minerals: how do they form in planets?
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Minerals: how do they form in planets?. By: Josh Gates and Michael Parris. The way minerals form. That Gas Giant Outer Planets - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Minerals: how do they form in planets?By: Josh Gates and Michael Parris
The Rocky Inner Planets
The four inner planets are composed of rocks and minerals. Minerals in these planets form by elements that are deep inside the ground and the great pressure there. Erosion, weathering, and mining are the ways that minerals come to the surface.
That Gas Giant Outer Planets
The four outer planets are composed of gases. Minerals also form in these planets by pressure and elements. Different elements form here because of the different elements and pressure changes.
The way minerals form
The Rocky Inner Planets
Mercury is the first planet of the solar system. It is one of the
four small rocky inner planets with an iron core. It is composed of Iron and silicates—metal and rock—that were separated by weight in the original nebula that the planets formed in.As the planet formed, the outermost silicate crust was eroded by fierce heat and radiation, then blown away from the Sun.As the planet was forming, a giant impact blasted away most of the outer silicate crust (much like what happened to Earth to form the Moon).
Mercury
Venus is the second planet of the solar
system. It is one of the four small rocky inner
planets with an iron core. Venus is made
up of a central iron core and a rocky
mantle, similar to the composition of
Earth. Venus' atmosphere is made
up mostly of carbon dioxide(96%)
and nitrogen(3%).
Venus
Earth is the third planet of the solar system. It is one of the four small
rocky inner planets with an iron core. The composition of the
atmosphere of Earth is 21 percent molecular oxygen, 78
percent molecular nitrogen, and 1 percent argon. Trace
amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases
are also present. The mass of the Earth is approximately
5.98×1024 kg. It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%),
oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur
(2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium
(1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace
amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the
core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron
(88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur
(4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.
Earth
Mars is the fourth planet of the solar system. It is one of the four small rocky inner planets
with an iron core. The dark areas of Mars are characterised by the mafic
rock-forming minerals olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase feldspar. These
minerals are the primary constituents of basalt, a dark volcanic rock that
also makes up the Earth's oceanic crust and the lunar maria.
The mineral olivine occurs all over the planet, but some of the largest
concentrations are in Nili Fossae, an area containing Noachian-aged
rocks. Another large olivine-rich outcrop is in Ganges Chasma, an
eastern side chasm of Valles Marineris (pictured). [16] Olivine weathers
rapidly into clay minerals in the presence of liquid water. Therefore,
areas with large outcroppings of olivine-bearing rock indicate that liquid
water has not been abundant since the rocks formed. [2]
Pyroxene minerals are also widespread across the surface. Both low-
calcium (ortho-) and high-calcium (clino-) pyroxenes are present, with
the high-calcium varieties associated with younger volcanic shields and
the low-calcium forms (enstatite) more common in the old highland
terrain.
Mars
The Gas Giant Outer planets
Jupiter is the fifth planet of the solar system. It is one of the four
Gas giant Outer planets. The interior contains denser
materials such that the distribution is roughly 71%
hydrogen, 24% helium and 5% other elements by
mass. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of
methane, water vapor, ammonia, and silicon-based
compounds. There are also traces of carbon, ethane,
hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur.
The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains
crystals of frozen ammonia. Through infrared and
ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene
and other hydrocarbons have also been found.
Jupiter
Saturn is the sixth planet of the solar system. It is one of the four
Gas giant Outer planets. Saturn's atmospheric constituents
are, in order by mass, hydrogen (88 per cent) and
helium (11 per cent); and the remainder comprises
traces of methane, ammonia, ammonia crystals, and
such other gases as ethane, ethane (ethylene), and
phosphine. Voyager images showed whirls and eddies
of clouds occurring deep in a haze that is much thicker
than that of Jupiter because of Saturn's lower
temperature. The temperatures of Saturn's cloud tops
are close to -176° C (-285° F), about 27° C (49° F)
lower than those of such locations on Jupiter.
Saturn
Uranus is the seventh planet of the solar system. It is one of the four Gas giant
Outer planets. The composition of the Uranian atmosphere is different
from the rest of the planet, consisting as it does mainly of molecular
hydrogen and helium.[12] The helium molar fraction, i.e. the number
of helium atoms per molecule of gas, is 0.15 ± 0.03 in the upper
troposphere, which corresponds to a mass fraction 0.26 ± 0.05. This
value is very close to the protosolar helium mass fraction of 0.275 ±
0.01, indicating that helium has not settled in the center of the
planet as it has in the gas giants. The third most abundant
constituent of the Uranian atmosphere is methane (CH4). Methane
possesses prominent absorption bands in the visible and near-
infrared (IR) making Uranus aquamarine or cyan in color. Methane
molecules account for 2.3% of the atmosphere by molar fraction
below the methane cloud deck at the pressure level of 1.3 bar
(130 kPa); this represents about 20 to 30 times the carbon
abundance found in the Sun.
Uranus
Neptune is the eighth planet of the solar system. It is one of the four
Gas giant Outer planets. Neptune's atmosphere mainly consists of
molecular hydrogen (H2) 80%, helium (He) 19% and methane (CH4)
1.5%. It also contains small amounts of hydrogen deuteride (HD) and
ethane (C2H6). The average temperature of Neptune at cloud top is -
220oC. It has an extremely hot core at about 5150oC, hotter than the
surface of the sun.
It is most likely that Neptune has a small solid core of a rocky
material about the mass of the Earth surrounded by a layer of liquid
which is probably Water with molecules of methane and ammonia.
The temperature of this water is many times the 100oC that water
boils at on Earth, but the extremely high pressure or the Neptunian
atmosphere keeps the particles from escaping the water.
Neptune
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