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Dave Flax – Euclid Chemical
Business Development Group
Manager Southwest Region
858-405-0356
MINING APPLICATIONS SEAoA June 18, 2015
Make Better Concrete
• Reduce Shrinkage and Cracking
• Corrosion Inhibitors to protect rebars
• Synthetic Macro Fibers to get rid of steel in SOG, shotcrete, CMD, & toppings
Withstand Heavy-Duty Mine Abuse
• Iron Aggregate Products for high abrasion & impact resistance
• Grouts for dynamic loading
• Coatings and Linings for chemical protection
Dave Flax
Civil Engineering Degree from RPI
Over 35 years experience with concrete
Years as a Field Engineer
Years with a contractor
Years with the Corps of Engineers
doing research
Published dozens of articles
Specialized in concrete
Earned CDT and CCPR from CSI
Spent 10 years calling on the copper mines
CONCRETE WITH
REDUCED SHRINKING,
CRACKING, AND CURLING
COARSE AGGREGATE
Provide largest topsize coarse aggregate available that
meets the following constraints:
• 1/5 of narrowest dimension between sides of forms.
• 1/3 of depth of slab.
• 3/4 of minimum clear distance between reinforcing
bars or between bars and forms, whichever is least.
Coarse Aggregate
MORE & LARGER COARSE AGGREGATE
MEANS LESS SURFACE AREA
AND LESS SPACE TO FILL
WHICH MEANS LESS PASTE
WHICH MEANS LESS CEMENT
WHICH MEANS LESS WATER
WHICH MEANS LESS EXCESS WATER
WHICH MEANS LESS SHRINKAGE
WHICH MEANS LESS CRACKING & CURLING
SHRINKAGE REDUCING ADMIXTURES
Capillary Pore Stress
Stress = Cracks
Shrinkage Reduction
-0.035
-0.03
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Time (days)
Le
ng
th c
ha
ng
e (
%)
Reference
SRA 1
SRA 2
Cement 517 lb/yd3
Water 255 lb/yd3
Fine aggregate 1450 lb/yd3
Coarse aggregate 1700 lb/yd3
WR 3 oz/cwt
AEA 1.65 oz/cwt
SRA 2% by
cementitious
Example
SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING
CONCRETE
FINAL LENGTH
Potential
Expansion
Actual
Expansion
CONCRETE REBAR, MACRO FIBERS, or CABLE
ORIGINAL LENGTH
TYPICAL SLABS 200’ by 250’ 50,000ft2
Shrinkage-Compensating
1,550 lf of joints
SAVED 6,000 LF OF JOINTS
Portland Concrete
7,550 lf of joints
Joints 12.5’ x 12.5’ Joints 50’ x 50’
WELL OVER
A MILE
Abrasion
Resistance
Increased
30-40% per ACI 223R-10
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Parking Garage
Secondary Containment
Water Treatment Tank
Repair Topping
Loading Dock Retail
Metal Deck
TYPICAL COPPER MINE USES:
• Where cracks will allow chemical infiltration
• Tanks
• Secondary containment
• Where cracks and joints will chip and spall
from physical abuse
• Where flat floors without curling are desired
• Pretty much all concrete
CORROSION INHIBITING
ADMIXTURE
Phelps Dodge
El Paso, TX
Asarco Copper
Hayden, AZ
• Corrosion expands 400 - 800%
• Lose bond
• Delamination
• Lose cross sectional area
• Lose load bearing capacity
Consequences of Corrosion
I should’ve
listened to
Dave !!!
Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures:
• Calcium Nitrite reacts
• Creates a passivity layer
• Delays the onset of corrosion
• Decreases the rate of corrosion
• Increases the service life of the structure
TYPICAL COPPER MINE USES:
• Where water and chemicals can cause
corrosion of rebars
• Just about everywhere in the mine
SYNTHETIC MACRO FIBERS
We should have used Synthetic Macro Fibers
Fiber Development
After
Mixing
Before
Mixing
Fiber ends fray during mixing
to improve bond with concrete
10 mil
crack
FEDEX in North Phoenix
5 pcy Synthetic Macro Fibers
Slab Design Software
Slab Design Software
Dosage
Recommendation
This is the process
that is mandated in
the Slab Design
Document TR34
which is where the
ACI 360 derives its
calculations.
Resolution Copper Mining, Superior, Arizona
One of the largest copper resources in North America
Copper is more than a mile below the surface
Two 7,000 foot deep shafts to start
10 pcy
TYPICAL COPPER MINE USES:
• Where water and chemicals can cause
corrosion of rebars
• Slabs on grade
• Toppings
• Tunnels
• Shotcrete
• Composite metal decks
DRY SHAKE HARDENERS
Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco
Phelps Dodge Warehouse – Morenci, AZ
Relative Abrasion Resistance ASTM C-779
Liquid
Densifier
Mineral
Aggregate
Shake
Nonoxidizing
Metallic
Aggregate
Shake
Metallic
Aggregate
Shake
800
100
200
600 Percent
of
Reference Plain
Concrete
Boeing – South Carolina
TYPICAL COPPER MINE USES:
• Warehouses
• Shops
• Labs
• Where abrasion resistance is required
• Where light reflectivity is required
IMPACT RESISTANT FLOORS
Relative Abrasion Resistance
ASTM C-779
Liquid
Densifier
Mineral
Aggregate
Shake
Nonoxidizing
Metallic
Aggregate
Shake
Metallic
Shake or
Iron
Aggregate
Topping
800
100 200
600 Percent
of
Reference Plain
Concrete
2” cube
4,000 psi
concrete
10,000 psi
concrete
with emery
12,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron
aggregate
18,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron and
natural
aggregate
2” cube
4,000 psi
concrete
10,000 psi
concrete
with emery
12,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron
aggregate
18,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron and
natural
aggregate
2” cube
4,000 psi
concrete
10,000 psi
concrete
with emery
12,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron
aggregate
18,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron and
natural
aggregate
2” cube
4,000 psi
concrete
10,000 psi
concrete
with emery
12,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron
aggregate
18,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron and
natural
aggregate
2” cube
4,000 psi
concrete
10,000 psi
concrete
with emery
12,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron
aggregate
18,000 psi
cementitious
topping
with iron and
natural
aggregate
LA Rattler: 2” cubes of material, 2” steel balls, rotate slowly for 2,000 cycles
Cyprus Copper
San Manuel, AZ
Asarco Copper
Hayden, AZ
Magma Copper
Miami, AZ
Asarco Copper
Ray, AZ
TYPICAL COPPER MINE USES:
• Anode storage areas
• Tracked vehicle maintenance shop floors
• Moly crushing areas
• Loading docks
• Scales
• Copper recycling areas
• Smelter floors
• Launderers
• Sluiceways
• Wooden flumes
• Setting panels in ball and rod mills
• Mills floors
• Anything and everything that takes a beating
GROUT
CEMENTITIOUS GROUT
Cementitious
grout - the
way it
should be!
Cyprus Copper - Bagdad, AZ
Asarco Copper
Ray to Hayden
EPOXY GROUT
Magma Copper
San Manuel, AZ
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
CEMENTITIOUS AND EPOXY GROUTS
Consistency:
• Cementitious Flows while Epoxy Oozes
Sticks to Base Plate:
• Cementitious Doesn’t while Epoxy Does
Compressive Strength:
• Epoxy has Higher Early and Ultimate
Creep:
• Epoxy Creeps More at High Temperatures
Dynamic Loading:
• Cementitious with Natural Aggregate is Good
• Cementitious with Iron Aggregate is Better
• Epoxy is Best
TYPICAL COPPER MINE USES:
• Ball mills
• Rod mills
• Generators
• Tanks
• Equipment
• Rail chocks
• Radial ore stackers
• Cone crushers
• Etc.
COATINGS AND LININGS
Flake Filled Epoxy Novolac
Coating, Broadcast, or Trowel-Down
for Severe Chemical Attack like Tankhouses
FMI Copper
Morenci, AZ
Hycroft Mine
Winnemucca, NV
TYPICAL COPPER MINE USES:
• Tank lining
• Columns under tank houses
• Floors under tank houses
• Floors subject to chemicals
• Grout shoulders
• Secondary containment
• Locker rooms
• Water treatment
• SX-EWs
• Etc.
When it comes to
construction its:
• The contractor’s
job to build it
• Your job to tell
them how in
the spec or GSN
• My job to help you
with product
selection and
the spec & GSN
Dave Flax – Euclid Chemical
Business Development Group
Manager Southwest Region
858-405-0356
Make Better Concrete
• Reduce Shrinkage and Cracking
• Corrosion Inhibitors to protect rebars
• Synthetic Macro Fibers to get rid of steel in SOG, shotcrete, CMD, & toppings
Withstand Heavy-Duty Mine Abuse
• Iron Aggregate Products for high abrasion & impact resistance
• Grouts for dynamic loading
• Coatings and Linings for chemical protection
MINING APPLICATIONS SEAoA June 18, 2015