere of India viz, Nilgiri biosphere which is the unique and richest bio-geographical zone and fascinating feature in the Indian subcontinent holding multifarious endemic floristic and faunal wealth. The Western Ghats are occupied by more prominent species viz Tectona grandis, Dalbergia latifolia, Terminalia paniculata, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellarica, Terminalia arjuna, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Grewia tilifolia, Gmelina arborea, Santalum album, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Shola spp., etc. The Nilgiri biosphere reserve also forms part of important corridors for the movement of elephants with regional connectivity. It is having fragile ecosystem of Shola grasslands which face mounting problems due to overutilization. One of the most important causative factors of degradation is wildfire which has contributed to the alteration of these ecosystems.
The Coimbatore Division selected for this programme has a size of about 680 km2 with headquarters in Coimbatore City. Most of the forested region is located on the eastern slopes of the Nilgiri Hills with altitudes ranging from 245 m a.s.l. in the Bhavani valley up to 1450 m. Most of the Division, including the forested areas, lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats, with an annual rainfall of about 750 mm; the high elevations receive about 2000 mm precipitation mainly during the Northeast monsoon rains in October-November. Bhavani, Moyar, Noyilar and Walayar are the major rivers. The Division encloses six forest ranges (Coimbatore, Boluvampatti, Mettupalayam, Perianaickenpalayam, Karamadai and Sirumugai)
The Division is an important part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve with many areas, even though small in extent, forming important corridors ensuring regional connectivity for large mammal populations. Nearly 60% of the forests are dry deciduous and hence highly vulnerable to fire. Most of the remaining moist forests have open grasslands that are highly flammable in the dry months. The Division is rich in commercial timber species such as teak, rosewood and sandal wood and in non-timber forest produces such as tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Soapnut (Sapindus emarginatus), gallnut (Terminalia belirica), Nellikai (Phyllanthus emblica), seekai (Acacia sinuata), neem seeds (Azadirachta indica), avaram (Cassia auriculata), and bark of Cassia fistula.
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Forest fires are a major recurrent management problem, even though the incidence and extent may vary from year to year depending primarily on rainfall during the dry fire season. Fire mostly affects the dry deciduous forests on the eastern slopes in January-March. It is believed that most of the fires are deliberately started by graziers (to get a fresh growth of grass), fuel wood and charcoal collectors, non-timber forest produce (NTFP) collectors, poachers, etc. Control of forest fires in this Division had followed traditional forestry practices of maintaining a network of firelines, and clearing them and conducting controlled burning before the fire season. Early detection of fire by a large number of seasonally appointed fire watchers, and once detected its containment with some level of local participation were standard and regular practice during the fire season. Even though relatively successful in the long past, for the last many years there has been a progressive failure in the prevention and control of forest fires. It has been felt that the incidence and intensity of fires have been on the increase, particularly considering the reduction in forest area that has taken place. This failure is attributed to several reasons: a progressive reduction in the allocation of resources for fire prevention and control (in terms of funds, personnel, equipment etc); there has been an increase in the interaction between people and forests (e.g. grazing, fuelwood collection) that leads to fire; there has been an alienation between people and forests in their neighbourhood due to various reasons so that the local people are no longer interested in cooperating in the control of forest fire.
In this background a project was launched in Coimbatore Forest Division, Western Ghats, to generate awareness among the rural masses and a greater success was achieved in the control of forest fire through the participation of local people. We did not however decide upon the form or extent of participation, leaving it to the course of events that would follow once we initiated an interaction with the local people.
We began in mid 1994 with a survey of human and cattle population inside and in the periphery of the reserved forests. We identified 49 human settlements inside the reserved forests with human population of about 10,000 people and a livestock population of about 5000 animals (goats, sheep, cows, buffaloes). We also identified 97 villages adjoining reserved forests, with a human population of about 240,000 people, and a livestock population of about 15,000 animals. A survey was made of the incidence and extent of forest fire from 1991 to 1995, based on records that are maintained by the forest department. These are records are likely to underestimate both incidence varied from 10 (in 1994 and 1995) to 55 in 1992. The area affected varied from about 20 ha in 1992 to about 40 ha in 1994. The percentage of area affected by fire varied from 0.06 to 0.30%. This is not a realistic figure since most of the forest fires are not reported by the lower staff due to various constraints. Some of the reserved forests were more affected than others and consistently so across the years. Villages inside and adjoining these reserve forests (23 in all) were selected for a campaign against forest fire.
The campaign to enlighten the villagers covered all media; by way of dum-dum in settlements deep inside the forest, pamphlets and posters, marches with loud speakers and placards, and local cable TV net work. Following this, public meetings were held in the centre of villages in which villagers were encouraged to speak extempore about forests
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and forest fire. From the forest department we explained the importance of forests at the local, national and global scale and the havoc that forest fire can play. The need to control forest fire, the necessity of local people's participation in the fire control, and the background in which stiff penalties were imposed on people who deliberately started forest fires were explained. We found that villagers were keen to listen to their own people speaking rather than uniformed forest department staff. In most of the villages there was a good response during the meetings with many people coming forward to speak about their perception of forest fires and their impacts, and ways of controlling them. Many offered their full cooperation and some in return requested for specific services to be rendered by the forest department. Most of these requests related to long standing demands of the villagers that did not come within the jurisdiction of the forest department such as a tube well, periodic visits by a doctor etc. Meeting most of these demands required the role of forest department to coordinate with other government departments with no major financial commitments. Efforts were made by us to get these requests fulfilled, in many cases with success.
The initial meetings in the villages and attempts at fulfilling their genuine long standing demands often successfully, was followed by another round of meetings, one in each village. The major purpose of these meetings was to form a fire protection committee in each village. The major objective of forming such committees was for them to follow up on decisions on action needed to be taken at the local level in fire protection. No particular direction was given by us towards the composition of such committees, except that the local Range officer was the president. The number of members varied from 10 to 46, consisting of men and women from different walks of life. A register was opened which kept a record of the meetings and their outcome.
Massive campaigns was taken up by the forest department only during the fire season. Person to person canvassing is being done by the committee members, with support from the local forest department staff in the form of educational materials and training sessions conducted by the Range officers.
In 1994-95, the incidence of forest fire was minimal due to unseasonal rains.The campaign was also taken in the beginning stages. Other than an increase in the voluntary participation of local people in the fire control, it is difficult to evaluate the impact of the campaign at that juncture. In 1995-96, the incidence of forest fire was very low throughout the Western Ghats. Among the 23 committees that were formed in the villages, some were very active in campaigning against forest fire, and in participating in its control. In some villages the response was lukewarm and in the others none. A participation and its impact on the prevention and control of forest fire is yet to be made, partly because it is too early to make such an assessment.
Fig.2. Posters and billboards are important carriers of fire prevention
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messages throughout India. Photo: J.G.Goldammer (GFMC).
Lessons
We have learnt three important lessons from the above small experiment in eliciting peoples' participation in forest fire control. The first is about village committees. We found that committees are best formed after a period of interaction with people, and not as a first step. Committees formed without a period of interaction often contained many members whose initial enthusiasm withered away too soon. An initial period of interaction, on the other hand, often brought forward individuals who had a long term commitment to the cause.
The second lesson was that the forest department representative was a critical person whose presence in committee meetings was necessary to sustain the interest of committee in forest fire control. Without him the committees itself tended to underestimate its importance, and with his continued absence the committee tended to wither away.
A third lesson was regarding the sustainability of this initiative. It is only two years since this experiment began. In order to judge whether it is effective and worth emulating elsewhere, it is necessary to continue for a number of years. Whether this would happen or not depends to a large extent on the interest of forest department itself, especially the local and middle level staff.
Conclusions
Forest fire and its management have long history in Indian Forestry. In 1954, the Chief Conservator of Forests of Madhya Pradesh, Mr. C.E.Hewetson, stated that the conception of forest fire protection was one of the most creative and far reaching in its effects. Not only it was essential to allow the drier forest to regenerate, but also it was and it is the most powerful single weapon in soil conservation. It was a tragedy that this idea of complete fire protection gradually eroded away by the urge for economy in expenditure. The most successful method of fire protection in the past used to be an elaborate network of fire lines, blocklines and guidelines, and their early clearing and burning. This system used to work very well and still does when population pressure on the forest is low. With increasing human population in and around forest areas, and their dependence for fodder, fuel wood and other non-timber forest produce, the traditional systems of fire control no longer works effectively. The human resources available with the forest department have not increased with increasing human pressure on the forest. On an average in India, nearly 500 ha of forest is patrolled by one guard and one watcher. It is practically impractical to monitor and control the forest fire in such a large area which is having free access by the intruders from all sides. Unnatural forest fire causes imbalance to the nature which reflects very badly on the biodiversity and reduces floral and faunal wealth. Forests in developing countries which are adjoining the habitat of rural settlements where the people are not aware of the importance of the forests. The whole stretch of the forest area is not fenced and it is having a free access from all sides by the intruders causing tremendous pressure on these forests. Unless man himself realises the importance of
57
forests it is not going to work effectively for the conservation of natural forests. At this juncture awareness campaign will go a long way to bring down the forest fire incidences through the pioneer leaders who comes forward for the cause of conservation of natural resources.
Reference
Sangal, P.M. 1989. A suggested classification of forest fires in India by types and causes. Paper presented at the National Seminar on Forest Fire Fighting, Kulamaru (Kerala), 2-3 November 1989.
Rajiv K. Srivastava, I.F.S. Deputy Conservator of Forests
Bharathi Park Road Coimbatore - 641 043 Tamil Nadu INDIA
Forest Fire Modelling Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study From Northeast India
Hussin, Yousif Ali, Sharma, Neeraj
Forest fire has an important influence on the vegetation cover, dependent fauna, soil, stream flow, air quality, microclimate and perhaps even general climate. The loss of the timber is obvious and so is the damage to life and property. The loss of recreation value of the forest and the destruction to wildlife are also readily perceived. However, the damage to the protective value of the forest are not equally discernable. The question is whether the extent and seriousness of the damage justifies the cost and effort to preventing or suppressing fire outbreaks. The obvious answer is to try to avert forest fire by knowing the susceptibility of the disaster previously.
Forest fire; the effect of natural and man caused catastrophe has emphasized the need for developing a broader view of many natural processes. It is quite clear that an innovative approach on fire hazard area modelling requires the use of new techniques for obtain, processing and displaying spatial information in a timely and cost effective manner. These bring remote sensing and geographical information system in the scenario.
This study is focus on a national park situated in the foothills of the great Himalayas in northeast India. These areas have suffered of many fires during this and last century. The main objective of this study is to develop a fire hazard rating model using simulation
58
techniques, assist in fire risk zone mapping, and explicitly be used for effective forest fire management in this region.
The results shows that the proposed fire hazard model preformed appropriately in identifying the areas subjected to higher fire risk. A comparison with area actually affected by fire gives perspicacity about the pertinence of the selected variables and the hazard groups distinguished within them. The successful integration of the model into GIS initiates the process of operationalization of this model.
Key words: forest fire, remote sensing, GIS.
Correspondence:
Yousif Ali Hussin,
The International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC),
P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede,
The Netherlands
Telefax: 31-53-874-399
E-mail: [email protected]
59
Cyclone: Cyclones are intense low pressure systems that develop in the oceanic area surrounding Indian Sub- continent. It has two seasons namely one is the pre monsoon season which is in the month of April and May and the second is Post monsoon which is from October to December. In a cyclone there is a strong atmospheric disturbance accompanied by powerful winds blowing in a clock wise direction in the Northern hemisphere and in an anti clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. The low pressure systems are termed depending on the intensity of this surface wind.
The “eye of the Cyclone” is one where the clouds gather around the center. This is also called the zone of calm. The edge of the eye is called the “wall of the eye” which is in a radius of 20 – 50 Kilometers. So, we can say that the cyclone is associated with strong winds, torrential rains and storm surge. CYCLONE WARNING SYSTEMS IN INDIA “WALL OF THE EYE” “EYE” Indian Meteorological Department is the nodal Agency for ving, detecting, tracking and forecasting cyclones. Cyclone tracking is done through the INSAT satellite at 12 detection radars based in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Vishakhapatnam, Machalipatnam, Kalpakam, Chennai, Goa, Cochin, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Jailesmer and New Delhi. DISSEMINATION OF WARNING: Cyclone warning is disseminated by following means:-
i) High priority telegram ii) Doordarshan iii) All India Radio iv) Bulletins in the press v) Satellite based disaster warning systems vi) Teleprint vii) Telex viii) Telephone and
Low Pressure systems Wind speed in Kms. Depression 36 – 55 Deep Depression 56 – 66 Cyclonic storm 67 – 96 Severe Cyclonic storm 96 – 117 Severe Cyclonic storm with crore of Hurricane
> 117
Formation of a Cyclone
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ix) Government channel Cyclone warnings are disseminated to:-
• Commercial shipping and Navy • Port Authorities • Fisheries officials • Commercial Aviation • Officers of Central and state government • General public
CYCLONE WARNING DISSEMINATION CHANNEL: Message
Note: Care to be taken that the information passed on is user friendly. PREPARING FOR CYCLONE: Cyclones which are a natural hazard need not become a disaster, if we are prepared to deal with them. Some preparedness measures that we need to carry out at the individual and at the government level are: Pre Disaster Individual
♦ Listen to the weather report in radio/TV and if possible disseminate the information to the local people
♦ Move cattle’s to high land
Block Control Room
Community
IMD Revenue Control room/ Special Relief Commissioner
District Control Room
61
♦ Store adequate food grains, water medicines, kerosene, lantern, matchbox, dry cell
♦ Keep important papers in the emergency kit ♦ Keep doors and windows locked and if damaged get it repaired ♦ Make sure that proper diet is carried for children and old people ♦ Keep the list of important address and phone number like police, Block
Development officer, relatives residing outside that particular place ♦ Conduct mock drill for yourself ♦ Be calm
Government
o See to it that there is no blockage in the drainage system o Make the Control room functional for 24 hours o Keep sufficient food grains in the areas likely to be cut off o Resource inventory mainly of boats, vehicles for evacuation and providing
relief to be maintained o Health departments to set up mobile health units in the vulnerable pockets
like to be cut off o Identify the safe cyclone shelters and the route chart for evacuation o Identify First Aid and Rescue teams o Ascertain the fodder availability for cattle o Identify relief centers o Inspect, strengthen and repair all approach roads and culverts o Provide mobile wireless sets likely to be cut off o Liaison with the Army, Navy, Coast Guard and Railways locally
During Disaster Individual
♦ Listen to the radio/ community warning system for further details ♦ Close all doors and windows and stay indoors ♦ Paste papers on the glass windows to prevent splints flying into the house ♦ Keep food items and cloths in water proof bags ♦ Don’t venture into the sea ♦ Wear warm cloths for protection ♦ Avoid being misled by rumors. Disseminate information that is only official ♦ Stay away from low lying areas, electric poles, trees ♦ Switch off all electrical appliances
Government
o Evacuate people to the cyclone shelters immediately o Arrange a patrolling group who would take care of the property left by the
people o See to it that all vehicles are stopped o See to it that there is enough food stock, drinking water and common
medicines o Announce the latest bulletin to the community at periodic interval
Post Disaster Individual
♦ Don’t move out until officially informed
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♦ Use the recommended route for returning ♦ Check whether there is a gas leak before using the stove ♦ Dry electrical appliances thoroughly before use ♦ Get oneself inoculated against diseases immediately at the nearest hospitals
and seek medical care ♦ Be careful of snake bites ♦ All debris should be cleared ♦ Damage assessment to be done
Government Do’s
o Rescue and evacuation process to be initiated immediately for those who are stranded
o Restore roads and power supply o Provide relief and safe drinking water to the affected population o Check outbreak of any epidemics o Mobile Health units to be mobilized o Help from voluntary organizations may be welcomed o Damage assessment to be carried out
Don’ts
o Don’t keep loose objects like cans, tins outside o Don’t spread rumors o Don’t stay indoors if asked by the authorities to evacuate o Don’t venture out o Don’t touch loose wires
Flood: Floods occur when the water flows or rises above and beyond its normal place or course. The danger it causes to people and infrastructure is called “flood hazard”. The most common type of flood occurs when a river overflows its banks, and the water spreads on the surrounding land, called a “riverine flood’. The amount of water the river can hold before the flood starts is called the “cannel capacity”. Statistical data shows that about one fifth of the global deaths counts for floods is from India and globally around 30 million people are displaced annually. The most flood prone areas are the Brahmaputra, Ganga and the Meghna basins in the Indo- Gangatic Brahmaputra plains in the North and the Northeast India. The other flood prone areas are the northwest regions with the west flowing rivers like the Narmada and Tapti and the east flowing rivers namely Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Cauvery. The main causes of floods are:-
• Heavy rains in the upper catchments • Rains in that particular area • Snow melting and flowing into the river. • Strong tides • Storm at sea • Siltation and sedimentation of the river bed
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• Blocking of the river channels • Change of the course of the river • Ineffective engineering design in the construction of the embankments, dams
and cannels. DISSEMINATION OF WARNING: Flood warning is disseminated by following means:-
x) High priority telegram xi) Doordarshan xii) All India Radio xiii) Bulletins in the press xiv) Satellite based disaster warning systems xv) Teleprint xvi) Telex xvii) Telephone and xviii) Government channel
FLOOD WARNING DISSEMINATION CHANNEL: Message
PREPARING FOR FLOODS: Floods which are a natural hazard need not become a disaster, if we are prepared to deal with them. Some preparedness measures that we need to carry out at the individual and at the government level are: Pre Disaster Individual Preparedness:
♦ Know the route of the nearest safe shelter ♦ First Aid kit should be ready with extra medicines for snake bite and diarrhea ♦ Tie up all valuables at the top of the roof ♦ Radio with extra batteries, torch, ropes to be kept ready ♦ Store dry ration, kerosene, biscuits, baby food for atleast 7 days
Block Control Room
Community
IMD Revenue Control room/ Special Relief Commissioner
District Control Room
Water Resource Control Room
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♦ Water proof bags, polythenes to store clothes and valuables ♦ Be ready with umbrella and bamboo sticks ( to protect yourself from snakes) ♦ Identify a highland/ mound for the cattle and have sufficient fodder for them ♦ As soon as you receive warning tune to the local news in the radio/ Television
for the latest update ♦ Don’t spread rumors. Get authentic data and then announce it. ♦ Check your emergency kit
If you have to Evacuate
♦ Pack clothes, essential medicines, valuables, personal papers in a water proof bag
♦ Inform the Disaster management Team member to the place that you are shifting to
♦ Raise furniture and appliances to a higher place ♦ Switch off all electrical appliances ♦ Put sandbags in the toilet bowl and cover all sewage backflow. ♦ Lock your house and take the route suggested ♦ Don’t into water of unknown depth and current
Government Preparedness:
o Update all the resource inventory o Control room should be functional for 24 hours o Identify all the shelter places where people could be evacuated o Activate all the First Aid and the Rescue and Evacuation team o See to it that there is no blockage in the flow of the river o Ascertain the availability of dry food, drinking water and medicines o Ascertain the fodder availability for cattle’s o Mobilise boats, vehicles which will help in evacuation and rescue operation
and also in the distribution of relief o Prior storage of food grains in the vulnerable pockets o Identify the relief centers o Inspect, strengthen and repair all the approach roads and culverts o Provide mobile wireless sets the villages likely to be cut off o Arrange adequate hand pumps where wells are likely to be inundated o Liaison with army, Navy, Coast guards and the Railways locally o Prepare maps of alternate route, resources available
During Disaster Individual
♦ Drink boiled water or put halogen tablets ♦ Keep food covered. Don’t take heavy meals and eat food that is hot ♦ Use raw tea, rice water, coconut water during diarrhea ♦ Be careful of snake bites as snake bites are common ♦ Don’t let children stay in empty stomach ♦ Avoid entering flood water. Stay away from water which is above knee depth
Government
o Carry out rescue and evacuation o Operation of Control Room and provide warning update
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o Provide relief materials o Mobilizing resources like boat, dry food, temporary shelter o Ensuring the availability of medicines, drinking water, tankers etc o Coordination at various levels and agencies o Mobile health units to be made available o Damage assessment of life, livestock, crop and livelihood
Post Disaster Individual
♦ Listen to the latest flood bulletin before moving before moving from the shelter place
♦ Use recommended routes to return back ♦ Dry all electrical equipments before using it ♦ Avoid touching any loose wire ♦ Be ware of snake bites ♦ Clean the house and disinfect the surrounding by using bleaching powder
Government
o Rescue people who are stranded o Restore roads and power supply o Provide safe drinking water o Check outbreak of any epidemics o Mobile health teams to be mobilized o Take the help of the NGOs o Carry out damage assessment o Ensure that adequate, timely and speedy credit is available to the farmers for
purchasing agricultural inputs and cattle’s.
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PROCESS OF PREPARING THE VILLAGE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN: DETAILED STEPS 1. Review and analysis of the past disasters in that area Hazardous events similar to or equal to disaster and the extent of damage in terms of life loss in the past 20 years of the village is to be reviewed and the type of disaster and it’s trend is analyzed. Accordingly, the village volunteers facilitate the villagers to prepare the Village Disaster Management Plan (VDMP). Analysis of disasters in an area can be done as per the format given below.
History of Disasters (last 20 years)
Type of Losses Sl No
Type of Hazard
Year of occurrence Human Livestock Crop Houses Infrastructure
1.
Seasonality of Hazard
Months Sl No. Type of Hazard
Jan - March Apr - June July - Sept Oct - Dec
The seasonality of hazard and the history of hazard of a particular village can be reflected in the form of a pie chart or a bar diagram. 2. Mapping Village mapping is to be done by the villagers under the guidance of the trained village volunteers and the Village Disaster Management Committee.
v Social Mapping: In this map, the following things are to be shown- - Habitation in the village (total no. of houses in each hamlet) - Type of houses (kutcha, pucca, tiled / asbestos) - Roads (kutcha / pucca) - Embankments - Bridges (concrete / temporary) - Water sources (Ponds, wells, Tube
wells, Lift irrigation points, canals, rivers)
- Community infrastructure (places of religious worship, club houses, cyclone shelters, schools, Post Office, Public Health Centers, etc.)
Resource Mapping: The map should show the available resources of the village
Mapping exercise of a village
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- Lands (forest, agricultural, grazing land) - Tube wells, Ponds, irrigation facilities - Grain bank, boats - Government and Private institutions (Financial Institutions,
Health Centers, rice processing mills, NGO, Office) - Livelihood assets, etc
Risk/Vulnerability Mapping: The maps should show the vulnerable populace, property and assets at risk. The map should focus on “who is at risk” and “what is at risk”.
- Vulnerable houses (partially broken or weak houses, thatched houses, etc
- People at risk like old, sick, pregnant women, physically or mentally challenged persons, single women & children below 5 years.
- Fishermen at sea, cattle and livestock etc. - Vulnerable embankments - Livelihood assets like nets, boats, etc
Opportunity/ Safe Mapping/ alternate route mapping: The map should show all the places within the village where the villagers can take shelter at the time of emergency and all others that reduce risk to life and property.
- Cyclone/flood shelters, high land or mounds, schools, community center, high embankments, etc.
- Pucca houses on high land. - All the alternate route system both road ways and water ways. - Existing health, medical and sanitation facilities that can be
used and strengthened at the time of any disaster. Note: For more details on mapping and task force {VDMT] formations refer to the manual on preparation of Community Contingency Plans for floods and cyclones.
3. Formation of Village Disaster Management Teams {DMTs} These are the taskforce members who would carry out the activities in pre, during and post disaster period. Taskforce comprises of members from the village. Based on the need of the village, different groups mentioned below would be formed. The roles and responsibilities of the groups and the individual members would be clearly described in
Villagers carrying out a social map A complete vulnerability map of the village
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the plan. These villagers would be purely volunteers who should be brave enough to combat any disaster.
Disaster Situation and Response Sl. No.
Action Group Pre During Post
1 Warning * * * 2 Shelter Management * * * 3 Evacuation and Rescue * * * 4 First Aid and Medical * * * 5 Water and Sanitation * * * 6 Carcass Disposal * 7 Trauma counseling * 8 Damage assessment * 9 Relief and Coordination * * * 10 Patrolling * * *
4. Specialized training to the Village DMTs: The different Village Disaster Management Teams (VDMT) / taskforce teams are trained in different aspects, namely Early Warning, Rescue and Evacuation, Health and First Aid, Trauma Counseling, Water and Sanitation, etc.
COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION
FIRST AID TEAM
ROLE OF VDMC
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
COUNSELING
WATER SANITATION & CARCASS DISPOSAL
EVACUATION / SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS
SHELTER MANAGEMENT
RELIEF AND COORDINATION TEAM
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Members of the warning group will be trained to understand the radio warnings and act fast to disseminate the same throughout the village. Training on Health and First Aid and Water and Sanitation may be conducted by Master Trainers trained by St. John’s Ambulance or with the help of the Medical Officer from the Primary Health Center (PHC) or Community Health Center (CHC). These volunteers trained in First Aid can also act as proactive facilitators during immunization camps, health camps, etc. The Rescue & Evacuation training can be carried out with support from Civil Defense personnel, and the local police station / fire station. The DMT training can be either organized in each village or by clubbing 2-3 village taskforce members. 4. Formation of Community Contingency Fund: Community may be encouraged to set up a community contingency fund is generated by the community, which can be used by the villagers in pre, during and post disaster periods. The fund so generated may be deposited in an account in a Bank/ Post office saving bank. Such account may be operated by 2-3 VDMC members selected by the VDMC. Each household would then contribute a fixed amount of money (say Rs.5/- or Rs.10/-) per month as decided by the villagers. In cases where a village fund is already existing, the same can also be used as “Contingency fund” if approved by the villagers. 6. Approval of the VDMP in Pallisabha After the completion of the VDMP, it is the responsibility of the VDMC to get it approved in the Pallisabha. Rules and regulations of organizing a Pallisabha
♦ The ward member is the head of the Pallisabha. If there are many ward members, then one of them can be nominated on a rotation basis as the President
♦ Members of the Pallisabha - All the villagers of that revenue village enrolled in the voters list are the Pallisabha members.
♦ Pallisabha meeting - Statutorily, the Pallisabha is held once in a year - in the month of February apart from that a meeting can be called if there is any thing important to discuss or finalize, like any development work for the village
♦ Community members may be encouraged to attend the Palli sabha. The Gram Panchayat Extension / Nodal Officer, Sarpanch, Nayab Sarpanch, Ward member should also be present
First Aid DMTs
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♦ A fixed date, time and venue should be set for the Pallisabha and everybody should be informed seven days ahead so that maximum participation is ensured.
♦ The proceedings of the Pallisabha should be documented and duly signed by all the members present in the Sabha.
7. Mock Drill Once the plan is approved and the Disaster management teams are trained, it is the responsibility of the VDMC to carry out the mock drills. The idea of holding a mock drill is to “practice” and test ones readiness prior to any disaster. The mock drills will help the Taskforce teams to perform and discharge their duties efficiently. Mock drill will
also help to verify and cross check the soundness of the plan. Steps involved in carrying out a Mock Drill There are several steps that have to be undertaken to carry out a Mock Drill. These steps can vary depending on the situation and circumstances. The basic components of a mock drill are elucidated in the following, I. ROLE OF THE VILLAGE DISASTER MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE [VDMC] The first step for carrying out the ‘Mock Drill’ is to mobilize the community, and encourage participation. To prepare and mobilize the people of a village, certain things need to be discussed and clarified like, having a measurable objective for the need for a mock drill exercise, the involvement and type of support that should be garnered among the villagers, the materials required, and the venue with specific date and time for the mock drill, at the convenience of all the participants. The selection of the venue is very important. The venue has to be a concrete building / shelter place preferably located in the center and should be identified with a water body nearby. Prior permission should be obtained from the owner of the shelter. Also, permission to use the pond for practicing the water rescue techniques should be obtained beforehand. Furthermore, the rescue and first aid kit should be made available. Rescue kits may be the traditional coping mechanisms like the tubes, rafts, etc that are available in the village. The next step is to Plan the actions of various Taskforce. This can be done through discussion with the Disaster Management Team and prepare the action plans, specifying the roles and responsibilities of each taskforce member. The items needed for this part of the plan are the VDMP, Notebooks, Chart papers / big sheets of paper, and pens. A trend analysis needs to be done showing the types of hazards and the potentials existing within and around the village. This information can be displayed in the form of Social maps, resource maps, vulnerability or risk maps, safe maps and alternate route maps of the village, historical transects, etc.
Villagers carrying out mock drill
71
Finally, the practical implementation of the plan is required to be carried out. This would be a mock-up or simulation of the pre-, during, and post-disaster occurrence. It would mainly concern the role of the Warning Group on receipt of warning i.e. 24 – 36 hours ahead of the disaster. This phase of the VDMP would include the dissemination of information from the members of the Warning Group to other villagers of the impending disaster. The warnings can be from Government or Media sources. Care must be taken to ensure that there is no false alarm and cause for panic. Therefore, on receipt of the information, the Warning Group is responsible to immediately confirm the validity of the information from the Government (Block / Tahasil / Police Station). The warning team is also in charge of circulating information regarding the latest situation and also whether there is a chance of a relapse. The items required to facilitate this phase of the VDMP are Radio / Television (if available, Conch shells, bells, drums, or any other kind of siren, electronic or otherwise. Preparation for facing disasters also necessitates the procurement of dry ration, medicine, first aid materials, etc from the village contingency fund. ROLE OF EVACUATION / SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS TEAM Its primary role is to identify the already existing list of vulnerable people i.e. pregnant / lactating mothers, children, and the elderly, as well as focus on susceptible sites in the village. This team is in charge of helping households to pack the necessary items like money, clothes, medicines,
baby food, dry food, water, utensils, and other valuables and keep them safe. This can be done using a simple method like tying the valuables to the main beam of the roof or by burying them underground. This taskforce would also be accountable for shifting people / livestock to safer places during or after the disaster. They would also be the ones who would re-enter a disaster struck area for search and rescue operations. This kind of work requires a lot of skill. Consequently, the volunteers should be given the necessary training. The pre - requisites to
carry out successful search and rescue operations, lies in the preparedness of the taskforce. They would require up-to-date VDMP and related maps, saws, ropes, jerry cans, stretchers, medicines, and first aid kits, sacks, tubes, torches, cutting equipments, temporary chulas, kerosene, firewood, cutters, bags, locks, bamboo, nets, etc. An additional requirement would be a big flag that could be used in case there would be air dropping of relief material into the affected area. SHELTER MANAGEMENT TEAM This team has to practice all the procedures required to identify safe shelter places for the human and bovine population of the village. These places should be marked in advance with red flags. In addition, this team is also required to construct temporary toilets on elevated land separately for both men and women. They should make arrangements for safe drinking water, availability of medical kits, etc. They should also prepare for unforeseen events like for example, keeping a delivery kit in case there is a pregnant woman. To avoid unnecessary complications during the time of disaster, name lists of persons taking shelter should be prepared. This should select team leaders within each shelter who would in turn be responsible for the well being of the people inside the shelter.
Villagers practicing water rescue techniques
Rescue techniques being de- monstrated by villagers
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This phase of the mock drill requires bleaching powder, brooms, tarpaulins, dry food, first aid kits with medicines, firewood, fuel, floor mats, paper, pens, notebooks, maps, lanterns, torches, extra cells etc. FIRST AID TEAM This team would be accountable for preparing an updated list of the vulnerable people in the village at regular intervals. Moreover, the first aid kit has to be kept ready with medicines for fever, diarrhea, cuts, burns, fractures, sprains, lesions, etc. Medicines like ORS, bleaching powder, halogen tablets, etc. should always be kept ready by procuring the same from the PHC by utilizing the village contingency fund. Medicines which have crossed the expiry dates are required to be replaced by fresh medicines every three months. In each shelter site, the presence of one male and one female first aid volunteer is imperative and immensely necessary. The first aid team should always keep an updated list of all the people who would require medical assistance, however minor it may seem. They also need to have First Aid Kits which should be readily available for their use. RELIEF AND COORDINATION TEAM The members of the Relief and Coordination team should be present at each shelter site. They would be responsible for distributing relief items like distribution of dry food to the persons in the shelter. All the relief material received from various sources (NGOs / Government) is under the purview of this team.Such receipts have to be duly recorded. This team has to have a list of all the man, woman and children who will be taking refuge in the shelter sites so as to facilitate effective distribution during times of disaster. This team requires a list of all the shelter occupants during times of disaster, pen, paper, notebooks, dry food, clothes, etc for their functioning. WATER SANITATION AND CARCASS DISPOSAL TEAM This team is responsible for providing safe drinking water to the villagers during times of disaster. They are in charge of wrapping the mouths of tube wells with polythene and disinfect tube wells and wells with bleaching powder. They are also accountable for the overall cleanliness of the village. This team has to have polythene, brooms, baskets, saws, cutting equipments, ropes, matchboxes etc. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT BY THE TASK FORCE ALONG WITH THE VILLAGERS This group will assess by holding meeting with the villagers the damage and loss of life and property. The findings will be shared with the Block Development Officer / the Revenue Inspector of the Tahasil / the Sarpanch. To complete their work effectively, this team would be required to prepare a list of damaged items and a list of losses to life and property. They would be required to compute the approximate cost of damage household-wise. COUNSELORS The Counseling team will spread awareness among the community members about the government intervention and support. The members of this group would be responsible for providing counseling to the bereaved / stressed people in the shelter place. Updating the Plan
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The VDMC is also responsible to update the Village Disaster Management Plan [VDMP] as per the latest changes in the data. For e.g. there may be 2 tube wells in a village but the number might increase to 3 within 6 months. Similarly there might be a change in the size of population – either some might have died or a new child might have taken birth.. The VDMP therefore needs to be updated every 6 months and approved in the Palli sabha after the necessary changes. One copy of the plan should be with the leader of the VDMC and another copy with the Gram Panchayat. Conclusion Implementation of the Village Disaster Management Plan helps the villagers to combat f disaster of varying magnitude. Basically un-preparedness at the community level leads to vulnerability and sufferings and VDMP helps in capacity building at the grass root level i.e. the ultimate responder. Therefore the disaster management activity should be integrated with other development work for the village
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Community Contingency Plan (Completed) Village/Hamlet: Revenue Village GP Block Date of preparation of Community Contingency Plan: ……………………….. Resolution by the villagers : Village Profile:
A. Location / Accessibility / Geographical Details: -
1.1 Demographic Details:-
Total Number of Family members Sl. No
Head of the HH Male Female Adults Old >
60 yrs Children < 5 yrs
Total
1.2 Household Details SC ST OBC GEN TOTAL
APL
BPL
APL
BPL
APL
BPL
APL
BPL
APL
BPL
Total Households
1.3 Population SC ST OBC GEN TOTAL
M F M F M F M F M F
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B. Topographical Details
2.1 Total Geographical area (in Hect)
Agricultural Land (ha) High Medium Low
Grazing land
Forest Land (ha)
Others Total area
2.2 Land Holding Pattern (No. of HH)
Big Farmers
Marginal farmers
Small Farmers
Agricultural laborers
Landless Total
2.3 Availability of Mountain / mounds/ Kuda: Sl. No.
Type of High land Distance from Hamlet/village
Remarks
2.4 Cropping Pattern Name of the Villages Type of
Crops Area Cultivated Area under Crop
insurance
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2.5 Drinking Water Sources Sl. No. Name of the Village TubeWell Well PHD
Stand Post
River Canal
2.6 Irrigation Facilities and Source: Source of Irrigation
Irrigated High Land
Irrigated Medium land
Irrigated Low Land
Total irrigated land
Canal Irrigation
Lift Irrigation
Pond
Tube Wells
Others
2.7 Non Irrigated/ Rain Fed Land (Hect.):-
Types of land Land in Hect. 1.High Land
2.Medium land
3.Low land
2.8 Livelihood details Type of Occupation Number of
Persons engaged No. of Households engaged
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Cultivation
Agricultural labour
Non Agricultural Labour
Fishing
Betel Vine
Petty Business
Service
Others (specify)
2.9 Inventory Of Resource: Sl. No.
Type of Infrastructure Yes / No (√√ or X)
Distance Types
Tel. No.
1. GP Head quarter 2. Block Head quarter 3. Schools 4. Community center 5. Temple 6. Electrification 7. Telephone connectivity 8. PDS Outlet 9. Grocery Shop 10. Post Office 11. Police Station/ Outpost
Health sub center
PHC ANM AWW Private Practitioner
12. Health Facilities
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Sl. No.
Type of Infrastructure Yes / No (√√ or X)
Distance Types
Tel. No.
13. TV/ Radio/ VHF 14. Road Connectivity 15. Livestock centers/LI 16. Any Other
2.10 Other Resources:
79
2.11 Identified Safe shelter Places Sl No. Type of
shelter/School Cum Cyclone Shelter
Single/multi Storied and Rooms
Capacity Contact person and Phone no.
Remarks
Resource Type Details Nos. Owner’s name
Contact Telephone No.
Remarks
Transportation and Communication
Bullock cart Tractor Trekker Trolley, rickshaw, Four wheelers Boat Important telephone numbers Any other
Containers Tankers Overhead tankers Jerry cane Big vessels
Cleaning/ cutting equipments
Kodi, karata Kodala, Sabala Rope etc.
Other resources Generator set Pump set lantern Petromax Gas light Solar light
Temporary Shelter
Tents Tarpaulins Bamboo Polythene
80
2.12 Village Organizations Sl No.
Type of Organization (Financial/SHG/CBO/NGO)
No. of Members
Field of Specialization
Contact Address
Telephone No.
Remarks
Private Professionals: Expertise Name Specialty Address Phone
nos. Service facilities available
Doctor Health practitioner Ex-service man Mechanical/civil engineer
VAS Volunteers trained in Rescue operation
Volunteers trained in operating special equipments
Volunteers trained in first aid
Skilled Mechanics Drivers (Road and Water ways)
2.13 Godown/storing facilities:
Sl. No.
Type of godown
Location Capacity Owner/authority Address Telephone
2.14 Industries:
Sl. No.
Name of Industry
Type of Industry
Manpower Machinery/ equipment
Investment Output
81
2.15 Financial Institutions Sl No
Name of Institution Address
Telephone
2.14 Alternative/ safe routes (In Kms.) Sl No. Name of the
main route Alternate route Remark
C. VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
3.1 History of Disasters (last 20 years)
Type of Losses Sl
No Type of Hazard
Year of occurrence Human Livestock Crop Houses Infrastructure
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
3.2 Seasonality of Hazard
Months Jan- March Apr- June July- Sept Oct- Dec
Sl No. Type of Hazard
82
3.3 Inhabitants Sl. No.
Type of house No. of HHs Remarks
1. Kutcha 2. Pucca 3. Asbestos/tin roofed houses Total Houses
3.4 Distance of the Village From danger Risk Points (In Kms.):
Sl. No.
Danger/risk Points Distance from the village Remarks
1. Sea 2. River 3. Weak embankments
3.5 Distance of the Village from the Cyclone/Safe shelters (In Kms.):- Sl.No. Safe/Cyclone Shelter Contact Person and Ph. Nos. Distance from
the Village
D. RISK ANALYSIS
4.1 Risk Groups
83
Sl No Risk Groups Names along with HH Nos.
1. Pregnant women/ lactating mothers
2. Children below 5 years 3. Uncared aged/ destitute 4. Single Women headed
households
5. Fishermen Types Deaf/ Dumb Lame Blind
6. Disabled
Mentally Challenged 7. Sick and Ailing 8. Widow 9. Inhabitants of thatched
houses
10. Households living near sea/river
11. Any other
4.2 Risk Prone Infrastructure and Assets
Sl No Type of assets/ infrastructure Nos. Remarks 1. Thatched houses, roads 2. Boats 3. Nets 4. Blacksmith’s shed 5. Potter’s wheel 6. Looms 7. Prawn Gheries 8. LI Points
Tube wells Wells
9. Drinking water sources PHD stand
posts
84
Sl No Type of assets/ infrastructure Nos. Remarks Community tank/ ponds
Ponds Canals/water channels
River Cattle Poultry birds Goats/sheep Any other
10. Livestock
Animal farms 11. Valuable documents
(individual and community)
12. Crop / trees/ orchards/ forest 13. Food grains, seeds 14. Agricultural implements 15. Any other
E. MITIGATION STRATEGY
7.1 Short term Sl. No. Name of the
Village Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Funds Required
Time Frame
5.2 Long term Sl. No. Name of the
Village Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Funds Required
Time Frame
85
F. VILLAGE RESPONSE PLAN Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC): Sl No.
Name of members Designation Sex Age Contact Address and Phone No.
6. 1. Early Warning & Dissemination: Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
Time Line Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48 hours]
During Post 6.2. Rescue & Evacuation: Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
86
Time Line Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48 hours]
During Post 6.3. Shelter Management: Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
Time Line Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48 hours]
During Post
6.4: Health & First Aid Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
Time Line Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48
87
hours] During Post 6.5: Water, Sanitation & Carcass Disposal: Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
Time Line Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48 hours]
During Post 6.6. Relief Management: Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
Time Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48 hours]
During Post 6.7 Damage Assessment and Counseling: Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
88
Time Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48 hours]
During Post 6.8. Patrolling/ Vigilance & Coordination/ rehab/ linkages: Sl No.
Name of members Sex
Age
Time Responsibilities Name of the Member Support Required
Normal
Before [48 hours]
During Post G. DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES/ LINKAGES 7.1 Training Needs Resources available Requirement First Aid Sanitation Rescue Conservation of ecosystem
7.2 Village Contingency Fund
89
Time Process Responsible person
7.3 Mock Drill Plans
Time Process (utilization, maintenance, record keeping, etc)
Responsible person
7.4 Inter Village Linkages: Need areas Process Contact person
7.5 CCP Update:
Time Process Responsible person
Annexure I:
Important Name and Phone Numbers useful in disaster management:
Name of Personnel
Designation & Department
Address Office Phone
No.
Residence Phone No.
Fax No.
Contact Person
90
Annexure II:
Offices in the Village:
Telephone Name of the
Office Address Contact
person Office Res. Alternative Communication
Annexure III Name of the Bus Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure IV Name of the Truck Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure V Name of the Trekker Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure VI Name of the Tractor Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure VII Name of the Boat Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure VIII Name of the Jeeps Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
91
Annexure: IX
Maps
1. Social/Resource Map 2. Hazards Specific Map 3. Risk & vulnerable Map 4. Opportunity/Safe Map 5. Seasonality Hazard calendar
Approved by Palli Sabha dated:
92
Gram Panchayat Disaster Preparedness & Response Plan
Disaster Risk Management Programme
GoI - UNDP
Gram Panchayat Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan
Name of the GP Block
Date of preparation of Plan: ……………………….. Resolution by the Members:
1.1. GP Profile
1.2. GP Disaster Management Committee
Phone Number Sl. No
Name Designation Address Office Res.
1.3 Demography Details:
Population Category Sl. No.
Name of the Villages
Total No. Of Households Adult Children
(< 5 Yrs.) Total SC ST OBC GEN
1.4 Household Details:
No. of APL HH No. of BPL HH Sl. No.
Name of the Village ST SC OBC GEN ST SC OBC GEN
1.5 Population:
SC ST OBC GEN TOTAL Sl.No
Name of the Village M F M F M F M F M F
B. Topographical Details:
93
2.1 Total Geographical Area in Hect:
Geographical area: (In Hect.) Agricultural Land (ha) Sl.
No. Name of the
Villages High Medium Low Grazing
land Forest Land (ha)
Others Total area
2.2 Land Holding Pattern: (No. of HH) Sl.
No. Name of the
Villages Big
Farmers Marginal farmers
Small Farmers
Agricultural laborers
Landless Total
2.4 Cropping Pattern:
Name of the Villages Type of Crops Area Cultivated (in Hect.)
Area under Crop insurance (in Hect.)
2.5 Livelihood Details Sl. No.
Name of the Villages
Total house holds
Agriculture
Agricultural labour
Other Labour
Fishing Petty Business
Service holder
Others (specify)
2.6 Drinking Water Sources Sl. No.
Name of the Village TubeWell Well PHD Stand Post
River Canal
2.7 Irrigation Facilities and Sources:
Sl. No.
Name of the Villages
Ponds Dug Wells
LI Points
Drift /Shallow
TW
River Creeks Canal
94
2.8 Non- Irrigation Rain fed Land: (in Hect.)
Type of Land
Land in Hect.
High Land Medium Land Low Land
2.9 Infrastructure [Nos. AND/ OR distance inKms.] Sl. No.
Name of the Villages
PD
S O
utle
ts
Pos
t O
ffic
es
Pol
ice
Stat
ion/
O
utp
ost
Puc
ca b
uild
ings
CH
C
PH
C
Dis
pens
ary
Cyc
lone
She
lter
s
Edu
cati
onal
In
stit
utio
ns
Liv
esto
ck c
ente
rs
Cot
tage
In
du
s.
Indu
stri
es
God
own/
stor
ing
Tem
ple
(puc
ca)
UP
ME
High
College
2.10 Communication Facilities Sl No
Name of the Villages
Telecommunication (Y/N)
No. of Boats
No. of bus
No. of trekker
No. Of tractors
No. of jeeps
No. of two wheelers
2.11 Financial Institutions Sl No
Name of Institution Address
Telephone
2.3 Availability of Mounds/ Mountain/ Kuda:
Sl. No
Name of the Village Type of High Land
Distance from the Village
Remarks
2.12 Resource Inventory
Resource Type Details
Nos Contacts/Owner’s name with telephone no.
95
Transportation/ communication
Tractor Trekker Trolley, rickshaw, Four wheelers Boat Telephone Any other
Containers Tankers Overhead tankers Jerry cane Big vessels
Cleaning/ cutting equipments
Kodi Kudala Sabala Rope, Saw.
Other resources Gen set Pump set Petromax Tent house Gas light Solar light Bio gas
Shelter temporary Tents Tarpaulins/polythene Bamboo
2.13 Identified Safe shelter Places
Sl No Type of shelter Rooms & Plinth Area
Capacity & Name of the Villages covered
Facilities available
Ownership /contact details
2.14 Godown/storing facilities:
Sl. No.
Type of godown
Location Capacity Owner/authority Address Telephone
2.15 Industries: Sl. No.
Name of Industry
Type of Industry
Manpower Machinery/ equipment
Investment Output
96
2.16 NGOs Profile: Sl. No.
Name of the NGO/CBOs
Contact Person
Tele. No Area of operation
Specialization Manpower
Resource available
2.17 Volunteers Profile:
No of Volunteers Trained Sl. No. Name of the Village
Name of the NGO /CBO
Name of the Volunteer Rescue First
Aid Ham Radio
Relief & Coordination
Damage Assessment
2.18 Private Professionals: Expertise Name Specialty Address Phone
nos. Service facilities available
Doctor Health practitioner Ex-service man Mechanical/civil engineer VAS Volunteers trained in Rescue operation
Volunteers trained in operating special equipments
Volunteers trained in first aid
Skilled Mechanics Drivers (Road and Water ways)
2.19 Alternative and Safe Route (in Kms.) Sl.No. Name of the Main Route Alternate Route Remarks
C. VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
3.1 History of Disasters:
Type of Losses Sl. No.
Disaster Type
Year Of occurrence
Human Crop Animal Liveli - hood
House damage
Infrastructure
97
3.2 Seasonality of Hazard:
Type of Hazards Jan-Mar April-June July-Sep Oct-Dec H C A I H C A I H C A I H C A I
H: Human, C: Crop, A: Animals, I: Infrastructure 3.3 Inhabitants: Sl.No.
Name of the Village Type of Houses No. of HH Remarks
1 Katcha 2 Pucca 3 Asbestors/ Tin
roofed Houses
Total Houses
3.4 Distance of the Village from the Risk Points (in Kms.) Sl.No
Danger and Risk Points Name of the Village
Distance from the village
Remarks
1 Sea 2. River 3. Weak Embankments D. RISK ANALYSIS:
4.1 Risk and Vulnerable Groups Sl.No. Name of the village Name of the Member
along with the HH No.
1 Pregnant women/ lactating mothers 4 Children below 5 5 Uncared aged/ destitute 6 Single Women headed household 7 Fishermen
Deaf/Dumb Lame Blind Mentally Challenged
8 Disabled
Physically Handicap
98
9 Sick and ailing 10 Inhabitants of thatched houses 11 Houses living near sea/ river 12 Any other
4.2 Risk Prone Infrastructure and Assets: Sl. No
Type of assets/ infrastructure Village1 Village2 Village3 Village4 Total
Thatched houses LI Point TW/Well Pump sets Embankments
Telecommunication Roads
1.
Infr
astr
uctu
re
others Boats Nets Looms, Potter’s wheel Prawn Gheries Agricultural implements Animals farms Blacksmith’s instruments
2.
Liv
elih
ood
Ass
ets
Others Tube wells, Wells PHD stand posts, Rivers Ponds Tank,
3.
Wat
er S
ourc
es
Canals Cattle Poultry Goats/sheep/pigs
4.
Liv
esto
ck
Others
Trees Orchards Food grains/ seeds
5.
Oth
ers
Others E. Mitigation Strategy
99
5.1 Short Term: Sl. No. Name of the
Village Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Funds Required
Time Frame
5.2 Long Term: Sl. No. Name of the
Village Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Funds Required
Time Frame
F. Gram Panchayat Response Plan
6.1 Flood/ Cyclone
Activities Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Early Warning and Dissemination
Rescue & Evacuation
Shelter Management
Health and First Aid
Water, Sanitation and Carcass Disposal
Relief Management
Damage assessment and Counseling
Patrolling/ Vigilance Coordination/ rehab/ linkages
6.2 Earthquake
100
Activities Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Rescue
Shelter Management
Health and First Aid Water, Sanitation and Carcass Disposal
Relief Management
Damage assessment and Counseling
Patrolling/ Vigilance Coordination/ rehab/ linkages
6.3 Fire
Activities Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Rescue & Evacuation
Shelter Management
Health and First Aid
Water, Sanitation and Carcass Disposal
Relief Management
Damage assessment and Counseling
Patrolling/ Vigilance Coordination/ rehab/ linkages
101
6.4 Drought: Activities Preparedness Pre (after
warning) During Post
Early Warning and Dissemination
Rescue
Shelter Management
Health and First Aid
Water, Sanitation and Carcass Disposal
Relief Management
Damage assessment and Counseling
Patrolling/ Vigilance Coordination/ rehab/ linkages
6.5 Chemical / Industrial Accident: Activities Preparedness Pre (after
warning) During Post
Early Warning and Dissemination
Rescue & Evacuation
Shelter Management
Health and First Aid
102
Water, Sanitation and Carcass Disposal
Relief Management
Damage assessment and Counseling
Patrolling/ Vigilance Coordination/ rehab/ linkages
Check list for GP level Disaster Management Committee
6.6 Sarpanch/Panchayat Secretary/Samiti Sabhya
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving warning/information]
During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
6.7 Sector MO/ANM
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving warning/information]
During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
103
6.8 ICDS Supervisor/AWW
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving
warning/information] During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
6.9 AGRI- VAW
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving
warning/information] During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
6.10 Extension Officer/VLW:
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving warning/information]
During Post
Flood/cyclone * *
* *
* *
104
* * * Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
6.11 CBO/ NGO Type of crisis Pre [after receiving
warning/information] During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other 6.12 Senior Citizen
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving warning/information]
During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
6.13 Revenue Inspector
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving warning/information]
During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire
105
Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
6.14 Sub-Inspector, Out-post of Police station
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving warning/information]
During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
6.15 Center School Head Master
Type of crisis Pre [after receiving warning/information]
During Post
Flood/cyclone * * *
* * *
* * *
Earthquake Fire Drought Chemical and Industrial accident
Any other
G. Standard Operating Procedure for the GP Control Room H. DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES/ LINKAGES 8.1 Training Needs Resources available Requirement First Aid Sanitation Rescue Conservation of ecosystem
106
8.2 Village Contingency Fund
Time Process Responsible person
8.3 Mock Drill Plans
Time Process (utilization, maintenance, record keeping, etc)
Responsible person
8.4 Inter G.P Linkages:
Need areas Process Contact person
8.5 Gram Panchayat Update:
Time Process Responsible person
Annexure I:
Important Name and Phone Numbers useful in disaster management:
Name of Personnel
Designation & Department
Address Office Phone
No.
Residence Phone No.
Fax No.
Contact Person
Annexure II:
107
Offices in the Gram Panchayat:
Telephone Name of the Office
Address Contact person Office Res.
Alternative Communication
Annexure III. Capability Assessment of the G.P level offices: Name of the Department Number of Staff
sanctioned In- Position with Designation
Vacancy
Annexure IV Name of the Bus Owner Name of the Village Address and Phone No. Annexure V Name of the Truck Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure VI Name of the Trekker Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure VII Name of the Tractor Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure VIII Name of the Boat Owner Name of the Village Address and Phone No. Annexure IX Name of the Jeeps Owner
Name of the Village Address and Phone No.
Annexure X:
108
Maps
1. Location Map with Village Boundary 2. Social/Resource Map 3. Hazards Specific Map 4. Risk & vulnerable Map 5. Opportunity/Safe Map
6. Seasonality Hazard calendar Approved by Gram Sabha dated:
109
Block Disaster Preparedness & Response Plan
Disaster Risk Management Programme GoI - UNDP
Panchayat Samiti, Dist: Telephone No: Email Address:
Contents Block Disaster Management Plan…….
Over view of the Block……………….
Resource Inventory…………………...
Hazard/ Vulnerability Analysis ...……. Mitigation Plan………………………..
Crisis Response. ……………………
Linkages with G.P / Village and others
Check list…………………. ………….
GP Disaster Management Plan………. Resource Inventory…………………..
Risk / Vulnerability analysis………… Mitigation Strategy………………….
GP Response Plan……………………
Check list…………………………….
Village Contingency Plan……………
Resource Inventory…………………..
Risk/ Vulnerable analysis……………
Mitigation Plan……………………….
Response Plan……………………….
110
List of Maps
Map with Administrative Boundary indicating GP and villages
Maps indicating the vulnerable areas, weak embankments
Maps indicating the road route, river ways and canal systems
Map indicating alternative routes
Maps indicating possible shelter places, godowns, Schools, Colleges, Police Stations, Post office, other infrastructures etc.
Cyclone Map
Flood Map
Saline inundation Map
Map indicating the areas affected by last disaster
Forward
The Block Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan, includes the facts and figures that have been collected from various and informal sources with a view to meeting the challenges during any Natural Disaster. Collection and classification of data are to be updated twice in May and November every year. The plan has been prepared with the following viewpoints.
1. Contingency Plan in a continuous process 2. All are not equal in a crisis situation 3. During relief measures social auditing ensures transparency 4. Involvement of women and PRIs is a must in the entire process.
All are cordially invited for their kind suggestion to be incorporated in the plan.
111
Block Development Officer Chairman
Panchayat Samiti, Panchayat Samiti,
Chapter I
Date of Preparation of the Plan: 1.1 Overview of the Block
* Location * Area and administrative division
1.2 Block Disaster Management Committee: Sl. No Designation Address Phone Numbe r
1.3 Demographic Details:
Population Category Sl. No Name of the GP
Total Number of HH Adult
Children <5 yrs
Total SC ST OBC GEN
1.4 Household Details:
No. of APL HH No. of BPL HH Sl.
No Name of the G.P
ST SC OBC GEN ST SC OBC GEN
1.5 Population:
SC ST OBC GEN TOTAL Sl. No
Name of the GP M F M F M F M F M F
1.6
Type of Workers
Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers Total Workers
Sl. No
M F M F M F M F 1.7 Literacy Rate in Percentage:
112
Category
SC ST OBC GEN
M F M F M F M F
B. Topographical Details:
2.1 Climate and Rainfall
Sl. No
Month Average Rainfall (in mm)
Actual Rainfall (in mm)
2.2 Rain Recording Stations:
2.3 Month wise Highest and Lowest Temperature recorded in the Block Sl. No
Month Maximum Temperature (in Centigrade)
Minimum Temperature (in Centigrade)
2.4 Geographical Area (in Hect.):
Agricultural Land (ha) Sl.No
Name of the GP High Medium Low
Grazing land
Forest Land (ha)
Others Total area
2.5 Land Holding Pattern: (No. of HH) Sl.No
Name of the GP Big
Farmers
Marginal farmers
Small Farmers
Agricultural laborers
Landless Total
2.6 Crop Pattern:
113
Sl.No Name of the GP Type of Crops
Area Cultivated (in Hect.)
Area under Crop insurance (in Hect.)
2.7 Livelihood Details:
Fishing Name of the GP
Total house holds
Agriculture
Agricultural labour
Other Labour
Sweet water
Saline
Petty Business
Service holder
Others (specify)
2.8 Drinking Water Sources
Name of the GP Tube well Well PHD Stand
Functional Defunct
2.9 River & Creeks:
Sl. No
Name of the river/creek
Name of the Place
Danger Level
2.10 List of Embankments: Sl. No Name of the Embankments Type of
Embankments Length of Embankments
2.11 River Carrying Capacity;
Name of the River . Gauge Station Zero Level (in Mts.) Danger Level (in Mts.)
2.12 Availability of Irrigation Facility:
Sl.No Name of the Project Ayacut in Hect.
2.13 Minor Irrigation Projects: Sl. No Particulars Numbers
114
2.14 Irrigation Facilities and Sources:
Name of the GP Ponds
Dug Wells
LI points
Drift /Shallow TW
River Creeks Canal
2.15 Infrastructure (Nos. AND/OR distance in Kms.)
Sl.No
Name of the GP
PD
S O
utle
ts
Pos
t O
ffic
es
Pol
ice
Stat
ion/
O
utp
ost
Puc
ca b
uild
ings
CH
C
PH
C
Dis
pens
ary
Cyc
lone
She
lter
s
Edu
cati
onal
In
stit
utio
ns
Liv
esto
ck c
ente
rs
Cot
tage
Ind
ustr
ies
Indu
stri
es
God
own
UP
ME
High
College
2.16 Industries: Name of the GP
Name of the Industries
Typ
e of
in
dust
ry
Man
pow
er
emp
loye
d
Infr
astr
uct
ure
avai
labl
e
Inve
stm
ent
Pro
duct
ion
Insu
red
or
not
2.17 Financial Institutions:
Sl. No Name of the Institution Address Telephone Number
2.18 Communication Facilities: Sl.No
Name of the GP
Tele comm-unication (Y/N)
No. Of Boats
No. Of Bus
No. Of Trekker
No. Of Tractor
No. Of Jeeps
No. Of Two Wheelers
2.19 Power station and electric installation
2.20 Transport and communication network
115
VHF station/ Telecommunication links/IMD system/ other Road network Waterways Railways Internet facilities HAM amateur radio stations
C. Chapter III 3.1 Resource Inventory/ Capacity Analysis:
Resource Type Details Number Contacts/ Owner’s
name with Telephone No.
Transportation and Communication
Tractor
Trekker Trolley, Rickshaw Four wheeler Boats Telephone Any other Containers Tankers Overhead tanks Jerry canes Big vessels Cleaning and Cutting Equipments
Kodi
Kudala Sabala Rope Saw Other Resources Gen set Pump set Petromax Tent house Gas light Solar Light Biogas Temporary Shelter Tents Tarpaulins/
Polythenes
Bamboo 3.2 Emergency Contingency Plan------------ Block
116
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Amount of food Materials (in KG) per Day Medicines per Week
Sl. N
o.
Nam
e of
the
G.P
.
No.
of p
opul
atio
n as
per
20
01 C
ensu
s
Pre
sent
Pop
ulat
ion
( C
ol. 3
+ 2
0%)
Chu
da (
@ 2
00
gms.
/Hea
d)
Gur
(@
50
gms
/Hea
d)
Ric
e (@
250
gm
s / H
ead)
Dal
(@
25
gms/
H
ead)
Salt
(10
gm
s/
Hea
d)
K.O
il (5
0ml
/hea
d)
OR
S in
Pac
ket/
H
ead
Hal
ogen
Tab
s. (
7
tabs
/Hea
d)
Ble
achi
ng
Pow
der
in K
G
(50
Gm
s /H
ead)
1
3.3 Infrastructure (Nos. AND/OR distance in Kms.)
Sl.No.
Name of the GP
PD
S O
utle
ts
Pos
t O
ffic
es
Pol
ice
Stat
ion/
O
utp
ost
Puc
ca b
uild
ings
CH
C
PH
C
Dis
pens
ary
Cyc
lone
She
lter
s
Edu
cati
onal
In
stit
utio
ns
Liv
esto
ck c
ente
rs
Cot
tage
Ind
ustr
ies
Indu
stri
es
God
own
UP
ME
High
College
3.4 Industries:
Name of the GP
Name of the Industries
Typ
e of
in
dust
ry
Man
pow
er em
plo
yed
Infr
astr
uctu
re
avai
labl
e
Inve
stm
ent P
rodu
ctio
n
Insu
red
or
not
3.5 Financial Institutions:
Sl. No Name of the Institution Address Telephone Number
117
3.6 Storage facilities with capacity
Sl.No Type of storage structure
Location Capacity Contact Person
(Address and Phone no.)
Remarks
3.7 Public Distribution System
Name of the GP
No. of PDS retailer counters
Name of the retailer
Contact person and address
Telephone Office/ Res.
Location Area Coverage/ No. of Cards
Remarks
3.8 PHC/ PHC New
PHC/ PHC New Name of the G.P
(Location) Staff Available
PHC 3.9 Police Stations
Police Station Name of the G.P
(Location) Staff Available
3.10 Sub Post Offices:- Name of the G.P
Location No. of Staff Available
3.11 Identification of Cyclone/flood shelters (single/Double storied) with capacity:
Sl.No.
Type of shelter Capacity (Room and Plinth Area)
Location Contact Person (Address and Phone no.)
Facilities Available
Remarks (Single or Double)
118
3.12 Earth moving and Road cleaning equipments: Type of Equipment
Contact person and address
Telephone Office/ Res.
Remarks
3.13 Industries:
Name of the GP
Name of the Industries
Typ
e of
in
dust
ry
Man
pow
er em
plo
yed
Infr
astr
uctu
re
avai
labl
e
Inve
stm
ent P
rodu
ctio
n
Insu
red
or
not
3.14 Traders:
Type of Traders Contact person and address Telephone Office/ Res. Remarks House building materials
Groceries Medicine shop Tents and Tarpaulins Hardware shops Rice mill Fuel wood Electrical Equipments Restaurants Farm inputs
3.15 Transportation (Road and water) Type of Vehicles Contact person and
address Telephone Office/ Res.
Remarks
Tractors Bus Truck/ Mini truck
Trekker Country boats Motor boats 3.16 Alternative energy sources (Bio gas and Solar Energy Cells) Type of sources
Contact person and Address
Phone No. Remarks
Bio Gas Generator Pump sets Solar Energy Cell
3.17 Private Professionals:
119
Expertise Name Specialty Address Phone
nos. Service facilities available
Doctor Health practitioner Ex-service man Mechanical/civil engineer VAS Volunteers trained in Rescue operation
Volunteers trained in operating special equipments
Volunteers trained in first aid
Skilled Mechanics Drivers (Road and Water ways)
3.18 List of NGOs Name of NGOs and CBOs
Area of Operation
Sector No. of Volunteers
Other Resources
Contact Address
3.19 Volunteers Profile:
No. Of Volunteers Trained Sl. No.
Name of the Village
Name of the NGO/CBO
Name of the Volunteers
Rescue First Aid
Ham Radio
Relief and Co- ordination
Damage Assessment
Chapter IV
Risk / Hazard Analysis
4.1 History Of Disaster
Type of Hazard Year of Occurrence
Area affected
Impact on Life
Livelihood Live stock
Remark
4.2 Seasonality of Hazard Type of Hazards Jan-Mar April-June July-Sep Oct-Dec H C A I H C A I H C A I H C A I
H: Human, C: Crop, A: Animals, I: Infrastructure
120
CHAPTER - V
Risk Assessment
Type of Hazards Time of
Occurrence Potential Impact Vulnerable areas
Cyclone Flood Drought Earthquake Sunstroke Fire Chemical Accidents Boat capsize Epidemic Accident Lightening
CHAPTER - VI
6. Vulnerability Analysis
6.1 Infrastructure Vulnerability against Hazards
Vulnerability against each hazard Cyclone Flood Chemical industry Fire
Vulnerability
Population
Area name
Population
Area name
Population Area name
Population
Area name
Road network Water ways Water supply Sewage Hospital Food stocks & supplies
Communication (System)
Embankments Bridges
121
6.2 Alternate route structure (with map) Sl. No Vulnerable Area Main route Alternate route
CHAPTER – VII
7. MITIGATION PLAN
7.1 Sector wise Vulnerability Reduction Measures (considering G.P plans): Type of Sector Sub sector
Mitigation measures
Responsible Dept. Time Frame
IEC activities Road Embankment Bridges Safe Shelters Communication Drinking water and sanitation
Power Technology dissemination
Infrastructure Development
IEC activities Vaccination Training
Health/ Animal Husbandry
Awareness Agriculture Fishing Fishery Allied activities Horticulture
Livelihood Sector
IEC activities Infrastructure Livelihood
Insurance
Life
CHAPTER VIII 8.1 Crises Response Structure of the Block.
122
A. Early Warning Dissemination and Response Plan
Response System Department Preparedness Pre (after
Warning) During Disaster Post Disaster
Block/ Panchayat Samiti
Police Revenue Irrigation NGO
Early Warning Dissemination Operational Timing: Operational Timing: JUNE to DECEMBER Every Year Normal Warning Post Personnel Deployment in Control Room:
Days 7AM TO 10AM (Day Office)
1PM TO 5PM (Morning Office)
5PM TO 10 PM 10 PM TO 7AM
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY
District Control Room
Block Control Room
G.P. Control Room
Village Task Force (Warning Group)
Police Control Room
Irrigation Control Room
123
FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY Records and Equipments of Block Control Room (BCR): Name of the Record Equipments Activities of Block Control Room.
Normal Time:
Activities After Receiving Warning.
Activities Post disaster. Check List for Control Room: Activities Page no. for
Reference Yes/no
• Assessing of duty. • Maintain inventory of resources. • Provide information who need it. • Service division and assign duties. • Receive information on a routine basis and record. • Receive preparedness report from various relevant dept. • Basing on the reports feedback to the district authority
and others. • Vulnerable area map displayed. • Imp. Phone numbers.
Evacuation, Search and Rescue:
Evacuation, Search and Rescue Response Structure Response System
Department
Preparedness Pre (after Warning)
During Disaster Post Disaster
Block/ Panchayat Samiti
MVI Police Revenue/ RI Medical Saline and Embankment/ PWD/ RD
NGO/ Volunteer
124
Medical and First Aid:
Medical Aid - Response System
Departments
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
MO/ ICDS VAS Block NGO
Carcass/Dead bodies’ disposal Departments Preparedness Pre (after
warning) During Post
Health/ VAS Gram Panchayat and NGO
Shelter Management:
Shelter Management - Response System
Sl. No
Departments
Preparedness Pre (after Warning)
During Post
1. Block
2. Police
3. Electricity
4. NGO
5. RWS&S
6. Medical
Relief:
125
Relief Operation - Response
Sl.No. Departments
Preparedness Pre (after Warning)
During Post
1. Block
2. VAS
3. RWS&S
4. NGO
5. CDPO Health and Sanitation
Health and Sanitation Response System Sl. No.
Departments
Preparedness Pre (after Warning)
During Post
1. MO/CDPO/BEE
2. JE RWS&S
3. RD/NGO/VOLUNTEERS
CHAPTER VIII Crises Response Structure
A. Early Warning Dissemination and Response Plan
Response System Department Preparedness Pre (after
Warning) During Disaster Post Disaster
Block Police
Revenue
Health
Irrigation
RD & R&B
126
RWS&S
AH Dep.
Electric
Agril.
NGOs
Control Room Operation
Early warning dissemination
Departments BDO Revenue Police Irrigation Post
office NGO/Volunteers
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Control Room Operation Operational Timing
Personnel Deployment Name of the record
Equipments
Normal Warning Post Designation Department Time
District Control room
Block Control room Irrigation
Control room
Police Control room
GP Control Room
Village Taskforce
127
Evacuation Response
Evacuation:
Departments Police RI PWD/RD Block NGO/Volunteers Other
Dept. Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Search and Rescue Operation
Block Disaster Management Committee
Police R.I PWD/RD NGO Other Dept.
Extension Officers
GPDMC
Village Taskforce
Block Disaster Management Committee
Irrigation/ RI / NGO
Police/Fire
brigade GP Committee
Village Taskforce
128
Search and Rescue Operation:
Departments Police Fire
Brigade Block RI Others NGO/Volunteers
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
First aid & Health Services
First aid & Health Services:
Departments MO ICDS Block NGO/Volunteers
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Carcass/dead bodies’ disposal
Block Disaster Management Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce
MO, PHC CDPO
ANM/MPHW AWW
129
Departments Block Health VAS Police RI NGO/Volunteers
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Shelter Management
Shelter Management:
Block Disaster Managemnent Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce Committee
M.I & E O
Police PWD/RD RWSS/PHC
Electricity NGO
130
Departments MI & EO
Police PWD/RD Electricity NGO/Volunteers RWSS/PHC
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Relief operation Relief:
Departments BDO VAS RWSS MO CDPO NGO/Volunteers
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Water and Sanitation Response
Block Disaster management Committee
JE, RWSS
MO,PHC/CHC CDPO
Block Disaster Management Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce
BDO CDPO
MO, PHC VAS
RWSS
131
Water and Sanitation: Departments MO BEE/ANM/MPHW CDPO Supervisor RWSS-
JE Volunteers
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Infrastructure Restoration
BEE/LHV/ ANM/ MPHW
ICDS Supervisor
Village taskforce/volunteers/
AWW/SEM
NGOs/CBO
Block Disaster Managemnent Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce Committee
Block / PWD / RD / Irrigation / Electrical / RWSS
132
Departments RD R&B Irrigation Electrical RWS&S Block
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Cattle camps
Departments VAS BDO NGO/Volunteer
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Coordination and Linkage with G.P and village
Block Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Check List for Control Room Activities Page no. for
reference Yes/ No
• Assignment of Duty • Maintain inventory of resources
Block Disaster Management Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce
133
• Provide information who need it • Service division and assign duties • Receive information on a routine basis and record • Receive preparedness report from various relevant dept. • Basing on the reports feedback to the district authority and others • Vulnerable area map displayed • Imp. Phone numbers
VII. CHECKLIST FOR VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS a) BDO Activities Page no. for
reference Yes/No
§ Vulnerable and risk assessment map § Cut off areas with safe route map § Storing facilities § List of dealers for food § List of volunteers § Control room set up § Boat and transportation for rescue § Transportation for food supply § Pre-positioning of staff § Site operation centers/staff § 0Evacuation and rescue of people § Coordination and linkage § Damage assessment § Address and telephone list § Alternative communication system § Pulling resources from out side if required § Having network with neighboring blocks
b) Panchayat Samiti Chairperson Activities Page no. for
reference Yes/no
• Ensuring the function of BDMC • Approval of DM Plan in the Panchayat Samiti • Awareness generation •
c) MO, CHC Activities Page no. for
reference Yes/No
§ Stock position of live saving
134
drugs, ORS, IV fluids and other equipment § Distribution of ORS, Halogen to field areas § List of contact address of field staff § List of volunteers § List of DDC/ AWW § List of epidemic/risk prone areas § List of site operation areas § Mobile heath unit § List of Dist./ health control rooms § List of private and local doctor § Awareness through propagation of healthy practices during the disaster time § Trained the village taskforces on use of medicine and first aid § Daily disease report collection and analysis § Preventive measures § Taking help of others/dist
d) JE Irrigation/SDO
Activities Page No. for reference
Yes/No
§ Stock piling of repair materials like sand, bags, bamboo at vulnerable points[Place name]etc. § Provision of guarding of weak points § List of volunteers § Taking help of community for maintenance of the embankments § Taking proper measures for protecting the weak points § Co-ordinating with others
e) JAO Activities Yes/No § List of different areas to be affected by different hazards § Crop pattern with land holding § List of irrigation points with status § Alternative crop
135
§ Trained for food preservation and protection § Assessment of damage § Provision of seeds and others § Helping in raising of community nursery for seedling/sapling § Crop insurance § Generate seed bank/grain bank at village level § Coordinating with others f) VAS Activities Yes/No § Animal population with categories § Possible problems related to different hazards § Dealer of feeds/fodder § List of cow sheds § Site camps with volunteers § Programme for mass vaccination § Trained the taskforce to use of medicine § coordinating with others
f) SDO/JE (RD/PWD) Activities Yes/No § Identification o weak points § Repair the weak points before hazards season § Stockpiling of building materials § List of dealers for building materials § Promotion/training of people on retrofitting/ resistance building § Arrangement of equipment for road clearance § Plan for vulnerable reduction § coordinating with others
DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES/ LINKAGES Short Term Plan: Sl. No.
Name of the G.P
Name of the Village
Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Fund Required
Time Frame
Long Term Plan:
136
Sl. No.
Name of the G.P
Name of the Village
Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Fund Required
Time Frame
Mock Drills Plans: Time Process (Utilization, Maintenance and Record
Keeping) Responsible Person
Inter Block Linkages: Need Areas Process Contact Person Block Plan update: Time Process Responsible Person Important Name and Telephone Numbers: Name of the Personnel
Designation and Department
Address Phone No. Fax Contact Person
Office Residence Annexure: Maps
o Social Map o Resource Map o Vulnerability Map o Places showing the weak Embankments/ River System o Road Map o Alternate Route
137
CHAPTER –1
MMUULLTTII-- HHAAZZAARRDD DDIISSAASSTTEERR MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT PPLLAANN
11..11 WWHHYY IISS IITT
1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.3 Disasters
Types of Disasters: (Experienced in the District) Common Natural Disasters Man Made disasters
Cyclone Chemical Hazards
Flood Fire- House / Forest
Drought Communal riot
Heat Wave- Sunstroke Accident- Road/ Railway
Earthquake Rasta Roko
Hail Storm/ Whirl wind
1.4 Who formulates and Carries out the plan: 1.5 District Disaster Management Committee:
Sl.No Name Designation Address Phone Number
1. Office Residence
1.6 Overview of the Block:
Location
Area and Administrative Division
1.7 Demographic Details:
Population Category Sl.
No Name of the Block
Total Number of HH Adult
Children <5 yrs
Total SC ST OBC GEN
1.8 Household Details:
138
No. of APL HH No. of BPL HH Sl.
No Name of the Block
ST SC OBC GEN ST SC OBC GEN 1.9 Population:
SC ST OBC GEN TOTAL Sl. No
Name of the Block M F M F M F M F M F
1.10 Type of Workers
Type of Workers
Skilled Workers Semi Skilled
Workers Unskilled Workers
Total Workers Sl. No
M F M F M F M F 1.11 Literacy Rate in Percentage:
Category SC
ST OBC GEN
M F M F M F M F
B. Topographical Details:
2.1 Climate and Rainfall: Sl. No
Month Average Rainfall (in mm)
Actual Rainfall (in mm)
2.2 Rain Recording Stations:
Total No. of Rain Recording stations in the District . Location of Rain Recording stations:
(Telephone Numbers of the Rain Recording stations)
2.3 Month wise Highest and Lowest Temperature recorded in the District Sl. No
Month Maximum Temperature (in
Minimum Temperature (in
139
Centigrade) Centigrade)
2.4 Geographical Area (in Hect.): a) Paddy
Agricultural Land (ha) Sl.No
Name of the Block High Mediu
m Low
Grazing land
Forest Land (ha)
Others Total area
b) Non-Paddy
Agricultural Land (ha) Sl.No Name of the Block High Medium Low
2.5 Land Holding Pattern: (No. of HH) Sl.No
Name of the Block Big
Farmers
Marginal farmers
Small Farmers
Agricultural laborers
Landless Total
2.6 Crop Pattern: Sl.No Name of the Block
Type of Crops Area Cultivated (in Hect.)
Area under Crop insurance (in Hect.)
2.7 Livelihood Details:
Fishing Name of the GP
Total house holds
Agriculture
Agricultural labour
Other Labour
Sweet water
Saline
Petty Business
Service holder
Others (specify)
140
2.8 Drinking Water Sources: Name of the Block
Tube well Well PHD Stand
Functional Defunct
2.9 River & Creeks: Sl. No
Name of the river/creek
Name of the Place
Danger Level
2.10 List of Embankments: Sl. No Name of the Embankments Type of
Embankments Length of Embankments
2.11 River Carrying Capacity; Name of the River . Gauge Station Zero Level (in
Mts.) Danger Level (in Mts.)
2.12 Availability of Irrigation Facility:
Sl.No Name of the Project Ayacut in Hect.
2.13 Minor Irrigation Projects: Sl. No Particulars Numbers
2.14 Irrigation Facilities and Sources: Name of the Block Ponds
Dug Wells
LI points
Drift /Shallow TW
River Creeks Canal
2.15 Infrastructure (Nos. AND/OR distance in Kms.)
141
Sl.No
Name of the Block
PD
S O
utle
ts
Pos
t O
ffic
es
Pol
ice
Stat
ion/
O
utpo
st
Puc
ca b
uild
ings
CH
C
PHC
Dis
pens
ary
Cyc
lone
She
lter
s
Edu
catio
nal
Inst
itutio
ns
Liv
esto
ck
cent
ers
Cot
tage
In
dust
ries
Indu
stri
es
God
own
UP
ME
High
College
2.16 Industries: Name of the Block
Name of the Industries
Gov
ernm
ent/
P
riva
te
Typ
e of
in
dust
ry
Man
pow
er
emp
loye
d
Infr
astr
uctu
re
avai
labl
e
Inve
stm
ent
Pro
duct
ion
Insu
red
or
not
2.17 Financial Institutions:
Sl. No Name of the Institution Address Telephone Number
2.18 Communication Facilities:
Sl.No
Name of the Block
Telecomm-unication (Y/N)
No. Of Boats
No. Of Bus
No. Of Trekker
No. Of Tractor
No. Of Jeeps
No. Of Two Wheelers
G P G P G P G P G P G P
G: Government: P: Private
2.19 Power station and electric installation
2.20 Transport and communication network
VHF station/ Telecommunication links/IMD system/ other
142
Road network – National Highway, State Highway, Major District Roads, Other District Roads, Forest Roads, Classified Village Roads,, Panchayat Samiti Roads, Village Roads, R.L.E.G.P Road, and Urban Road.(in Kms.)
Waterways Railways Internet facilities HAM amateur radio stations
Chapter III
3.1 Resource Inventory/ Capacity Analysis:
Resource Type Details Number Government/
Private Contacts/ Owner’s name with Telephone No.
Transportation and Communication
Tractor
Trekker Trolley,
Rickshaw
Four wheeler Boats Telephone Any other Containers Tankers Overhead tanks Jerry canes Big vessels Cleaning and Cutting Equipments
Kodi
Kudala Sabala Rope Big Saw Other Resources Gen set Pump set Petromax Tent house Gas light Solar Light Biogas Temporary Tents
143
Shelter Tarpaulins/
Polythenes
Bamboo
3.2 Emergency Contingency Plan------------ District
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Amount of food Materials (in KG) per Day Medicines per Week
Sl. N
o.
Nam
e of
the
Blo
ck
No.
of
popu
lati
on a
s p
er 2
001
Cen
sus
Pre
sent
Pop
ulat
ion
( Col
. 3+
20%
)
Chu
da (@
200
gm
s. /H
ead)
Gur
(@ 5
0 gm
s /H
ead)
Ric
e (@
250
gm
s / H
ead)
Dal
(@
25
gms/
Hea
d)
Salt
(10
gms/
H
ead)
K.O
il (5
0ml
/hea
d)
OR
S in
Pa
cket
/ Hea
d
Hal
ogen
Tab
s.
( 7 ta
bs /H
ead)
Ble
achi
ng
Pow
der
in K
G
(50
Gm
s /H
ead)
1
2
3.3 Storage facilities with capacity
Sl.No
Type of storage structure
Location
Capacity Contact Person
(Address and Phone no.)
Remarks
3.4 Public Distribution System Name of the Block
No. of PDS retailer counters
Name of the retailer
Contact person and address
Telephone Office/ Res.
Location Area Coverage/ No. of Cards
Remarks
3.5 PHC/ PHC New
PHC/ PHC New Name of the G.P (Location) Staff Available
144
3.6 Police Stations
Police Station Name of the G.P
(Location) Staff Available
3.7 Sub Post Offices:-
Name of the Block Location
No. of Staff Available
3.8 Fire Station Information:
Sl. No.
Name of the fire station
Telephone Number
Disposition of Vehicle & Pumps
Disposition of Man Power.
1. F
3.9 Identification of Cyclone/flood shelters (single/Double storied) with capacity:
Sl.No. Type of shelter
Capacity (Room and Plinth Area)
Location Contact Person (Address and Phone no.)
Facilities Available
Remarks (Single or Double)
3.10 Earth moving and Road cleaning equipments: Type of Equipment
Contact person and address
Telephone Office/ Res.
Remarks
3.11 Traders: Type of Traders Contact person and
address Telephone Office/ Res.
Remarks
House building materials
145
Groceries Medicine shop Tents and Tarpaulins Hardware shops Rice mill Fuel wood Electrical Equipments
Restaurants Farm inputs
3.12 Transportation (Road and water) Type of Vehicles
Contact person and address
Government/ Private
Telephone Office/ Res.
Remarks
Tractors Bus Truck/ Mini truck
Trekker Country boats Motor boats 3.13 Alternative energy sources (Bio gas and Solar Energy Cells) Type of sources
Contact person and Address
Phone No. Remarks
Bio Gas Generator Pump sets Solar Energy Cell
3.14 Private Professionals:
Expertise Name Specialty Address Phone
nos. Service facilities available
Doctor Health practitioner Ex-service man Mechanical/civil engineer
VAS
146
Volunteers trained in Rescue operation
Volunteers trained in operating special equipments
Volunteers trained in first aid
Skilled Mechanics Drivers (Road Motor Boat Drivers
3.15 List of NGOs Name of NGOs and CBOs
Area of Operation
Sector No. of Volunteers
Other Resources
Contact Address
3.16 Volunteers Profile:
No. Of Volunteers Trained Sl. o.
Name of the Block
Name of the NGO/CBO
Name of the Volunteers
Rescue First Aid
Ham Radio
Relief and Co- ordination
Damage Assessment
Chapter IV
Risk / Hazard Analysis
4.1 History Of Disaster and Probability of Disaster episodes in the District
Type of Hazard
Year of Occurrence
Area affected
Impact on Life
Livelihood Live stock
Remark
4.3 Seasonality of Hazard
Jan-Mar April-June July-Sep Oct-Dec Type of
Hazards H C A I H C A I H C A I H C A I Cyclone
147
Flood Drought Earthquake Sunstroke Fire Chemical Accidents
Boat capsize Epidemic Accident Lightening
H: Human, C: Crop, A: Animals, I: Infrastructure
CHAPTER - V 5.1 Risk Assessment
Type of Hazards Time of
Occurrence Potential Impact Vulnerable areas
Cyclone Flood Drought Earthquake Sunstroke Fire Chemical Accidents Boat capsize Epidemic Accident Lightening
CHAPTER - VI
6. Vulnerability Analysis
6.1 Infrastructure Vulnerability against Hazards
148
Vulnerability against each hazard Cyclone Flood Chemical
industry Fire
Vulnerability
Population
Area name
Population
Area name
Population Area name
Population
Area name
Road network Water ways Water supply Sewage Hospital Food stocks & supplies
Communication (System)
Embankments Bridges
6.2 Identification of Weak and Vulnerable embankments Sl. No
Name of the Weak and Vulnerable Embankment
Location Reason of its vulnerability
Population likely to be affected
Remarks
6.3 Alternate route structure (with map) Sl. No Vulnerable Area Main route Alternate
route
CHAPTER – VII 7. MITIGATION PLAN
7.1 Sector wise Vulnerability Reduction Measures (considering G.P plans): Type of Sector Sub sector
Mitigation measures
Responsible Dept.
Time Frame
IEC activities Road Embankment
Infrastructure Development
Bridges
149
Safe Shelters Communication Drinking water and sanitation
Power
Technology dissemination
IEC activities Vaccination Training
Health/ Animal Husbandry
Awareness Agriculture Fishing Fishery Allied activities
Livelihood Sector
Horticulture IEC activities Infrastructure Livelihood
Insurance
Life
CHAPTER VIII (Note: For all the eight groups roles and responsibilities should be defined for flood, cyclone, Drought, fire, earthquake, chemical hazard depending on the vulnerability of the area) 8.1 Crises Response Structure of the Block. A. Early Warning Dissemination and Response Plan
Response System Department Preparedness Pre (after
Warning) During Disaster
Post Disaster
Block
Police Revenue Health Irrigation RD & R&B RWS&S
150
AH Dep. Electric Agril. NGOs
Early Warning Dissemination i) STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR DISTRICT CONTROL ROOM ii) Operational Timing: Officer in charge of the District Control Room Operational Timing: JUNE to DECEMBER Every Year Normal Warning Post
iii) Control Room Operation Operational Timing
Personnel Deployment Name of the record
Equipments
Normal Warnin Post Designation Department Time
District Control Room
Block Control Room
G.P. Control Room
Village Task Force (Warning Group)
Police Control Room
Irrigation Control Room
DI&PRO District NGOs
151
g iv) Personnel Deployment in Control Room:
Days 7AM TO 10AM (Day Office)
1PM TO 5PM (Morning Office)
5PM TO 10 PM 10 PM TO 7AM
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY
Alert all field Officers Sub- Collectors, BDOs Tahasildars, CDMO EMERGENCY WARNING MESSAGE NO. Dt.
To
Info
(Space for message)
(Priority)
CRASH
Collector, Collector
1. ALERT ALL FIELD OFFICERS
1. CALL UP THE OFFICERS
2. PREPARE A LOGBOOK
152
3. FOOD AND KEROSENE:
4. CHECK AVAILABILITY OF SAND BAGS
Engineering Division Sandbags
5. VEHICLES: Requisition
6. EMPOWER FIELD OFFICIALS to requisition vehicles. 7. BOATS: Requisition of boats within district. 8. Close EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS after making an assessment of the
magnitude of the emergency. 9. VETERINARY MEASURES: 10. AIR DROPPING ZONES: 11. Each JE of RD, R&B, NH & IRRIGATION on the spot. 12. Assessment of Relief items 13. CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS: 15. PRESS BRIEFINGS FUNCTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WORK: District Press Note No. Dated:
Total Affected Remarks
1 Blocks/ towns
2 Villages
3 Population
4 Severely affected areas
5 Rescue measures
Boats deployed
Army/ Navy/ Coast Guard
Police/ Fire brigade
Other agencies
Exemplary events
Relief measures Qty/Beneficiaries Villages covered Days covered 6
Free Kitchens
153
Rice
Chuda
Other dry food
Kerosene Oil
Polythene sheets
Tents
Cattle feed
Halogen tablets
Medicines
7 Casualties
8 Missing reports
9 Bovine death
10 Civil Society Organizations
Damage to property Number Approx Value
I. Roads
II. Embankment breaches
III. Schools
IV. Other public buildings
V. House damage
VI. Electrical installations
11
VII. Others
12 Prospects in next 24 hours
13 Message for people
14 Other details
MESSAGE TO PUBLIC over All India radio should be specific.
14. REGULAR CONTACT at intervals with R.D.C, S.R.C., OSDMA, IMD, Home
Secretary, Revenue Secretary, PS/ Secretary/ Addl. Secretary to Chief Minister, Chief Secretary and Health Secretary.
15. Written orders shall be issued for identifying places for starting free kitchens for atleast 3 days.
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16. Check up http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/ jtwc.html and www.imd.ernet.in and other web sites.
17. Keep spare copies of district maps . Jurisdiction maps of all irrigation divisions shall be kept ready in good numbers.
18. Place requisition with S.P/OSDMA for supply of temporary VHF sets for CDMO, CDVO, Sub-Collectors, SE-Irrigation, DEO & neighboring BDOs/ Tahasildars.
19. Contact Flood Cell, CWC and Meteorology Bhubaneswar. 20. Requisition all IB/ Rest sheds . 21. Requisition School/ College for Army/ Police forces. 22. Direct all field officers to hire generators and keep sufficient oil for running them. 23. Direct all police stations to keep spare batteries for VHF. 24. Looking at the onset of emergency and after making quick preparations, convene
Emergency meeting of important official and non-official agencies. Give them clear instructions on the above manner.
25. Make a Duty Roster of Important Officials for uninterrupted functioning of DCR & immediate implementation of the Relief/Rescue Programme.
PROFORMA FOR “IN” MESSAGE REGISTER
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Instruction/follow-
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PROFORMA FOR “ OUT” MESSAGE REGISTER
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ate
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Records and Equipments of DistrictControl Room (BCR): Name of the Record Equipments Govt./ Private
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Activities of Block Control Room:
Normal Time: Activities After Receiving Warning.
Activities Post disaster. COMMUNICATION & MEDIA
The following tabular form insures media involvement at different hierarchy of administration. v District level - ADM (Emgy)àDIPROàOIC, DCR
Sub-Div. Level- Sub-Collectorà Emergency OfficeràSDIPRO F IDENTIFIED LOCATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF VHF BY OSDMA
Sl.No Location for Installation of VHF Systems
1. 2.
Check List for Control Room: Activities Page no. for
Reference Yes/No
• Assessing of duty. • Maintain inventory of resources. • Provide information who needs it. • Service division and assign duties. • Receive information on a routine basis and record. • Receive preparedness report from various relevant
dept. • Basing on the reports feedback to the district
authority and others. • Vulnerable area map displayed. • Imp. Phone numbers.
B. Evacuation, Search and Rescue Response
District Disaster Management Committee
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B. Evacuation, Search and Rescue:
Evacuation, Search and Rescue Response Structure and System Department Preparedness Pre (after
Warning) During Disaster
Post Disaster
District Panchayat Samiti MVI Police Fire Brigade Revenue/ RI Medical Saline and Embankment/ PWD/ RD
NGO/ Volunteer
First aid & Health Services
Police/ Fire
Tahasildars PWD/RD NGO Irrigation Dept.
BDO/ Extension Officers
GPDMC
Village Taskforce
Dist. Nodal Officers
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C. Medical and First Aid:
Medical Aid - Response System
Departments
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
CDMO CDVO DSWO District Administration
NGO/ Volunteers
D. Carcass/Dead bodies’ disposal Departments Preparedness Pre (after
warning) During Post
Health/ VAS Gram Panchayat and NGO
Block Disaster Management Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce
MO, PHC CDPO
ANM/MPHW AWW
District Disaster Management Committee
CDMO DSWO
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Shelter Management E. Shelter Management:
Block Disaster Managemnent Committee
M.I & EO
Police PWD/RD RWSS/PHC
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce Committee
Electricity NGO
District Disaster Management Committee
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Shelter Management - Response System
Sl. No
Departments
Preparedness Pre (after Warning)
During Post
1. Dist Admin.
2. Police
3. Electricity
4. RWS&S
5. Medical
6. PWD&RD
7. PHC
8. NGO/ Volunteers
Water and Sanitation Response
Block Disaster management Committee
JE, RWSS
MO,PHC/CHC CDPO
District Disaster Management Committee
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F: Water and Sanitation
Health and Sanitation Response System Sl. No.
Departments
Preparedness Pre (after Warning)
During Post
1. CDMO
2. DSWO
3 CDPO/Supervisor
4. Executive Engi., RWS&S
5. RD/NGO/Volunteers
Relief operation
Block Disaster Management Committee
BDO CDPO
District Disaster Management Committee
BEE/LHV/ ANM/ MPHW
ICDS Supervisor NGOs/CBO
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G. Relief:
Infrastructure Restoration
Relief Operation - Response Sl.No. Departments
Preparedness Pre (after Warning) During Post
1. Dist. Admin.
2. Block
3. CDMO
4. CDVO
5. RWS&S
6. DSWO
7. NGO/ Volunteer
GP Management Committee
Village Taskforce
MO, PHC VAS
District Disaster Management Committee
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H. Infrastructure Restoration Departments RD R&B Irrigation Electrical RWS&S District
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Block Disaster Managemnent Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce Committee
Block / PWD / RD / Irrigation / Electrical / RWSS
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Cattle camps
Departments VAS BDO NGO/Volunteer
Preparedness Pre (after warning)
During Post
Coordination and Linkage with G.P and village Block Preparedness Pre (after warning) During Post
Check List for Control Room Activities Pre Disaster During
Disaster Post Disaster
• Assignment of Duty • Maintain inventory of resources • Identification of Weak and vulnerable points • Proper setting up of the control room • Provide information who need it • Service division and assign duties • Receive information on a routine
Block Disaster Management Committee
GP Disaster Management Committee
Village Taskforce
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basis and record • Receive preparedness report from various relevant dept. • Basing on the reports feedback to the district authority and others • Vulnerable area map displayed • Imp. Phone numbers
VII. CHECKLIST FOR VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS a) Collector and District Magistrate: Activities Pre Disaster During
Disaster Post Disaster
§ Vulnerable and risk assessment map § Cut off areas with safe route map § Storing facilities § List of dealers for food § List of volunteers § Control room set up § Boat and transportation for rescue § Transportation for food supply § Pre-positioning of staff § Site operation centers/staff § 0Evacuation and rescue of people § Coordination and linkage § Damage assessment § Address and telephone list § Alternative communication system § Pulling resources from out side if required § Having network with neighboring blocks
b) President Zilla Parishad
Activities Pre Disaster During Disaster
Post Disaster
• Ensuring the function of BDMC • Approval of DM Plan in the Panchayat Samiti
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• Awareness generation • e) CDMO Activities Pre
Disaster During Disaster Post Disaster
§ Stock position of live saving drugs, ORS, IV fluids and other equipment § Distribution of ORS, Halogen to field areas § List of contact address of field staff § List of volunteers § List of DDC/ AWW § List of epidemic/risk prone areas § List of site operation areas § Mobile heath unit § List of Dist./ health control rooms § List of private and local doctor § Awareness through propagation of healthy practices during the disaster time § Trained the village taskforces on use of medicine and first aid § Daily disease report collection and analysis § Preventive measures § Taking help of others/dist
f) Executive Engineer Irrigation/SDO
Activities Pre Disaster
During Disaster Post Disaster
§ Stock piling of repair materials like sand, bags, bamboo at vulnerable points [Place name]etc. § Provision of guarding of weak points § List of volunteers § Taking help of community for maintenance of the
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embankments § Taking proper measures for protecting the weak points § Co-ordinating with others e) District Agriculture Officer Activities Pre Disaster During Disaster Post Disaster § List of different areas to be affected by different hazards § Crop pattern with land holding § List of irrigation points with status § Alternative crop § Trained for food preservation and protection § Assessment of damage § Provision of seeds and others § Helping in raising of community nursery for seedling/sapling § Crop insurance § Generate seed bank/grain bank at village level § Coordinating with others
f) CDVO Activities Pre Disaster During Disaster Post Disaster § Animal population with categories § Possible problems related to different hazards § Dealer of feeds/fodder § List of cow sheds § Site camps with volunteers § Programme for mass vaccination § Trained the taskforce to use of medicine § Coordinating with others
f) Executive Engineer / SDO (RD/PWD) Activities Pre Disaster During Disaster Post Disaster § Identification o weak points § Repair the weak points before hazards season
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before hazards season § Stockpiling of building materials § List of dealers for building materials § Promotion/training of people on retrofitting/ resistance building § Arrangement of equipment for road clearance § Plan for vulnerable reduction § Coordinating with others
CCHHEECCKKLLIISSTTSS:: DDOO’’SS AANNDD DDOONN’’TTSS
a) Operational Guidelines of what to do in the event of a Flood. Do’s Don’ts
b) Operational Guidelines of what to do in the event of a Cyclone. Do’s Don’ts
c) Operational Guidelines of what to do in the event of a Heat wave.
Do’s Don’ts
d) Operational Guidelines of what to do in the event of a Drought.
Do’s Don’ts
e) Operational Guidelines of what to do in the event of an Earthquake Do’s Don’ts
DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES/ LINKAGES Short Term Plan: Sl. No.
Name of the G.P
Name of the Village
Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Fund Required
Time Frame
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Village Long Term Plan: Sl. No.
Name of the G.P
Name of the Village
Required Intervention
Agency Responsible
Fund Required
Time Frame
Mock Drills Plans: Time Process (Utilization,
Maintenance and Record Keeping)
Responsible Person
Inter Block Linkages: Need Areas Process Contact Person Block Plan update: Time Process Responsible Person Schedule for updating plans
Plans Updating Time
District Disasters Management Plan ½ Yearly ( MAY & NOV) Line Departments Disasters Management Plan ½ Yearly ( MAY & NOV)
Schedule for updating the district database
District Database Scheduled time Data Base of Volunteers Master Trainers Name of the Volunteer Specialized
training on Contact Address Telephone
Number Sl.No Name of the Group Name of the
Block Name of the GP
Name of the Village
No. Of Volunteers
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Trained 1 Early Warning 2 First Aid 3 Rescue and
Evacuation
4 Water and Sanitation / Shelter Management
5 Carcass Disposal 6 Relief Management 7 Damage
Assessment
8 Counseling 9 Patrolling
Staff Position in the District
SI.No Category of Posts Sanctioned strength Staff in position Vacant
01 Important Name and Telephone Numbers: Name of the Personnel
Designation and Department
Address Phone No. Fax Contact Person
Office Residence Annexure: Maps
o Social Map o Resource Map o Vulnerability Map o Places showing the weak Embankments/ River System o Road Map o Alternate Route
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GoI – UNDP DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME ROLE OF PRIs
The Indian sub continent is highly prone to natural disasters. Floods, cyclones, droughts, and earthquakes are a recurrent phenomenon in India. Susceptibility to disasters is compounded by frequent occurrence of man-made disaster such as fire, epidemics etc. For sustainable reduction Government of India [GOI] with support from United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] has started the Disaster Risk Management Programme in 125 districts most vulnerable districts in 12 states of India. The programme essentially aims at strengthening community, local self- governments and district administrations’ response, preparedness and mitigation measures. The different stakeholders in the programme are the government functionaries, community; Non-governmental Organisations/ Community based organizations/Self help Groups, any other groups at community level and the Panchayati Raj Institutions. At Village / Gram Sansad Level: The Panchayati Raj Institutions play a key role in the various implementation process of the Disaster Risk Management Programme. The Disaster Risk Management Plan starts from the village/ ward level [Gram Sansad in case of WB], the ward member/s along with the village volunteers help the community in preparing the multi hazard preparedness, management and mitigation plan and forming the Village disaster management Committee (VDMC). There will be a Village Disaster Management Team [VDMT] to carry out different activities during the time of emergency. The ward members are leading the village disaster management committee and play an active role in pre, during and post disaster. Being a part of the VDMC they could play an active role in the normal development activities that are being carried out in the village and these activities could be clubbed in such a way that the vulnerability of the area towards a particular hazard decreases. At Gram Panchayat / Gram Sabha Level: At the gram panchayat level the Sarpanch / Pradhan, Samiti members form a part of the Gram panchayat Disaster Management Committee (GPDMC). The Pradhan is the chairperson of the GPDMC and the convener is the gram panchayat Nodal officer [extension officer from block]. The Pradhan would help the Nodal officer and the G.P Secretary in preparing the Multi hazard GP Disaster Management Plan and assigning the roles and responsibilities to the various members of the GPDMC. In normal times the Pradhan and the PS Member could help in preparing the Gram Panchayat plan and approval of all plans in Gram Sabha. They could assist village disaster management team members to carry out the activities and prepared themselves for emergency. The VDMT members training by Civil Defense for First Aid and Rescue operations, water & sanitation, shelter management, damage assessment etc., which are to be, carried out at the Gram panchayats level by the PRI members along with the government officials. Coordination of relief, rescue operation, shelter management first aid and health, damage assessments etc are the major activities that they have to play when a disaster strikes. The need of the gram panchayat has to address in the regular development programme to
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reduce the vulnerability such as high raised building for low laying areas, grain bank, and training to the DMTs etc. At Block / Panchayat Samiti Level: At the block level the Chairperson / Sabhapati of Panchayat Samiti would play a key role in forming the Block Disaster Management Committee [BDMC] and preparing the multi hazard preparedness and mitigation plan. The Chairperson / Sabhapati of Panchayat Samiti would be the chairperson of the BDMC and the Block Development Officer would be the convener of the BDMC. They could help in providing training at the Grampanchayat level and help in carry out the preparedness activities. In pre, during and post disaster stock pilling of food stuff in vulnerable areas, coordination of relief, rescue operation, shelter management, first aid and health, damage assessments etc could be one of the major activities that they would have to carry out. Similarly it is the responsibility of Panchayat Samiti to approve the block disaster preparedness and mitigation plan and make it a regular programme of the block. At District / Zilla parishad Level: The Zilla Parishad President / Sabhadhipati and the other elected members of district would be a part of the District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC). They would basically monitor and coordinate the preparedness programme of the district. Coordinate with the District Disaster Management Team [DDMT] for supporting the other DMTs in training on relief, rescue operation, shelter management, first aid and health, damage assessments and carry out the activities when a disaster strikes. Awareness generation among the community members could be a role that the elected members could play. The Zilla Parishad President / Sabhadhipati would be the chairperson of the DDMC and the Collector and District Magistrate would be the convener. They could take a lead role in carrying out the preparedness and mitigation activities in the blocks, which would reduce vulnerability and save life and property during disasters. Role of PRIs in Disaster Risk Management Programme : ¥ Key facilitators ¥ Regular Up-gradation of disaster preparedness and mitigation plan ¥ Capacity building of disaster management team [DMT] ¥ Providing resource to DMTs-Medicine kit, Rescue equipment, Survival kits, ¥ Dissemination of warning to the communities ¥ Safe storage, temporary shelters at vulnerable pockets ¥ Helping the line depts. in pre-positioning of food , medicine and health
functionaries and water with taskforce ¥ Coordination and networking among all stakeholders in preparedness programme
and emergency situation ¥ Helping in damage assessment and relief distribution ¥ Awareness campaign
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Local self government is in the front line of disaster management could be a part a coordination process. Coordination and collaboration with PRIs will help in mainstreaming of the disaster management into the on going developmental programme. They are more useful in community development, so it is essential to strengthen their capacity to manage the vulnerability reduction programme. They will be one of the major players in the network suggested for disaster management could be in the following key thematic areas Ø Communications (for early warning and failsafe communications during
emergencies) Ø Awareness building and detailed preparedness plans at the community levels Ø Accuracy in Vulnerability & damage assessment as a tool for planning
development programs and mitigation measures (structural measures like embankments, roads, bridges and planning new hosing programs)
Ø Information sharing during disaster situation to prevent loss of life and enable judicious distribution of relief and rehabilitation measures.
Ø To have a cadre of frontline response managers and resources to quickly move into the field in the event of any emergency.(manpower & machinery)
Ø Networks for developing technically sound and appropriate designs for disaster resistant construction technologies and wide dissemination of the same.
To make these possible, the meetings, workshops, joint exposure visits, electronic networks, newsletters, capacity building exercises, should be held at a regular interval with action points for each participating agency. Follow up; monitoring and review would be an important tool to ensure that the network does not loose sight of its objective. There must be interchange of information within the various networks so that the each one is aware of the developments taking place to reach the final goal of Disaster safe community. In this process UNDP and other developmental agencies would facilitate the process to enhance the capacity of PRIs in reduction of vulnerability and able to provide basic services to the needy community.