mineral nutrition of fruit & nut treesfruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/files/162477.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 1
Mineral Nutrition of
Fruit & Nut Trees
R. Scott Johnson
Extension Pomologist
UC Kearney Ag Center
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
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Johnson - Nutrition 2
Essential Nutrients
Photosynthesis
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Macro Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur
Micro Nutrients
Zinc
Iron
Boron
Manganese
Copper
Chlorine
Nickel
Molybdenum
Average concentrations of mineral nutrients in plant shoot dry matter.
Element ppm % Relative number of atoms
Molybdenum 0.1 - - - 1
Nickel ~0.1 - - - 1
Copper 6 - - - 100
Zinc 20 - - - 300
Manganese 50 - - - 1 000
Iron 100 - - - 2 000
Boron 20 - - - 2 000
Chlorine 100 - - - 3 000
Sulfur - - - 0.1 30 000
Phosphorus - - - 0.2 60 000
Magnesium - - - 0.2 80 000
Calcium - - - 0.5 125 000
Potassium - - - 1.0 250 000
Nitrogen - - - 1.5 1 000 000
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Johnson - Nutrition 3
Nutrient MobilityPhloem mobility, Marschner 1997
Mobile
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Chlorine
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Magnesium
Partially Mobile
Zinc
Copper
Boron
Iron
Molybdenum
Immobile
Calcium
Manganese
Boron Mobility
Mobile
Apple
Peach
Plum
Cherry
Olive
Immobile
Walnut
Pistachio
Most other plants
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Johnson - Nutrition 4
aa
bb
CarbonCarbon
OxygenOxygen
BoronBoron
HydrogenHydrogen
Role of Zinc in Plants
Has a role in 80 processes• Auxin synthesis
• Cell division
• Protein synthesis
• Zinc fingers
DNA replication & transcription
• Not involved in photosynthesis
Schematic Diagram of the Causes of Zinc Deficiency in CropsSchematic Diagram of the Causes of Zinc Deficiency in Crops
ZINC DEFICIENT
CROPreduced yield
impaired quality
ZINC DEFICIENT
CROPreduced yield
impaired quality
Waterlogging / flooding of soil(e.g., rice paddy)
Waterlogging / flooding of soil(e.g., rice paddy)
High salt concentrations
(salinity)
High salt concentrations
(salinity)
Low total zinc content in soil(e.g., sandy soils)
Low total zinc content in soil(e.g., sandy soils)
High soil pH(e.g., calcareous soils,
heavily limed soils)
High soil pH(e.g., calcareous soils,
heavily limed soils)
High phosphate applications
High phosphate applications
Zinc inefficientcrop varieties
Zinc inefficientcrop varieties
High soil organicmatter content(e.g., histosols)
High soil organicmatter content(e.g., histosols)
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Johnson - Nutrition 5
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
pH Effects on Nutrient AvailabilitypH Effects on Nutrient Availability
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Johnson - Nutrition 6
Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit
NPKCaMgClS
FeMnZnBCuMo
%2.3-
1.0-
0.25--
60201518--
%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0
Over 0.25--
Over 60Over 20Over 2020 - 80Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
100--
%--
1.0-
0.25--
-2018254-
%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25
--
-Over 20Over 1830 - 60Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
80--
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Level in leaves
PLUMS
p p m
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Johnson - Nutrition 7
Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit
NPKCaMgClS
FeMnZnBCuMo
%2.3-
1.0-
0.25--
60201518--
%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0
Over 0.25--
Over 60Over 20Over 2020 - 80Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
100--
%--
1.0-
0.25--
-2018254-
%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25
--
-Over 20Over 1830 - 60Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
80--
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Level in leaves
PLUMS
p p m
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Johnson - Nutrition 8
Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit
NPKCaMgClS
FeMnZnBCuMo
%2.3-
1.0-
0.25--
60201518--
%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0
Over 0.25--
Over 60Over 20Over 2020 - 80Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
100--
%--
1.0-
0.25--
-2018254-
%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25
--
-Over 20Over 1830 - 60Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
80--
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Level in leaves
PLUMS
p p m
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Johnson - Nutrition 9
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
Orchard Nutrition
Main environmental issue:
Nitrate N escaping into water systems
&
Gaseous N escaping into the
atmosphere
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Johnson - Nutrition 10
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Johnson - Nutrition 11
Nitrogen Fertilization in the San Joaquin Valley
(#N/ac or KgN/ha)
Crop
AlmondsPistachiosPeachesGrapes
20-30 yrs ago
250-300+250150
50-100
Now
200-250150-175
0-7530-60
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
Nitrogen (N)
Found in amino acids, proteins, enzymes,
nucleic acids (DNA), chlorophyll etc.
N can easily be lost from the orchard by
leaching of nitrate and from
denitrification or volatilization
50% recycled in senescing leaves
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Johnson - Nutrition 12
Nitrogen Deficiency
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Foliar Urea
• Apply 25 to 50 lbs/acre
• Apply before leaf senescence (Oct)
• OK to apply with zinc sulfate
• Doesn’t need to be low biuret
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Nitrogen Management
Low N
High N
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Occurrence of Nutrient Deficiencies in California
• Common– Nitrogen
– Zinc
– Iron
• Occasional– Potassium
– Magnesium
– Manganese
• Rare– Phosphorus
– Boron
– Copper
• Unknown– Calcium
– Sulfur
– Molybdenum
Zinc Deficiency“Little Leaf” Disorder
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Zinc Deficiency in Plums
Zinc Deficiency in Plums
February 22, 2005
Zn Deficient
Zn Sufficient
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Peach Rootstocks and Zn UptakeDecember 2006 Shoot Zn
ShootZn
(ppm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nemaguard Controller 5 Controller 9 Hiawatha
c
b
c
a
Comparing Zinc Formulations
Ranking Formulation Anion SizeSolubility(g/100 H2O) Phytotoxicity
Most Effective Zinc Chloride 35 432 High (58*)
Almost As GoodZinc Nitrate 62 324 High (54)
Zinc Nitrate Mix 62 & 96 324 High (59)
Next Best
Zinc Sulfate 96 50 Moderate (12)
Zinc Carbohydrate 96 & ? High Moderate
Zinc Polyamine 96 & 75-204 High Moderate
Zinc Glycine 96 & 75 Moderate (15)
Less Effective
Zinc EDTA 292 High Low
Zinc Leonardite 1000+ High Low
Zinc Oxysulfate 16 & 96 1.3 None
Least Effective
Zinc Phosphite 79 ? Low (17)
Zinc Oxide Suspension
16 Insoluble None
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Johnson - Nutrition 18
Orchard Survey - Zinc
02
468
10
1214
161820
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 More
July Leaf Zn (ppm)
Num
ber
of O
rcha
rds
Zinc in Dormant Shoots (ppm)Deficient Sufficient High
6.4 13.7 26.5
8.1 21.6 50.0
10.1 35.6 74.5
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Johnson - Nutrition 19
Orchard Survey - Zinc
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
January Shoot Zn (ppm)
Nu
mb
er o
f O
rch
ard
s
Zinc Fertilization
• Apply if symptoms appear or leaf Zn < 10 to 12 ppm or Sept shoot Zn < 20 ppm
• If needed in mature trees –spray 4 to 8 lbs/acre of zinc sulfate (36% Zn) in early fall – can be applied with urea
Calcium in Fruit Trees
• Exists as a Ca++ cation in the soil
• Very plentiful in most soils
• Component of cell walls
• Many cell breakdown disorders caused by Ca deficiency – bitter pit in apples
• Very immobile in plants – high levels in leaves but low levels in fruit
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Foliar Calcium Formulations
Flavorcrest PeachFruit Calcium at Harvest
0
100
200
300
400
500
Nemaguard K119-50 P30-135
Rootstock
Fru
it C
a (
pp
m)
b
a a
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Johnson - Nutrition 21
Calcium (Ca)
• Ca deficiency will not occur until leaf levels are 1.0% Ca or lower in mid summer leaves
• Deficiency not found in the field
• Foliar sprays show no benefit
Iron Chlorosis
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Johnson - Nutrition 22
Iron Chlorosis
• Usually caused by high pH soils
• Major problem in some countries
• Iron deficiency can:– Reduce fruit size
– Reduce yield
• Add soil sulfur or sulfuric acid to portion of root zone to decrease pH
• Rootstocks make a big difference
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Johnson - Nutrition 23
Boron
Boron in Fruit Trees
• Micronutrient – only need 30 ppm
• Sometimes deficient in fruit trees
• Plays a major role in fruit set
• Immobile in most plants
• Mobile in some fruit trees – those that use sorbitol as a transport sugar
Boron (B)
• No leaf symptoms or fruit disorders in sand tanks
• Differences in fruit size and fruit set due to B
• Easy to correct using solubor
• Timing more critical in B immobile plants
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Johnson - Nutrition 24
Orchard Survey - Boron
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
July Leaf B (ppm)
Num
ber
of O
rcha
rds
Potassium (K)
Very mobile in plants, important in
stomatal guard cell opening, cell turgor,
translocation of sugars, activation of
enzymes, disease resistance etc.
Potassium
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Orchard Survey - Potassium
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6
July Leaf K (%)
Num
ber
of O
rcha
rds
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Potassium in Fruit Trees
• Very mobile in plants
• Occasionally deficient in the field
• Easy to correct with potassium sulfate
Extreme Phosphorus Deficiency
Peach Skin Cracking
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Johnson - Nutrition 27
Nectarine Skin Cracking
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Johnson - Nutrition 28
Orchard Survey - Phosphorus
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3
July Leaf P (%)
Num
ber
of O
rcha
rds
Phosphorus (P)
Found in nucleic acids (DNA),
energy molecules (ATP) and membranes
P is not as easily lost from the orchard
as N
50% recycled in senescing leaves
Manganese Deficiency
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Johnson - Nutrition 29
Orchard Survey - Manganese
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 More
July Leaf Mn (ppm)
Num
be
r of
Orc
hard
s