mine closure toolbox/media/files/a/... · 2019-11-20 · throughout the life of mine, and managing...

MINE CLOSURE

Additional Guidance SOER, Rapid SEA and Health ConsiderationsVersion 2, 2013

TOOLBOX

COMPILING A STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT (SOER) 2

ESTABLISHING THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF THE PROJECT 3

CONDUCTING A RAPID STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) WORKSHOP 4Cumulative Impacts 4Community Expectations and Concerns 5SWOT Analysis 5Sustainable Development Vision 6

ATTACHMENT 1: TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF AN SOER 8 INCLUDING HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS IN MINE CLOSURE 10

CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The original report “Version 1, 2007” was developed by Peter Coombes and Rudolph Botha from the then Anglo Technical Division, with the valuable inputs and contributions from Duncan Cameron, Karin Ireton and Jonathan Samuel.

This second version of the Mine Closure Toolbox has been developed by Rudolph Botha of Anglo American’s Technical Solutions with the support and inputs of various Anglo American technical resources.

In addition to those who played a role in the development of Version 1, 2007, the author acknowledges the support and assistance of the following individuals who made valuable contributions to the development of this updated toolbox:

Human Resources: Jeanne Louw & Chris Botha

Health: Claudina Nogueira & Frank Fox

Government & Social Affairs: Jonathan Samuel

Mine Closure: Mark Aken, Charl Klynsmith & Ralton Maree

General: Samantha Hoe-Richardson & Peter Gunther

Finally, the author would like to thank the various individuals across the Group who provided comment, examples and factual data since the launch of Version 1, 2007 for incorporation into this revised document.

The Toolbox is designed as an internal guidance document to assist operations and projects in the development of their mine closure plans.

Developed for Anglo American by Rudolph Botha, Anglo American’s Technical Solutions

For more information contact:

Mr Rudolph BothaManager: Sustainable Development and Civil EngineeringAnglo American’s Technical Solutions45 Main StreetJohannesburg, [email protected] Telephone: +27 11 638 2254Fax: +27 11 367 3273

or

Mr Peter GuntherGroup Manager: Environment45 Main StreetJohannesburg, [email protected]: +27 11 638 5332

Published by Anglo American plcDesigned and produced by CreativityPrinted by Ultra Digital

1ANGLO AMERICAN MINE CLOSURE TOOLBOX

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT (SOER), RAPID STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (RAPID SEA) AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

2 ANGLO AMERICAN MINE CLOSURE TOOLBOX

COMPILING A STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT (SOER) REPORT

The objective of a State of the Environment Report (SOER) is to provide an understanding of the broader regional and local (district) environment within which the mine will be/has been developed. The SOER provides an overview of the status of environmental components in terms of quality of the environment and quantity and quality of the natural resources. In addition, the SOER provides analyses and interprets trends and conditions in the environment, and identifies development pressures likely to alter environmental quality and resource availability. The SOER provides the baseline information needed to determine the opportunities and constraints that the environment places on land use and development.

APPROACHThe SOER typically covers the following environmental components: surface; groundwater; air quality; ecology; cultural resources; the social and economic environment; land use and infrastructure; and tourism (where relevant). For each component the following may be considered:

Driving forces: These are the human influences and activities which, when combined with the prevailing environmental conditions, underpin environmental change (positive or negative).

Pressures: The underlying forces, such as population, poverty and human consumption or use of natural resources, which impinge on the functionality and quality of environmental systems and/or resources. Pressures result from the driving forces and are the underlying cause of impacts.

State: This refers to the current status/condition of the environmental systems and/or resources, in terms of quality and quantity.

Impacts: These refer to positive or negative changes within the environment due to the pressures exerted on the current state.

Responses: These are society’s interventions to address environmental impacts. Responses include actions to:

• Prevent/minimise adverse environmental impacts and to maximise positive impacts

• Mitigate, adapt to, or protect humans from negative impacts• Halt or reverse environmental damage• Preserve and conserve natural resources

The most comprehensive SOER models encompass all the above attributes, namely: Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR). However, this can be complex; hence the following simpler models are also used:

• Pressure-State-Impact-Response (PSIR) model: The driving forces, which give rise to the pressures, are not considered explicitly

• Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model: Neither the driving forces, which give rise to the pressures, nor the impacts, which alter environmental state, are considered explicitly

The current state or status of each environmental component is assessed by answering the following questions:

• How is this changing?• What is causing the change i.e. what human influences and

activities underpin this change?• Is the pressure on the functionality and quality of the system

or resource increasing or decreasing in intensity?• Why is this so?• What are the impacts or environmental responses of these

changes on the ecological, social and economic aspects of the area?


• What is being done to handle or mitigate these changes?• Is this effective? If not, what more can be done?

A desktop review of available literature can typically provide much of the information needed. This can be supplemented, as required, by input from specialists who are familiar with the region. Where there is a paucity of information, it may be necessary to commission more detailed specialist studies.

The attachment (page 8) contains an outline of the typical structure of an SOER, and provides an overview of the issues to be addressed under each environmental component.

ESTABLISHING THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF THE PROJECTThe ‘zone of influence’ is the area within which a development has material impacts or can influence impacts due to the development and/or other developments. Typically the zone of influence is unique to each project, is larger than the actual project footprint, and encompasses:

• The area of direct disturbance. This would include the ‘footprints’ of areas immediately adjacent to the primary and service infrastructure, such as power lines, pipelines, roads, railway lines, conveyors, borrow pits, disposal areas, construction camps, etc.

• The area directly affected by the project’s adverse impacts, such as groundwater cones of depression, groundwater pollution plumes, etc.

• The area affected by secondary, induced or cumulative impacts. (Secondary impacts arise from other impacts that are directly due to the development, e.g. loss of fisheries due to water contamination. Induced impacts are due to unplanned/unintended/secondary activities that are ‘catalysed’ by the development, e.g. illegal logging along access routes. Cumulative impacts are as a result of numerous individual activities, which may be insignificant on their own, but which can interact or combine to cause significant impacts.)

• The development’s primary labour sending and money spending area(s), i.e. the towns and communities that are likely to experience economic benefits from the project

• Surrounding areas that could potentially benefit from the project, such as sites of high biodiversity, protected areas, etc.

Associated facilities should also be considered when determining the zone of influence. These are facilities that are funded separately by the company or third parties (e.g. government), but whose viability and existence depend (almost) exclusively on the project and whose goods or services are essential for the successful operation of the project.

APPROACHFor each environmental component covered by the SOER, the boundary of the project’s extent of influence is determined independently. Thereafter, based on a composite overlay of each component’s boundary, the boundary for the overall zone of influence is determined. The purpose is not to define a sharp cut-off, but rather to define the area where the mine can make a real difference. The zone of influence does not have to be a single area – non-contiguous, niche zones are acceptable. Spatial zones are most easily defined by administrative boundaries; however natural boundaries (e.g. catchments) and the dynamics of the environmental systems should also be considered.

The zone of influence should not be enlarged to the extent that the project is in danger of becoming a surrogate government, but should be based on a sound business case established by considering the risks to the business. It is advisable to start with a small, uncomplicated zone and then to enlarge it and increase its complexity, if necessary.

In defining the boundary for the zone of influence, the following should be considered:

• The influence of the project on the surrounding area and the influence of the surrounding area on the project

• Linkages with other developments/companies in the area which could cause ‘ripple effects’ (cumulative impacts) within the zone of influence

• The influence on spatial planning of government development plans and objectives

• Other Anglo American initiatives that may affect the zone of influence, such as enterprise development through the Chairman’s Fund or Zimele

Maps in a wide variety of formats, which contain spatial data on administrative boundaries, land use, biodiversity, etc., will be obtained during the SOER investigations. To be useful as a planning tool, the spatial data should be consolidated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). In addition to the baseline data, future planning intentions as outlined in the municipal Spatial Development Frameworks, for example, should be captured.

CONDUCTING A RAPID STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) WORKSHOP

4 ANGLO AMERICAN TOOLBOX

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is often merely used as a label for assessment at the Policy, Plan or Programme (PPP) levels; hence the term ‘strategic’ has lost much of its meaning. In this guideline, ‘strategic’ is used in a more conventional sense to refer to the features that characterise the degree of emphasis on strategy within assessment at any level. Assessments at the project level can have features normally attributed to SEA, and assessments at the PPP level may be undeserving of the ‘strategic’ label; hence strategicness should be determined by the features of the assessment rather than the level at which the assessment is initiated. The key features that determine the strategicness of assessments are: the explicit goal; the ‘benchmark’ used; the spatial and temporal coverage; and the extent to which alternatives, cumulative impacts, and uncertainty are considered.

In some jurisdictions SEA has a purely biophysical focus; whereas in others (e.g. South Africa) it has evolved to include or has always included socio-economic matters. SEA is an effective means of integrating social, biological, physical and economic issues into land-use management and development planning, preferably at an early stage. There is no universal definition for SEA; however a useful definition is that by Tonk and Verheem (1998) who define SEA as “a structured, proactive process to strengthen the role of environmental issues in strategic decision-making”.

SEA aims to ensure that development is sensitive to and remains within the capacity of the environment. In other words, SEA is a tool to evaluate the opportunities and constraints that the environment places on development. In contrast, an EIA evaluates the effect that development is expected to have on the environment.

Ideally SEA should provide a framework and strategy for development, which:

• Positively and constructively utilises and develops the natural and human resources in the regions

• Brings about an improvement in the quality of life of the region’s residents and, in particular, benefits the disadvantaged communities

• Creates new employment opportunities, promotes self- empowerment, and the enhancement of skills through training

• Generally acts as a catalyst for the development of the region• Remains within the carrying capacity of the biophysical

environment

For SD planning at the operational level an internal, rapid SEA undertaken via a workshop approach with key project personnel is recommended. The purpose is mainly to draw on the insight of the key personnel and to develop awareness regarding the need for strategic planning.

The Rapid SEA encompasses the following steps:

• Refining the zone of influence of the project (see above)• Identifying potential cumulative impacts, i.e. impacts of other

mining and other developments in the area which could result in an overall increase in the level of impact in the larger area

• Summarising the community and stakeholder expectations and concerns as established during previous public consultations

• Undertaking a SWOT analysis to define the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the mining development

• Establishing an SD vision based on the insight of the workshop participants

CUMULATIVE IMPACTSWhen several developments occur in the same area or district, similar impacts may arise at each development, resulting in an overall increase in the level of the impact within the larger area. These are known as cumulative impacts or cumulative effects. Where cumulative impacts exceed the threshold limits of the environment, large-scale degradation can be expected. Hence, cumulative impacts need to be identified and managed within the wider area, so that they remain within the assimilative or absorptive capacity of the environment.

Within a mining context, cumulative impacts are of particular concern, since the extraction and associated activities are concentrated where the mineral resources occur. In contrast to impacts due to a single development that are relatively straightforward to identify, cumulative impacts are often complex, poorly understood and insidious – requiring sophisticated and costly methods for their identification, analysis and monitoring.

Typically cumulative impacts on surface and groundwater quality, air quality, soils, and ecosystems are of particular concern. Ideally, a thorough assessment of cumulative impacts should be undertaken in one or more of the following ways:

Project-based (bottom-up)

Narrowly as part of conventional S&EIA (This is most common)

Broadly as a planning tool, possibly as a standalone process

As part of land-use planning, where ‘rules’ are established for projects within the area

Regional-based (top-down)

As part of the SEA of PPPs


In many jurisdictions there is no formal requirement to assess cumulative impacts or the requirement exists on paper, but it is not yet properly enforced. Furthermore, there is frequently a lack of clarity regarding who is responsible for assessing cumulative impacts. There are many reasons why it is sensible to consider cumulative impacts at the regional level; however authorities may prefer to pass the responsibility on to individual developers. This may push companies into subject material well beyond their area of expertise and direct control.

APPROACHIn the absence of a formal assessment, cumulative impacts are explored during the rapid SEA workshop. The key personnel should, in general terms, be familiar with concerns regarding the cumulative effects of mining and other development.

COMMUNITY EXPECTATIONS AND CONCERNSIt is now standard practice to undertake public consultations as part of the initial EIA process for new projects, and to have ongoing community liaison at operations. Much of this may cover issues of immediate, local concern; however it is also likely that issues of wider/longer-term concern will be covered. Mining can create many expectations and concerns within communities and it is important to ascertain how these communities feel about what is happening in their area and how this could be accommodated by development.

APPROACHDuring the rapid SEA workshop, attendees contribute their knowledge of community and stakeholder expectations and concerns, as established during previous public consultations. This should be supplemented by a review of the records of previous consultation processes. Where consultation has been limited, the approach outlined in the Anglo American Socio-Economic Assessment Toolkit (SEAT) Version 3 should be followed.

SWOT ANALYSISThe purpose of the SWOT analysis is to systematically evaluate the proposed project or existing operation within its unique, surrounding environment. The SWOT analysis evaluates the actual development (internal) and the broader surrounding environment within which the development is located (external). Through this evaluation, an understanding is developed of the internal or inherent strengths and weaknesses of the project and the external threats and opportunities that the surrounding environment imposes on or presents for the project. In this context:

Internal • Strengths are attributes inherent to the project that can be

used to exploit opportunities or reduce or overcome threats that the surrounding environment may offer or impose


CONDUCTING A RAPID STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) WORKSHOP CONTINUED

• Weaknesses are also attributes inherent to the project that would lead to residual impacts and/or contribute to cumulative impacts. Concerted efforts should be made to reduce or eliminate weaknesses

External• Opportunities are favourable or unexploited situations that

the environment offers development, which can be harnessed for the project’s advantage by proactive management. Typical examples are: unexploited market segments; communities seeking poverty alleviation; a high assimilative capacity of the natural environment; a need for rural water supply; a need for rural energy supply; rapidly growing market diversification; reduction of competitors; etc.

• Threats are unfavourable conditions that the environment imposes on development, which in the absence of proactive management could lead to the project’s underperformance or failure. Examples are: sites of unique biodiversity; important archaeological sites; an affluent community not in need of further economic growth; pristine surface and groundwater conditions; etc.

APPROACHTo implement a SWOT analysis, the following steps are suggested:

1. Give a presentation on the SWOT analysis technique, to ensure that all participants have a common knowledge of the technique, process and expected end results

2. Divide the participants into smaller sub-groups or work teams, ensuring cross-representation of expertise within each team

3. Let each sub-group independently develop a list of strengths

4. Within the full workshop format, combine the individual sub-team lists into an overall list that reflects the areas of consensus

5. Through consensus prioritise the listed strengths, from what is considered to be most important to least important

6. Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 for weaknesses, opportunities and threats

The most significant strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats should be identified. The project design and management strategy should aim to harness the key strengths and opportunities while avoiding/overcoming the threats and weaknesses. This should be reflected in the management plans.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT VISIONThe SD vision defines a future desired scenario for the mine and its surrounding environment, and is a combination of the social, economic, biological and physical attributes. The vision is not definitive but rather provides a common understanding and direction towards which the relevant authorities, the company and the communities can work in a co-operative manner.

APPROACHIt should not normally be necessary to develop the vision from first principles. Visions that can provide a point of departure can be found in: corporate and divisional policies, operational business plans, and policy and planning documents produced by the authorities.

The existing visions should be used as the basis for developing an SD-focussed vision, which is relevant to the operation and its context.


ATTACHMENT 1: TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF AN SOER


ATTACHMENT 1: TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF AN SOERINTRODUCTIONThis will provide a broad contextual framework for the District, providing a locality map of the area, reporting on broad climatic, statistical and other geographical characteristics.

CHAPTER 1: WATER RESOURCESThe elements that will be addressed here include surface and groundwater sources in terms of:

• Water quality and pollution of the various water bodies in the study area

• Sources of pollution within the study area• Supply and demand within the study area• Water use efficiency, including catchments and freshwater

sources• Sanitation and supply, including allocation and use• Estuaries, including freshwater inputs to and impacts on

estuaries, and• Wetlands, including loss and impaired functionality

CHAPTER 2: SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT The elements that will be addressed here include:

• Demography, including population growth and migration• Rural livelihoods, including subsistence lifestyles and

resource dependency• Land tenure, including systems and access, tribal land, state

land and freehold land• Housing, including urbanisation and informal settlements• Infrastructure, including structures, systems (e.g. transport)

and services (e.g. health, recreation)• Employment• Poverty• Health of the population within the study area• Education and skills levels, and• Crime and law enforcement

CHAPTER 3: ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The elements that will be addressed here include:

• The economy of the region in terms of contribution to national GDP

• What are the primary sources of the economy (industry, mining, tourism, etc.)?

• What is the expected increase in economic growth rate for the region?

• Employment levels

CHAPTER 4: ECOLOGICAL ISSUES The elements that will be addressed here include:

• Integrity of natural systems• Resilience to pressure and impacts• Sustainability of resource use, including land use, water use,

energy use; by economic sector, related to population growth and demography, and in terms of social, economic and equity issues

• Assessment of responses, in terms of policies, regulations, compliance and enforcement

• Objectives and actions required, in terms of international obligations, social obligations (present and future), and natural resource integrity obligations

• Habitat loss• Biodiversity within the study area• Impaired ecosystem functioning, and• Limited resources and resource depletion

CHAPTER 5: TOURISM The elements that will be addressed here include:

• What are the major tourism spots (parks, reserves, cultural tourism, other tourism) within the study area?

• What major tourism initiatives are being planned?• How will this impact on the environment?• Statistics of visitor numbers (both foreign and domestic) to

the area• Facilities to effectively handle the influx of large numbers of

tourists, and• Anticipated trends within the tourism sector for the study

area

CHAPTER 6: CULTURAL RESOURCES The elements that will be addressed here include:

• All resources that are classified as cultural (e.g. historic sites, protected sites, national monuments, etc.) within the study area

• Factors that contribute to the cultural enhancement of the study area, and

• Any new listings of possible sites that may in the near future be regarded as forming part of the cultural resources

CHAPTER 7: LAND USE AND INFRASTRUCTURE Examine the following elements/issues:

• What are the major current forms of land use, including at least infrastructure (road, rail, built-up area etc.), settlement, grazing areas, horticulture, industrial, mining, ecological or conservation, agriculture etc. within the study area?

• What are the existing plans for land use?


• What are the proposed future plans for land use?• What service-based infrastructure exists (water, sewage,

electricity, telecommunication, transport systems)?• What new infrastructure is planned?• Identify and verify development zones and their boundaries• What land use/infrastructure trends/activities currently pose

a threat to the environment and conservation activities in the are

• What legal issues pertain to land use and infrastructure?• What current land use indicators enable trends or changes in

land use to be detected?• What are the current land use conflicts?

CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATED SOER REPORT This chapter will pull all the components of the individual chapters of the SOER together, in a summarised integrated chapter.


INCLUDING HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS IN MINE CLOSURE


INTRODUCTIONHealth is at the heart of the community concerns about mining. Mining operations which discharge pollutants into the surrounding environment over the life of mine are impacting ultimately on human health. Exposure to the various mining products and raw materials can have negative impacts on human health, as can greenhouse gas emissions and changes to the biodiversity in regions where mining occurs.

Many of these communities become directly or indirectly dependent on the mining industry for their livelihoods throughout the life of mine, and managing the impact of mine closure on these communities must become an integral part of mine closure planning, with a special focus on mitigating negative impacts, including health, and extending sustainability beyond mine closure.

Points (1) to (5) below provide guidance on the practical aspects of managing the health impacts of mining on the surrounding communities.

1. HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTSA Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a systematic approach to predicting and managing the potential positive and negative health effects of mining operations and projects on local communities and wider society.

An HIA should be undertaken as early as possible in the project design (iteratively and in parallel with project planning), with HIA outcomes timed to inform key decisions. It should then be updated as required, during the operation’s life of mine.

Through the HIA process, all the significant community health and well-being impacts will be identified; measures will be prioritised to minimise the negative and maximise the positive health impacts; the findings will be reported; and a health management plan (HMP) will be developed to implement the recommendations of the HIA.

The HMP should be based on the impacts identified, their public health significance, and the priority attributed by the affected communities. The HMP should not only address health outcomes, but also health determinants (e.g. income and social status, social support networks, education, employment and working conditions, social environments, physical environments, personal health practices and coping skills, healthy child development, biology and genetic endowment, health services, gender, and culture), health equity/inequality and the cumulative impacts of the operation.

Refer to ICMM’s Good Practice Guidance on Heath Impact Assessment 2010, available at www.icmm.com/library/hia. This practice guidance can be used in conjunction with ICMM’s Good Practice Guidance on Occupational Health Risk Assessment 2009, available at www.icmm.com/page/14660/publications/documents/good-practice-guidance-on-occupational-health-risk-assessment.

The latter document is intended for mining and metals managers and advisors who are responsible for ensuring the occupational health and well-being of employees and third party contractors. Although the guidance focuses on the occupational health risks to employees and contractors in a mining and metals operation, it is important to note that these risks can also affect the wider community living around that operation.

2. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTSA Health Risk Assessment (HRA) is the structured and systematic identification and analysis of workplace hazards to assess their potential risks to health, and determine appropriate control measures to protect the health and well-being of workers.

The HRA process is a partnership between occupational health advisors, occupational / industrial hygiene advisors, managers and operational staff who use their knowledge, experience and skills to support the HRA process.

The initial HIA will be based on what will be required to make the community sustainable, post-closure, and should draw on information obtained from the HRA of employees and contractors of the operation, as the same risks can also affect the wider community living around that operation. The data from the HRA need to be incorporated into the environmental health assessments.

Operations are required to identify and understand the health issues and health service delivery issues in communities where mining operations exist, through appropriate baseline data.

Opportunities to address community health issues should be identified and evaluated.

The afore-mentioned aspects are detailed in the SEAT Tool 5J – Supporting community health issues. Refer also to ICMM’s Good Practice Guidance on Occupational Health Risk Assessment 2009, available at www.icmm.com/page/14660/publications/documents/good-practice-guidance-on-occupational-health-risk-assessment.

3. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

As the operational plan is developed in more detail, a more formal, in-depth HIA is discussed with I&APs. The in-depth HIA should be completed with the assistance of relevant specialists, either as a standalone assessment or as part of an integrated environmental, social and health impact assessment (ESHIA). There are important overlaps between health, environmental and social issues, because many health determinants are also recognised components of environmental and social impact assessments (EIA and SIA).

http://www.icmm.com/page/14660/publications/documents/good-practice-guidance-on-occupational-health-risk-assessment




INCLUDING HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS IN MINE CLOSURE CONTINUED

Advantages of an integrated ESHIA include the assurance that the scope of the HIA is fit-for-purpose; the provision of a more robust assessment of the health impacts; a reduction in duplication of fieldwork and community consultations; and the identification of more comprehensive health management measures, which are risk based. More recently, HIAs have seen a transformation with an increased focus on the potential impacts of projects or operations on overall community health and well-being, with an equal emphasis on disease epidemiology and prevention. This transformation has increased the overlap and interdependencies between EIA and HIA methodologies.

4. MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH IMPACTS ON COMMUNITIES

Impacts on community health and well-being are managed (mitigated and/or enhanced) in partnership with stakeholders. Local stakeholders include community representatives, government officials, health service/public health officials, and community health and development workers. Health care providers are well recognised as important contributors to health status, and play an important role in influencing the health of communities. To obtain a holistic view of how mining affects community health, it is important to include perspectives from community residents who have experience with social determinants of health (e.g. gender, age, income, education). Community health monitoring (surveillance) is an important component of the implementation of the HMP or the integrated Environmental, Social and Health Management Plan (ESHMP).

5. DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY HEALTH

An evaluation of the operation and its potential impacts on local communities’ health and well-being should be undertaken at regular intervals, e.g. every 3 years, by an independent agency as part of an adaptive operational management process. Three aspects of an operation can be evaluated: its process, its impact (short term impacts) and its outcomes (long term impacts) - this will inform the refinement of the in-depth HIA, to be part of the final closure plan.

A formal and documented mechanism must be established for following people considered to be “at risk”, into the future, post-closure. This will involve specific follow-up for particular exposure groups, and general follow-up for the remainder of the affected parties.

Social issues such as housing, living conditions, water and sanitation services, local infrastructure development, local workforce development and training, and local institution capacity development all have effects on the health of communities in mining regions (refer to SEAT Step 5 – Introduction to the socio-economic benefit delivery tools).

Refer also to ICMM’s Community Development Toolkit, London, 2010, available at: www.icmm.com/community-development-toolkit. The toolkit provides practical guidance for all stages of the community development process – from exploration through construction, operations, and eventually decommissioning and closure, including the post-closure environment.

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