mining (2)
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● Introduction of Mining● Mining Industry● Prospecting and Exploration
Metallurgy: Mining
REPORTED BY: CANOY, CLAIRE E.YR & SEC. : 2B2- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
Introduction of Mining
● Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam.
● Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense include extraction of non-renewable resource
Materials Recovered in MiningBase Metals
Figure 1. Gold
Figure 2. Copper
Materials Recovered in Mining
Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 3. Coal
Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 4. Rock Salt
Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 5. potash
Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 6. Diamonds
Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 8. Iron
Figure 9. Silver
Materials Recovered in Mining
Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 10. Uranium
Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 11. Limestone
History of Mining
Stone Age
Old Stone Age man used tools of wood, stone, horn, or bone to dig flint from softer chalk and limestone.
History of Mining
Figure 12. Stone Age
Figure 13. Stone Age tools
Bronze Age
It is known that bronze age man valued copper and bronze as both artistic and practical objects. The ore was gained by using only simple stone and bone tools.
It is thought that initially raw metallic copper found on the surface would have attracted the ancients to the uses of copper.
History of Mining
Figure 14. Bronze Age
Iron AgeIron age generally is considering to have
started about 1200 B.C.
Existing iron ore deposits were not exploited in ancient Egypt until the Late Period, but the metal was occasionally found in its meteoric form and put to use as early as the 4th millennium BCE.
History of Mining
Figure 16. Iron Age
The smelting of iron was by the process known as the 'Bloomery' method.
Bellows were used to fan the flames and the end product was a malleable ball of impure iron which could be hammered to shape.
History of MiningIron Age
Figure 17. Bellows
Figure 18. Iron age tools
Mining industry
CountryPetroleu
m (metric tons)
Salts(metric tons)
Lead(metric tons)
Zinc(metric tons)
Feldspar
(metric tons)
Gold(metri
c tons)
Silver(metric tons)
Copper
(metric
tons)
Kaolin(metric tons)
Australia 24 627 200
11 968 000
710 000
1 480 000 50 000 260 1880 870
000 104 708
China 203 014 000
70 377 600
1 981 300
3 842 200
2 100 000 340.88 3085 1 179
500 3 260 000
India 37 712 000
18 610 100 90 400 740 000 546 472 2. 239 148.524 35 500 2 727 946
Saudi Arabia
466 553 600
1 800 000 543 4 897 42 300 4.476 7.760 1 603 62 000
Philippines 1 092 000 557
600 9 318 000 9 300 15 887 40.847 41 58 400 2 490
United States
339 915 000
43 300 000
369 000 748 000 550 000 231 1280 1 110
000 5 420 000
Russia, Europe
171 812 200
3 619 000 3 880 28 200 64 000 14.091 114.460 210
810 45 000
Table1. Production of Mineral Raw Materials of individual Countries
Country Total (metric tons)(1) Saudi Arabia 468,464,955.236(2) United States 391,413,511(3) China 285,758,025.88(4) Russia, Europe 175,783,218.551(5) India 60,462,568.763(6) Australia 39,812,048(7) Philippines 11,053,758.847
Table 2. Total Volume (metric tons) of each country
Ore Volume(metric tons) Place Primary gold 2,108,263,869 Baguio,Paracale, Masbate,
Surigao,Masra( Davao)
Primary Copper 4,052,082,051 Cebu,Marinduque, Benguet Prov. Samar
Silver 2,108,260,000 Negros Occidental, Samar, Davao
Molybdenum 30,600,306 Negros OccidentalChromite 91,576,038 Zambales, Mindoro
Occidental, , Zambales, Plawan
Nickel 1,569,870,783 Zambales, Palawan, Davao, Samar
Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores
Ore Volume( in Metric Tons)
Place
Iron 1,619,933,113 Zamboanga del Sur, Davao, Mindoro
Mercury 1,474,042 flasks Koronadal City
Lead 9,318,000 Zamboanga City
Zinc 6,162,011 Batangas and Zamboanga City
Manganese 7,537,003 Bohol, Trlac, Isabela,Palawan
Cadmium 47 Baguio district
Platinum 942 Zambales
Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores
Ore Volume( in Metric tons)
Place
Asbestos 5,811,000 Zambales and Pangasinan
Clay 450,432,000 Camarines Sur, Bulacan, Iloilo, Laguna
Rock Asphalt 550,000 Leyte
Feldspar 22,706,000 Ilocos Norte, Bulacan, Mindoro Occidental
Dolomite 650,070,000 Negros Oriental,Bohol, Bulacan
Gypsum 2,438,000 Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur
Sulphur 19,534,000 Camiguin, Cagayan, Leyte, Sorsogon
Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves
Ore Volume( in Metric tons) Place
Diatomite 4,573,000 Lanao del Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte
Magnesite 52,276,000 Davao
Perlite 13,922,000 Quezon, Catanduanes, Albay, Antique
Sand and Gravel 82,863,000 Cebu, Isabela
Pyrite 13,798,000 Albay, Antique, Surigao
Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves
Figure 19. Mining map of the Philippines
Prospecting and exploration
What is Prospecting ?
The process of looking for mineral deposits.
Types of Prospecting
● Traditional Prospecting
● Modern Prospecting
Types of ProspectingTraditional Prospecting
Its prospectors was looking for simple, easy to find mineralization-native gold in stream gravels or in veins out cropping on the rocky sides of the mountains
The old-time prospector used a burro or mule to carry his camping supplies, pick and shovel a pan for washing stream gravels
Figure 20. Burro or Mule
Modern Prospecting
The modern prospector is a member of a team of highly trained specialists who use sophisticated equipment in a planned, systematic search. The team generally include experts in geology, geophysics, geochemistry, computer techniques, drilling, mineral economics, metallurgy, and related fields.
Types of Prospecting
Figure 21. Trained Specialist
Geological guides in prospecting
ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting
Metallogenic associations-It deals with the location where
undiscovered mineral deposit relative of know regional trends of related deposits.
Natural associations The relation of ore deposited
structural features such as faults, brecciate and conformities and the boarders of intrusions is used as a guide in prospecting
ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting
ZoningMost closely followed guides to
ore is the expected pattern of mineral zoning. Ore and gangue minerals change in character with distance from the center of mineralization.
ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting
OutcropsGossans, the residue of red, brown,
and yellow iron oxides and silica that remains from the weathering is used in prospecting as a guide to hidden primary mineralization.
ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting
Figure 22.Outcrops
Prospecting methods
Prospecting Prospecting methods
Direct method Geochemical method Biochemical method Geobotanical method Remote sensing
Direct methodthe topography itself may give evidence of abrupt depressions related to the leaching and collapse of sulfide ore minerals.
Prospecting Prospecting methods
Prospecting Prospecting methods
Geochemical methods-involve the field and laboratory analysis of sampled rock, soil, vegetation and other natural materials for trace amounts of the principal indicator elements of an ore body.
Prospecting Prospecting methods
Biochemical prospecting this method is essentially an indirect means of collecting information from soil and groundwater. Roots of trees and bushes accumulate certain elementsFrom the subsurface and transmit them to foliage.
Prospecting Prospecting methods
Geobotanical prospecting this is a method in which a presence of morphological or mutational changes vegetation is taken as a guide to local geochemical condition.
Electrical SurveyIt uses the
electrical properties of rock to locate any mineral in the area
Prospecting Prospecting methods
Equipments use in prospecting
It is used for by prospectors for close look and to study the rocks.
Equipments Use in ProspectingMagnifier
Suction Tweezer
Equipments Use in Prospecting
For easy extraction of tiny gold.
Equipments Use in ProspectingProspector’s
HammerFor hammering
chisels, etc
Equipments Use in ProspectingShovel
For digging
Equipments Use in ProspectingBulb Snifter
Extracting gold from pans.
Equipments Use in ProspectingChisels
Splitting rocks.
Equipments Use in ProspectingPick
Mattocks For digging hard
rocks..
Equipments Use in ProspectingMagnetic Compass
The oldest magnetic prospecting instrument, which measures the field direction.
Exploration
What is Exploration?
Exploration is the process of closely examining a deposits to determined it’s size, shape, mineral content and other characteristics.
Exploration Exploration techniques
Geological InferenceThis is the primary method in the initial
stage of exploration, it is critical in interpreting the results of other methods.
The prospecting team starts with geologic map of the region. Such map shows the various kinds of rocks at the surface and for thousands of feet underground as well the structural features of the rocks thickness of beds, folds, faults, fractures, and intrusions.
Geological Inference
Geophysical methodinvolve the measuring slight
differences in physical properties of rocks and minerals.
Exploration Exploration techniques
Geophysical Method
Equipments use in Exploration
Exploration equipments
Gravimeters Use in gravity method which typically consist of a weigh attached to a string that stretches or contracts corresponding to an increase or decrease in gravity.
Gravimeters
Exploration equipments
Scintillometers Scintillometers is a device used to measure small fluctuations of the refractive index of air caused by variations in temperature, humidity and pressure.
Scintillometers
Exploration equipments
Seismograph Use to measure earthquake. The goal of
the seismograph is to accurately record the motion of the ground during a quake.
Seismograph