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1 How Minds Work Minds, Agents, Senses, Actions Stan Franklin Computer Science Division & Institute for Intelligent Systems The University of Memphis

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Page 1: Minds, Agents, Senses, Actionsccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/PDFs/MindsAgentsSensesActions.pdf · Minds, Agents, Senses, Actions ... world out there • Cyberspace is part of the real

How Minds Work Minds, Agents, Senses, Actions 

Stan Franklin Computer Science Division & Institute for Intelligent Systems The University of Memphis

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Two Burning Questions for Me •  How do minds work? 

– Human minds – Animal minds – Artificial Minds 

•  How to make smart software agents? – Copy them after humans

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Question: How do minds work? What would an answer be like? 

A framework within which to understand the various mental processes about which one might become curious. 

My answer will take most of the semester.

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What is a mind? 

A mind is a control structure for an autonomous agent.

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What is an autonomous agent? A system embedded in, and part of, an environment, that – Senses its environment – Acts on it – Over time – In pursuit of its own agenda – So that its actions affect its future sensing

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Examples of Autonomous Agents 

•  We humans •  Most (all?) animals •  Computer viruses •  Some mobile robots •  Autonomous software agents •  Some organizations

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Environment? 

•  Physicalist assumption: There’s a real world out there 

•  Cyberspace is part of the real world •  Artificial environments also exist •  Causality assumption: Causality operates, i.e., the universe is lawful

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Sense the environment? •  Humans: sight, hearing, touch, smell •  Other animals: 

– Bats, dolphins — echolocation – Sharks — electroreception 

•  Photo, mechano, chemo, electro, magneto reception 

•  Artificial senses, e.g. strings of characters

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Spatially Sensitive Senses 

•  Sense organ movement produces apparent motion at its surface 

•  E.g. human vision—press eyeball •  Bacterium nutrient gradient sensing is not spatially sensitive 

•  Temperature sensing by a thermostat is not spatially sensitive

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Illusory Motion

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Illusory Woman The apparent woman is produced by – A potted plant – A shelf – A cat – A wine glass – A plate – A clothesline – A pair of stockings

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We each create our own world 

•  There is no RED out there, only wavelengths of light 

•  There is no sound when the unattended tree falls in the forest, only vibrations in the air 

•  The smell of smoke is an inference drawn from molecules in the air

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Illusions of the senses tell us the truth about perception 

For a website devoted to this proposition, go to 

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/index.html

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The only question there is! What do I do next? 

For any autonomous agent Cognition is in the service of action selection 

Everything else is a side effect

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Its own agenda? •  Motivation must be built in •  Either by evolution or a designer •  Can be causally implemented as in a thermostat 

•  Implemented by feelings and emotions in humans and other animals

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Actions affect sensing? 

•  Structural coupling to its environment •  Sensors must be appropriate to needs •  Effectors must be appropriate to needs •  Effectors must change the environment •  Sensors must record those changes

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Reactive Agents à la Sloman

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Add Deliberation

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Add Meta­Management

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Primitives •  Every autonomous agent must come equipped with – Primitive sensors—sensory receptors – Primitive effectors—motor output – Primitive motivators—of some sort 

•  These primitives put fundamental limits on what the agent can sense and do

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Action Selection Paradigm of Mind 

•  Best viewed as degreed rather than as Boolean •  Aggregate rather than monolithic •  Enabled by disparate mechanisms •  Overriding task to produce the next action •  Operates on sensations to create information •  Reconstructs memories (prior information) •  Is implementable on machines

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A Cognitive “Theory of Everything” 

•  Sensation •  Perception •  Feeling & Emotion •  Working memory •  Episodic memory •  Consciousness •  Learning 

•  Deliberation •  Volition •  Automization •  Action Selection •  Problem solving •  Self •  Metacognition

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Readings in Artificial Minds Action Selection Paradigm  pp. 17­18 

Pandemonium Theory  pp. 234­244 

Copycat Architecture  pp. 347­362 

Schema Mechanism  pp. 314­324 

Sparse Distributed Memory  pp. 330­344 

Behavior Networks  pp. 244­258 

MIT Press, 1995

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Email and Web Addresses 

•  Stan Franklin – [email protected] – www.cs.memphis.edu/~franklin 

•  “Conscious” Software Research Group – www. csrg.memphis.edu/