mining notes. mineral solid substance found in nature which is made of a single element or compound...
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Mining Notes
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Mineral
• Solid substance found in nature which is made of a single element or compound
• Examples: salt, gold, silver
Calcite
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Important Minerals:• Aluminum: cans, cars, planes,
buildings• Copper: electrical wiring• Iron: used to make steel• Sulfur: paint, explosives, pesticides,
medicines• Silver: jewelry, film developing
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Ore: A rock that contains a mineral
Iron Ore Copper Ore
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Open Pit Mining• Machines dig large
holes in the ground to remove ore and leave a big hole in the ground.– Also referred to as a
quarry
• Examples: copper, sand, gravel, limestone, and marble
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Strip Mining
• Machines are used to clear a strip of land where ore is removed the surface.– Waste is used to fill in the hole from the
first strip (less damaging).
• Example: phosphate and coal
• Accounts for ½ of our coal
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Subsurface Mining
• Mine shafts are dug underground
• Disturbs the land the least, but is more hazardous and expensive
• Ex: salt/coal
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Effects of Mining1. Can lead to erosion and damage the
landscape
2. Toxic substances can be left behind and pollute water and land.
–Acid Mine Damage: water flows over minerals containing sulfur and the water then becomes acidic
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3. Loss of wildlife, destroys habitats, and the balance of the ecosystem
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4. Requires too much energy
5. Waste Production: more waste is produced from mining than what is produced in ALL US cities combined
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6. Previously deep mined areas are unstable
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How to Reduce the Effects of Mining.
1. Reclamation: restoring areas to their original condition– Laws require companies to reclaim
mining sites on public land.
– Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977): • All companies must restore mined land• Only applies to coal
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2. Reduce: Use less of the resources, which will decrease the demand for mining.
3. Re-use: Use minerals and materials as many times as possible.
This includes finding alternative uses for items.
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4. Recycle: convert one object into a different form to be used again.
Examples: paper and cans
Leads to a decrease in the need for mining and decreases pollution caused by mining.
“Leave only footprints, take only pictures, kill only time…”
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Public Land Use
• 40% of all land in the US is publicly owned
• This includes National Parks and Forests
• Wilderness: area in which the land and the ecosystems it supports are protected from all development (Wilderness Act 1964)