mindfulness-based cognitive therapy a primer
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Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy a Primer. Dr. Kerri McGuire Women’s Health Issues April 26, 2007. Outline. The Territory of Depression Why does depression recur? Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Future Directions. The Territory of Depression. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapya Primer
Dr. Kerri McGuireWomen’s Health Issues
April 26, 2007
Outline
• The Territory of Depression
• Why does depression recur?
• Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
• Future Directions
The Territory of Depression
• WHO predicts that by 2010 depression will rank second to cardiovascular disease in economic and personal costs.
• Chronic illness, typically with several recurrences
Rates of Depressive Relapse Over 15 Years
Risk Factors For Depressive Relapse
• Number of Past Episodes of Depression
• Family History of Depression
• Significant Losses/Stressors
• Cognitive Reactivity to Sad Moods
Qualities of Relapse-Related States of Mind
Automatic - Little intentional control of attention
- Avoidant or suppressive
Ruminative and Centered on Self -Strong identification with thoughts and feelings -Strongly correlated with the past # of depressions -Gender differences in rumination correlate with
gender distribution in depression
Rumination Can Be Seen To Be Emotional Wisdom
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Posi
tive
Bel
iefs
Abo
ut R
umin
atio
n
Formerly Depressed Never Depressed0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.5
Prob
lem-S
olving
Ef
fectiven
ess
Ruminating in SadMood
Ruminating in NormalMood
P<.002; Watkins & Moulds (2005)P<.02; J Pers & Soc Psych (2000)
Qualities of Relapse-Related States of Mind
Content
- “In order to be happy, I must be……” - “Admitting to your mistakes is a sign of weakness” - “If others look to me for guidance, it would make me
feel important”
Process
- What does feeling this way say about me? - Why is this (sadness) happening to me? - How can I change this (sadness)?
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
An Integration of MBSR and Cognitive Therapy
A Blend of Acceptance and Change models
Customized for Depression
Mindfulness-Based Stress ReductionMBSR
• University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Stress Reduction Clinic,1979
– Jon Kabat-Zinn, Ph.D., founder– 8 Week Program– Participants with a wide range of medical problems, including
chronic pain, anxiety disorders, depression, hypertension, heart disease and cancer.
– Program outlined in the book “Full Catastrophe Living, Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain and Illness”
Mindfulness means paying attention, in a particular way,
on purpose,in the present moment,
and non-judgmentally
Jon Kabat-Zinn
A Definition of Mindfulness
How Does Cognitive Therapy Prevent Depressive Relapse?
Teaches Patients in Depressed Mood to:
-Switch out of a habitual cognitive mode of mind
-Decenter - thoughts are not necessarily me and not necessarily true
-Turn towards the Difficult
-Change Degree of Belief
How Does MBCT Prevent Depressive Relapse?
Teaches Recovered Depressed Patients Regardless of Mood:
-Automatic to Intentional Mode
-Avoidance to Curiosity & Acceptance
-‘Thinking About’ to ‘Directly Experiencing’
-Judging & Fixing to Non-Doing & Being
The Nature of the Work in MBCT
• Systematic Training to Become More Aware
– Moment to Moment– Bodily Sensations– Pleasant & Unpleasant Events– Thoughts & Feelings as Mental Events
• Formal Practice
– Body Scan– Mindful Stretching/Yoga– Mindfulness of Breath/Body/Sounds & Thoughts
The Nature of the Work in MBCT
• Opportunity to Be Mindful Using Activities
– Investigating Pleasure & Mastery– Taking Skillful Action – Preparing for Relapse– Inquiry/Discussion of Symptoms & Experiences of Depression
• Informal Practice
– 3 Minute Breathing Space– Mindfulness of Everyday Activities
3 Minute Breathing Space
Provides a way to step out of automatic pilot mode and reconnect with the present moment
• AWARENESS• Acknowledge & register your experience, even if it is
unwanted
• GATHERING• Bring full attention to the breath, as an anchor
to awareness & stillness
• EXPANDING• Awareness of the body as a whole, your posture
and facial expression
Rates of Depressive Relapse for Patients with 3 or More Past Episodes
0102030405060708090
100
% R
elap
se F
ree
10w
eeks
20w
eeks
30w
eeks
40w
eeks
50w
eeks
60w
eeks
1 Year Follow Up
TAUMBCT
P<.005; J Consult Clin Psych (2000)
MBCT 66% TAU 34%
Single Site Replication1 Year Follow Up
0102030405060708090
100
% R
elap
se F
ree
TAU MBCT3+Previous MDD
TAU 22%
MBCT 64%
P<.05; J Consult Clin Psych (2004)
Meditation and the Brain
• Frontal - Limbic pathways
• Numerous studies ongoing
• Meditators versus non-meditators
PET Scans and Meditation
Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Left associated with feelings of happiness & well-being and approach behaviours
Right associated with feelings of distress and avoidance behaviours
Meditation
Increased left sided anterior activation compared to controlsOver 8 weeks participants began to shift in the same direction as Buddhist monks
Future Directions and Research
• Pilot Studies:
– Anxiety disorders including panic disorder without agoraphobia
– Actively depressed– Co-occurring addictive and mood
disorders– Binge eating disorder– Immune response to Influenza vaccine
Summary• MBCT was designed to reduce relapse by helping
patients disengage from ruminative thinking triggered by sad moods.
• MBCT helps patients shift their relationship to thoughts/ sensations/feelings without trying to change belief in thought content.
• It is ideal for patients in recovery because depression need not be present for them to practice
• Shown to reduce relapse rate by 50% in patients with recurrent depression.
Resources• Books:
– Full Catastrophe Living, by Jon Kabat-Zinn– Heal Thyself; Mindfulness in Medicine, by Saki Santorelli– Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression, by Z.
Segal, J. Williams & J. Teasdale– Wherever You Go There You Are, by Jon Kabat-Zinn
Web Sites:www.ottawamindfulnessclinic.comwww.umassmed.edu
Dr. Kerri McGuire: [email protected]