minerals
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MINERALS
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Minerals
Inorganic element needed by the body for the
following functions: Build tissues
Regulate body fluids
Assist in body functions
Help form body structures
Remains as ash when food is burned
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Classification of Minerals• Major minerals
- required in amounts greater than 100mg a day
- sometimes called “macrominerals”
• Trace minerals- required in the diet in amounts lesser
than 100mg a day- sometimes called “microminerals”
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• Ions – electrically charged atoms resulting from
chemical reaction
anions –negatively charged
cations – positively charged
• Mineral salts dissolve in water -> break into
separate ions -> electrolytes
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MAJOR MINERALSNAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/
TOXICITY
Calcium (Ca2+) Milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, some dark green leafy vegetables
Development of bones and teeth
Transmission of nerve impulses
Blood clotting
Normal heart action
Normal muscle activity
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Tetany
Retarded growth
Poor tooth and bone formation
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Osteoporosis - means “porous bones”- characterized by low bone density or mass
(reduced amount of bone tissue) and fragile bones
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Rickets - softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity
Osteomalacia - bones lose calcium and become softer and may deform
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Tetany - involuntary contraction of muscles
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NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Phosphorus (P) Milk, cheese, lean meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain cereals, legumes, nuts
Development of bones and teeth
Maintains normal pH of the blood
Constituent of all body cells
CHO, CHON and fat metabolism
Poor tooth and bone formation
Weakness
Anorexia
General malaise
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NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Potassium (K+) Oranges, bananas, dried fruits, vegetables, legumes, milk, cereals, meat
Contraction of muscles
Maintenance of fluid balance
Transmission of nerve impulses
Regular heart rhythm
Cell metabolism
Deficiency: hypokalemia muscle weakness confusion abnormal heartbeat
Toxicity: hyperkalemia potentially life-threatening irregular heartbeats
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NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Sodium (Na+)
Table salt, beef, eggs, poultry, milk, cheese,Soy sauce,
moderate amounts in breads and vegetables,
large amounts in processed foods
Maintenance of fluid balance
Transmission of nerve impulses
Acid-base balance Muscle contraction
Deficiency: nausea exhaustion muscle cramps
Toxicity: hypertension edema
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edema
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NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Chloride (Cl-) Table salt, eggs, seafood, milk
Gastric acidity
Regulates acid-base balance in the body
Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
Formation of hydrochloric acid
Imbalance in gastric acidity
Imbalance in blood pH Nausea
Exhaustion
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NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Magnesium (Mg2+) Green, leafy vegetablesWhole grains, avocados, nuts, milk, legumes, bananas, nuts, seafood, chocolate, cocoa
Nerve transmission
Synthesis of ATP
Activation of metabolic enzymes
Muscle activity
Constituent of bones, muscles, and RBCs
Normally unknown
Mental, emotional and muscle disorders
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Trace MineralsNAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Iron (Fe+) Muscle meatPoultryShellfishLiverLegumesDried fruitsWhole grain or enriches breads and cerealsDark green and leafy vegetables Molasses
Transports oxygen and CO2
Hemoglobin formation
Component of cellular enzymes essential for energy production
Deficiency: iron deficiency anemia
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Symptoms:
• Weakness/ Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Loss of weight
• Pallor
• Coldness of hands
and feet
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Cretinism GoiterMyxedema
NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Iodine (I-) Iodized saltseafood
Regulation of basal metabolic rate
Goiter
Cretinism
Myxedema
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NAME FOOD SOURCES FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Zinc (Zn+) Seafood, esp. oystersLiverEggsMilkWheat branlegumes
Formation of collagen
Wound healing
Taste acuity
Essential for growth
Immune reactions
DwarfismAnemiaLoss of appetiteSkin changesImpaired wound healingDecreased taste acuity
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dwarfism
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Skin lesions
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NAME FOOD SOURCES
FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY/ TOXICITY
Fluoride (F-)
Fluoridated water
Seafood
Increases resistance to tooth decay
Component of bones and teeth
Deficiency: Tooth decay Possibly osteoporosis
Toxicity: Fluorosis - discoloration of teeth or mottling
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Tooth decay
Fluorosis