minerals in forages: cow considerationsminerals in milk mineral % potassium 0.13 calcium 0.12...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MINERALS IN FORAGES:COW CONSIDERATIONS
Jim Linn
University of Minnesota
![Page 2: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
FOCUS OF PAPER AND PRESENTATION
• MACRO MINERALS (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S)
¸ Forage mineral content• Quantity
• Availability
¸ Lactating and transition cow requirements
¸ Feeding considerations
![Page 3: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
FORAGE MINERAL CONTENT
• Are ‘book values’ accurate?– 2001 Dairy NRC updated information– Legume and grass forages listed by NDF and
not species– Grain silages
• Analysis better than book values– Wet chemistry better than NIR
![Page 4: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ASHTOTAL MINERAL CONTENT
Ash analysis important
• Inverse of organicmatter (energy)
• Soil contamination
• Soil microorganisms
Molds, Mycotoxins
• High levels may decreasefeed intake (>9% diet)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Legumes Grasses Cornsilage
%as
h
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HOW MUCH EXTRA “MINERAL” ARE COWS GETTING?
![Page 6: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ABILITY OF FORAGES TO MEETMINERAL REQUIREMENTS
• QUANTITY(Total Amount)
• AVAILABILITY(Amount cows can absorb from thedigestive tract)
![Page 7: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Calcium (Ca) in Forages
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Legumes Grasses Oatlage Corn Silage
% C
a
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Ca Availability
Feed Factor, %Forages 30Grains 60Mineral supplements 50 - 95
Alfalfa @ 1.6% Ca = Available Ca 0.39%(1.6 x .3)
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Calcium and Cow ConsiderationsTransition Cow
50Requirement
30 lb colostrum
21275 d Preg req't
301%22Total diet
5300.311Corn Silage
25301.711Alfalfa
Avail gAvail %% CaLb DMFeed
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Calcium and Cow Considerations
• Ca only 30% available from foragesvLactating cow diets with alfalfa may need
Ca supplementation
• AvailabilityvGrains (60%)vSupplements (50 – 95%)
• Balance diets to meet Ca requirementsv Lactating cows - .75 - .9%v Closeup cows - 1 – 1.5%
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Phosphorus (P) Facts• Availability
• Forages - 64%• Concentrates - 70%
• P content of most forages - 0.25 to 0.35%
• Phosphorus requirements - amounts not % of diet
• High phosphorus diets do not improve milk
production or reproduction
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Study 4
Milk Production Responses to DietaryPhosphorus ( Satter et al. 1999)
0.32 to . 390.45 to .510.65
% P
Mi lk
,lb /
d
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P Requirements and Excretion
24 lb/cow – unavoidableYearly excretion/cow
60 d dry, 305 d lactation
3316Excretion at Req’t g/d
0.410.48Dietary Req’t, %
6767Diet availability, %
6932P requirement, g/d
100 lb milk
55 lb DMI
275 day Preg
22 lb DMI
![Page 14: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Magnesium in Forages
• Quantity
ÿLegumes - 0.25 to 0.3%
ÿGrasses – 0.20 to 0.25%
ÿGrain silage – 0.15 to 0.20%
Availability 16% for all forages
![Page 15: MINERALS IN FORAGES: COW CONSIDERATIONSMinerals in Milk Mineral % Potassium 0.13 Calcium 0.12 Chloride 0.09 Phosphorus 0.09 Sodium 0.05 Sulfur 0.03 Magnesium 0.01. KRequirements K](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040400/5e6dc1f563bdfc6d800f3e11/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Magnesium and Cow Considerations
Absorbed from the rumenMagnesium sources must be soluble in rumenFactors affecting Mg solubility/absorption
» Rumen pH - better below 6.5» High K diets (>1.5%) decrease solubility» K:Mg ratio < 4:1 for good absorption» Low solubility/absorption of Mg in most
feedstuffs (10 to 30%); Supplements - 5%
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Mg Requirements
0.3 to 0.35%0.3 to 0.4%Diet Recommend, %
0.230.16Dietary Req’t, %
1616Diet availability, %
92.5Mg requirement, g/d
100 lb milk
55 lb DMI
275 day Preg
22 lb DMI
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Cations and Anions“Electrolytes”
Cations
Positive charge
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Anions
Negative charge
Chloride (Cl)
Sulfur (S)
Dietary Cation Anion Difference
(Na + K) – (Cl + S)
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Potassium (K) in Forages
• Quantity
ÿ Legumes – 2.0 to >3%
ÿ Grasses – 1.5 to >3%
ÿ Corn sil – 1.0 to 1.5%
ÿ Grain sil – 1.5 to >3%
Availability 85 to 90% for all forages
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Minerals in Milk
Mineral %Potassium 0.13Calcium 0.12Chloride 0.09Phosphorus 0.09Sodium 0.05Sulfur 0.03Magnesium 0.01
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K Requirements
45 High3 LowK feeding period, weeks
1.140.60Dietary Req’t, %
9090Diet availability, %
25653K requirement, g/day
100 lb milk
55 lb DMI
275 day Preg
22 lb DMI
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Potassium and Cow Considerations
Potassium - lactating cowsÿ Milkÿ Heat stress – cows sweat Kÿ >1.5% K in diet
Potassium – closeup cowsÿ Factor in milk feverÿ High levels reduce Mg absorptionÿ < 1% if possible
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Sodium (Na) in Forages
Less than .05% in all forages
Availability 90%+ for all feeds
Major sources of Naÿ Salt
ÿ Buffers – Na bicarb/carbonate
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Na Requirements
0.3 to 0.5%
Milkresponse
<0.2%
Factor inmilk fever
Diet Recommend, %
0.230.14Dietary Req’t, %
9090Diet availability, %
5212Na requirement, g/d
100 lb milk
55 lb DMI
275 day Preg
22 lb DMI
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Chloride (Cl) in Forages
Legume/Grass forages - 0.5 to 1.0%
Corn silage – 0.2 to 0.4%
Availability – 90%
Major source
ÿ Salt
ÿ Legumes and grass forages
ÿ Supplements
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Cl Requirements
< 0.5%
Milkresponse
> 0.5%
Factor inmilk fever
Diet Recommend, %
0.270.18Dietary Req’t, %
9090Diet availability, %
6616Cl requirement, g/d
100 lb milk
55 lb DMI
275 day Preg
22 lb DMI
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Na and Cl Feeding Considerations
Cl content of forages ?Accurate analysis (.5 – 1% forages)Availability
Buffers supply NaExcess of Na requirement
Cows appear to require salt» Lactating – 4 oz/day» Dry – 1 oz/day
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Sulfur (S) in Forages
Related to protein contentÿ Legumes – 0.25%ÿ Corn silage - 0.1 to 0.15%
Requirement is for rumenmicrobes
Nitrogen (N) to S ration10 to 12:1 in diet
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S Requirements
0.2 to 0.3%<0.4%
Factor inmilk fever
Diet Recommend, %
0.220.2Dietary Req’t, %
100100Diet availability, %
5420S req’t to support yield ofmicrobial protein, g/d
100 lb milk
55 lb DMI
275 day Preg
22 lb DMI
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Cations and Anions“Electrolytes”
CationsPotassium
• Culprit in milk fever• Highest requirement in
lactation (> 1.5%)
Sodium• Milk production may be
enhanced by feedingabove requirement (~.15%)
AnionsChloride
• Transition ~ .5%
• Lactation - excessmay reduce milk inhot weather (>.5%)
Sulfur• Requirement ~ .2%
• Toxicity ~ .5%
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DCAD Balances
Lactating cows+30 meq/100g DM
Closeup CowsNo salts
< 10 meq/100 g DM
Salts
-10 or greater meq/100gDM
Measure urine pH < 6.5
Milk Yield, kg/d
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
-10 10 30 50 70
DCAD, meq(Na+K-Cl-S)/100g DM
Sanchez et al., 1994
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SUMMARY
• Forages are an important source of macrominerals for dairy cattle
• Diet formulations must consider¸ Amount¸ Availability¸ Interactions between minerals
• Excesses are as much of a concern asdeficiencies
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Thanks for Listening
QUESTIONS