minerals and rocks - brooklyn collegebrooklyncollegegeology.com/elc/rocksminerals.pdfminerals and...
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Minerals and Rocks
Environmental Learning Community
CORC 1332
Sept 21, 2010
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Outline
• Quiz
• More on minerals
• Twinkies
• Rocks
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How can you identify one mineral from another?
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04.03.a
Distinguishing One Mineral from Another
Crystal formCleavage
No cleavage
Color
Luster
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04.03.b
Tests to Help Identify Minerals
Hardness
Effervescence
Streak
Magnetism
Density
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04.04.a
What Controls a Crystal’s Shape?
Halite (NaCl)
Sizes and packing of atoms
Internal structure of halite
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04.04.b
Crystal Lattice
Repeating pattern
Orderly arrangement of atoms
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04.04.c1-3
How Are Atoms Arranged in a Mineral?
Cubic Tetrahedron Octahedron
Observe some ways atoms are arranged in a mineral
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04.05.a
Atomic Scale of Mineral Cleavage
Sheets joined by long bonds between sheets (break along weakest bonds)
Brown atoms bonded with blue atoms into flat sheets (strong bonds)
Cleave into sheets
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04.05.b
Bonds with Same Strength
Mineral breaks through the lattice in nearly any direction so it will fracture
Mineral can break along three sets of planes without passing through an atom
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04.05.c
Observe the number and relative orientation of cleavage planes in this mineral
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04.05.c
Observe the number and relative orientation of cleavage planes in this mineral
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04.06.a1
# is atomic number (number of protons)
Letters are abbreviation for element
Color represents type of element
Periodic Table
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Mineral families – Geologist have identified approximately 4000 mineral species.
Out of every kg of material in Earth’s continental crust, only 12 elements are present in quantities greater than one gram: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, hydrogen, manganese, and phosphorus.
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04.06.b4
Major Classes of Rock-Forming Minerals
Carbonates
Silicates
Oxides Halides
SulfatesSulfidesNative minerals
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Important Minerals• Sulfides: contain sulfur
• Oxides: contain oxygen
• Metals
– Malleable, lustrous, conductors
– Iron, aluminum, copper
• Nonmetallic minerals
• Ore
– Rock with valuable mineral
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Silicates
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04.09.a
Nonsilicate Minerals: Carbonates
Calcite
Dolomite
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04.09.a
Nonsilicate Minerals: Halides and Sulfates
Halite (halide)
Gypsum (sulfate)
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04.09.a
Nonsilicate Minerals: Oxides
Hematite
Magnetite
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04.09.a
Nonsilicate Minerals: Sulfides
Pyrite
Copper sulfide
Galena
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Some important minerals in soils
Primary Minerals – formed by cooling of molten rock
Name Properties
QuartzSilicate
SiO2; hard; weathers very slowly; major component of sands
Feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase)Silicate
Hard; weathers slowly or moderately to form clay; provides plant nutrients; minor component of sands
Mica (muscovite and biotite)Silicate
Appears to glitter in rocks and sands; provides potassium; weathers to form clays
Dark minerals (e.g., hornblende)Silicate
Easily weather to form clay
Source: Gardiner and Miller, 2008. Soils in Our Environment, 11th ed., p. 6
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Some important minerals in soilsSecondary Minerals – formed by precipitated or recrystallized
from solutions that contained elements from the dissolution of other minerals.
Name Properties
Carbonates (calcite and dolomite) CaCO3 and (Ca-Mg)CO3; slowly soluble sources of plant nutrients; common in soils in arid regions
GypsumSulfate
CaSO4-2H2O; soft; soluble materials common in soils of arid regions
Oxide clays (e.g., goethite and gibbsite) Hydrated (containing structural water) microscopic particles formed from iron and aluminum; common in tropical soils
Silicate clays (montmorillonite, illite, vermiculite, kaolinite)
Microscopic particles formed mostly from silica and aluminum; common in soils of temperate climates
Source: Gardiner and Miller, 2008. Soils in Our Environment, 11th ed., p. 6
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Minerals & Their Uses
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Extracting Minerals
• Locate deposit
• Analyze mineral composition
• Mine for minerals: many different ways
• Process mineral
• Make product
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Surface Mining
Near the surface
Less expensive
Overburden removed
Open-pit
Dig quarry
Iron, copper, gravel
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Strip mining
Dig trench to extract mineral
Dig parallel trench
Cover old trench with new overburden
Spoil bank
Surface Mining
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Subsurface Mining
Minerals deep in ground
Less land disturbance
More expensive
More hazardous
Shaft mine
Direct
vertical shaft
Coal
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Slope mine
Slanting passage
Ore hauled in cars
Subsurface Mining
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Processing Minerals
Smelting
Melt ore to separate impurities from desired mineral
Blast furnace
Slag disposed of
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Mining & The Environment
• Disturbs land
• Land prone to erosion further damage
• Uses a lot of water
• Contaminated streams
• Acid-mine drainage
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Impacts of Refining
About 80% of mined ore made of impurities
Tailings
Waste left
behind
Left in piles
Toxic
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Impacts of Refining
• Smelting emits pollutants
• Acid precipitation
• Hazardous solid and liquid wastes
• A lot of energy required
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Restoration of Mining Lands• When mine no longer profitable
• Prevents further degradation
• Filling in and grading the area
• Planting vegetation
• Surface Mining Control
& Reclamation Act of
1977
• Lands mined for coal
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Outline
• Quiz
• More on minerals
• Twinkies
• Rocks
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What makes twinkies rise?
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What do you think will happen with…?
• Baking powder and water
• Baking soda and water
• Baking soda with vinegar
• Baking soda with vinegar
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Leavenings
• Make baked goods like twinkies light and fluffy
• Rocks and minerals with phosphate, sodium and calcium
• Baking soda: sodium bicarbonate
• Baking powder: made from baking soda and phosphate acids
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Trona: sodium rich mineralChemistry: Na3(HCO3)(CO3) - 2H2O , Hydrated Sodium
Bicarbonate Carbonate
http://www.galleries.com/minerals/carbonat/trona/trona.jpg
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Lake Gosiute
• Trona deposits
• Formed during Eocene (over 50 million years ago)
• Mountain building period with lots of volcanic ash, organic matter, lake sediments, water, and heat– Conditions right for the
precipitation of trona over 6 million years
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Trona
Trona Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)
Sodium Bicarbonate(Baking Soda)
Other uses of trona: glass, detergents, making paper
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Western phosphate field
• Marine sedimentary rocks
• Deposited about 265 million years ago over a period of about 10 million years
• Rocks consist primarily of organic carbon- and phosphate-rich mudstone, siltstone, phosphorite, carbonate, shale, and chert
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Phosphate rock
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Phosphate Refineries
• Create monocalcium phosphate and sodium acid pyrophosphate
• Mixed with sodium bicarbonate to make baking powder
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Limestonecalcium rich
http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2008/06/28/limestone_mine.gif
http://images.icnetwork.co.uk/upl/birmmail/may2009/2/5/image-5-for-bid-to-revive-dudley-s-limestone-mines-gallery-24284093.jpg
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Outline
• Quiz
• More on minerals
• Twinkies
• Rocks
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Key points for rock cycle
Rocks are transformed into different types over time
Igneous: cooling and solidification of molten, material magmaIntrusive
Extrusive
Sedimentary: transportation and deposition of particlesMany different sedimentary environments
Organic and inorganic particles
Metamorphic: formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks through pressure and heat
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Igneous rock examples
*BASALTEnvironment of formation = extrusive (volcanic)Texture = fineGrain size = less than 1 mmColor = darkDensity = highComposition = mafic
*GRANITEEnvironment of formation = intrusive (plutonic)Texture = coarseGrain size = 1 mm to 10mmColor = lightDensity = lowComposition = felsic
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Metamorphic rock examples
*SCHISTTexture = foliated (mineral alignment) Grain size = fine to medium Type of metamorphism = Regional (platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspar)Composition = mica, quartz, feldspar, amphibole, garnet
*GNEISSTexture = foliated (banding) Grain size = medium to coarse Type of metamorphism = Regional (high-grade metamorphism, some mica changed to feldspar, segregated by mineral type into bands)Composition = mica, quartz, feldspar, amphibole, garnet, pyroxene
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Sedimentary rock examples
*SANDSTONETexture = clastic (fragmental) Grain size = sand (0.2 to 0.006 cm) Comments = fine to coarseComposition = mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks
*LIMESTONETexture = bioclastic Grain size = microscopic to coarse Comments = cemented shell fragments or precipitates of biologic originComposition = calcite
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Minerals Rocks
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Definite chemical composition
Crystalline structure
Physical characteristics
Form in different pressure and heat environments
• Aggregates of minerals
• Differ in mineral composition and texture– Texture: size, shape and
distribution of particles in rocks
Rocks and minerals