minerals and rocks review slides - napa valley college · minerals can change and grow in...
TRANSCRIPT
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Minerals and Rocks
Study Aid
Most photos and tables courtesy of Katryn Wiese City College of San Francisco
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Minerals(A rock is an aggregation of one or more minerals)
To be a mineral, it will meet all these requirements:
- solid
- naturally occurring
- inorganic
- has a characteristic chemical composition
has a definite internal atomic arrangement (crystal structure).
Thus it will have distinctive physical properties:
-Crystal Habit (Shape)
-Cleavage and Fracture
-Hardness
-Color (often the least useful diagnostic tool)
-Luster (how light plays off the surface)
-Specific Gravity (Density—how heavy it will feel)
-Taste (not recommended since some are toxic)
-Reacts or not to Hydrochloric acid
-Twinning
-Exsolution Lamellae
-Magnetic
-Double Refraction
Using this diagnostic tools in combination will help you identify mineral hand samples in
the field.
double refraction
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Sphalerite
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Bauxite
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Igneous Rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Metamorphic Rocks
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We use mineralogy and texture in a metamorphic rock to determine the agents that
caused the rock to form (the highest temperature and pressure and/or types of fluids to
which a rock was exposed). We call the intensity of metamorphism to which a rock was
exposed metamorphic grade.
GRAPHIC OF BASALT
METAMORPHISM BY
METAMORPHIC SETTING
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Textural changes
Major textural changes occur as metamorphic grade increases, due to increased pressures and temperatures. If the
pressures are uniform in all direction (confining pressure), the results are different than if the pressure is high in
only one direction (directed pressure). In the latter case, pressure is released if minerals align themselves
perpendicular to the direction of pressure.
• Density increases (volume shrinks) – Grains/crystals pack closer together under confining pressure.
• Foliation increases – Minerals align when under directed pressure.
• Crystal size increases – Grain boundaries migrate, enlarging crystal size as pressure (any kind) placed on
crystal boundaries.
Other Textural Changes found in metamorphic rocks:
• Veins – Fractures filled by minerals that precipitated from hydrothermal fluids.
• Porphyroblasts – Unusually large crystals set in a finer-grained groundmass.
• Folds, lineations, stretched or sheared grains – Clasts or layers in the original rock are stretched out or
folded under directed pressure.
• Slickensides – Smoothed, grooved surfaces – formed when two rocks move across one another, like along
faults or cracks.
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Mineral changes
Minerals can change and grow in metamorphic rocks, without melting. The
chemically active fluids and pressure at crystal grain boundaries can cause the ions
in the solid rock to migrate as though they were in a fluid. For this reason,
metamorphic minerals tend to show some of the most perfect crystal faces. In
addition, as metamorphic grade increases, minerals change to more stable ones
and crystals get larger.
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Polymorph example:
These three minerals
have the same chemical
formula, but are stable
at different pressure
and temperature
conditions.
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Setting: B=Burial, C=Contact, R=Regional, and S=Subduction.
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More Stuff
• Practice Sheets
• Answer Keys
• Flash Cards
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