Mineral Review

Drill: List as many uses of minerals as you can think.

Objective: SWBAT review key concepts in order to prepare for the unit test tomorrow.

HW: Study

Minerals Review

Minerals are defined as:Naturally occurring: not constructed, but rather

form by processes of natureInorganic: cannot arise from materials that were

once part of a living thingSolid: Definite volume and shapeCrystal Structure: particles line up in a

repeating pattern.Definite Chemical Composition: Contains

certain elements and compounds in definite proportions

Identifying Minerals

Each mineral has its own ( 8 )specific properties that can be used to identify it.

1. Hardness: Uses Moh’s hardness scale from 1-10 with 10 being the hardest (diamond).

2. Color: Observable physical property.

3. Streak: Color of the mineral’s powder. Does not vary so used for color.

Identifying Minerals

4. Luster: How a mineral reflects light from its surface. Ex. Dull, earthy, metallic, etc.

5. Density: Measured in Specific Gravity; defined as mass in a given amt. of space.

6. Cleavage and FractureCleavage: Splitting easily along a flat surface.Fracture: Breaks in an irregular way creating

various spikes and ridges.

7. Crystal Systems

3 axes, All right angles1) Cubic: All axes same

length.

2) Tetragonal: 2 axes same; length.

3) Orthorhombic: all axes different length

3 axes, No axes same length:1) Monoclinic: 2 right angles.

2) Triclinic: No right angles.

o Hexagonal: 4 axes total. o 3 horizontal axes all same

length.

o Vertical axes is at a right angle to the horizontal axes.

Special Properties

Fluorescence: Glow under UV light.React to acid (bubbles)Magnetic Electric Properties: ex. Quartz.Radioactive: Set of Geiger counter

Crystal Formation

Crystallization: Process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure.

Solution: mixture in which one substance is dissolved into another.

Vein: narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is much different from the rock around it.

1. Minerals from melted materials.

Can form from: Magma: molten material from the mantle that

hardens to form rock. Lava: magma that reaches the surface

Crystal Size depends on:1. Cooling rate: Slow = big, Fast = little

2. Minerals from solutions

Precipitate: Settle out.1. Water enters through

cracks in the rock.2. Magma heats water.3. Minerals dissolve in

water to form solution.4. Solution cools and can

no longer hold minerals.

5. Compounds leave the solution as crystals.

Evaporate: Left behind1. Water enters through

cracks in the rock.2. Magma heats water.3. Minerals dissolve in

water to form solution.4. Water evaporates

leaving behind the mineral crystals.

Mineral Resources

Minerals are the source of metals, gemstones, and other materials used to make many products.Ore: Rock that contains useful mineralGemstone: hard, colorful mineral that has a

brilliant or glassy luster.Gem: Polished gemstone.Metals: Useful because they can be stretched

and shaped without breaking (maleable).

Types of Mining

Strip Mines: Equipment scrapes away soil to expose ore.

Open Pit Mines: Start near surface but extend deep down.

Shaft Mines: Network of tunnels that extend deep into the ground following veins of ore.

Damages and Regulations of Mining

Scars the landDestroys habitatWaste materials

pollutes rivers and streams

Destroys soil

Reclamation: Repair the land to original condition.

Grade surfaceReplace Soil