mind map: tunisia (enit)female engineering practitioners (1/3)...mind map: tunisia (enit)female...

Mind Map: Tunisia (ENIT)Female Engineering Practitioners (1/3)The diagram presented here is called a mind map. A mind map organizes information visually and communicates relationships among pieces

of a whole. This mind map represents the analysis of relationships between categories that were generated from coding the focus group

discussion transcripts. A legend to assist in reading the mind map is in the bottom-right corner.

GENERAL GENDER DYNAMICS

Negative sentiment towards feminism

Men are perceived as capable or

can express the way they think

unlike women

Inequality

Women's inequality in Tunisia

in general

Positive sentiment towards

feminism

Women are better than men

in some skills

Equality

Women's equality in

Tunisia

Good Representation Of Women In Engineering

Women's

representation is

higher in

engineering in

Muslim countries

Engineering industry

work settings have a

good representation of

women

Women Engineers Are Encouraged, And Accepted With No Differences In

Engineering

Women are encouraged in

engineering

Women are generally

favored in engineering

over men

Women engineers

are

accepted/respectedShe does not feel

difference as a female

engineer from male

engineers

Women in engineering

are normal

Women Engineers Are Capable, Brilliant, Or Strong

Female engineers feel

strong and impose

themselves as women

Women engineers are

competent/capable

Women are more

competent engineers

than men

Women engineers are

brilliant

She is nice or

respectful to

people at work

Being a female

precedes being a

female engineer

Femininity Traits For Women Engineers

Negative Experiences During

Interview And Hiring Process

Bad experiences in

hiring/interviews for doing

multidisciplinary work in

engineering

Stress during

engineering job

interviews

Was marked by being

accused of lying at her

entrance exam

Presence of gender-

based discrimination in

the engineering hiring

process

JOB-RELATED NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES, ESPECIALLY AS THEY RELATE TO GENDER

Negative Experiences Related To Job

Performance

Assault, degradation,

and intimidation at

work b/c of being

female engineer

Conflict and bullying at

work because of being

a female engineer

Had a bad experience on a

construction site

Bad environment at

her engineering

workplace

Bad experiences from

wearing the hijab at work

She was fired from her

engineering job

Distress that led to crying

because of being a female

engineer

Men Engineers Not Complying With Women's

Order Or Refusing To Work For Women

Men engineers not complying

with women's orders at work

Men engineers refusing to work

for female

managers/supervisors or

women in general

Male workers who didn't

initially like working for or with

women engineers eventually

change their attitudes b/c of

women's competence

When a male worker had trouble

with her, she let it go or didn't do

anything about it

ENGINEERING WORK EXPERIENCES BOTH IN INDUSTRY AND ACADEMIA

Previous Work Experience In

Education Or Academia

General responsibilities in her education or

association job

Worked in higher education or academia

Previous Work Experience In A Company

Or Business And Public Sector

Worked in IT or software

development

General responsibilities

in her industry position

She has her own company

Job Connections (Networks) Hiring/

Getting Clients

One international partner could convince

local clients to give them projects

Friends connected her to

engineering jobs

Worked in a company

abroad

Worked on a

construction site

Worked in an association

or for an education office

Worked as a practicing

engineer in the private

or public sector

Worked in an association or for an

education office

Salary And Financial Issues

Her specific engineering salary

Had to work b/c she needed

money

Did unpaid work

Didn't go to graduate school

because of a lack of money

Salary has evolved or

improved from

practicing engineering

Financial hardship affected her

engineering education decisions

Legend

Surface – level linkage: strong relationship

Surface – level linkage: weak relationship

Parallel neutral : co-exist but do not seem to have weak or strong relationship

Conflicted coexistence: co-exist but the relationship is in opposition

Enmeshment: a relationship with overlapping aspects

Cluster Of Categories

THEME

THEME NAME

Cluster Name

Categories are shown as clusters arranged within themes. Circles delineate the boundaries of the clusters and themes. Cluster names are highlighted in with a vertical pattern, each word capitalized (…………………….). Theme names are highlighted with a pointed pattern and capitalized (……….………….). Arrows and lines denote the different degrees of relationships and types of overlap between categories. The types of relationships represented in the mind map are (a) enmeshment, (b) surface-level linkage, (c) conflicted co-existence, and (d) parallel neutral co-existence. Enmeshment denotes an overlapping relationship and is graphically represented with touching circles. A surface-level linkage indicates categories/clusters/themes that are separate but have a certain level of relevance that links them. A solid line with arrows denotes strong surface-level linkages ( ). A black doted line with denotes weak surface-level linkages ( ). Parallel neutral coexistence indicates neutral relationships and is denoted with a double line with points ( ) . Conflicted co-existence indicates an opposition relationship and is denoted with a dotted line with diamonds ( ).

Cluster Name

THEME NAME

Category

Routine Work Or Repetitive Tasks In

Engineering

Wanted her own

company to not have

repetitive tasks

Does routine engineering work that does

not require creativity

Negative sentiment

towards routine work in

engineering

Different Issues Related To P.E. In

Public/Private Sectors And

Associations

Unemployment or

underemployment in

engineering

Wants to own a company

in the future

Did not want to work for the

state

There are differences

between small and

multinational companies

There are differences

between the public and

private sectors of

engineering industry

Physical Strength Required At

Engineering Work

Industry work is

physically tiring

Industry requires long

working hours

Engineering requires

physical strength

Going abroad for work

She scared of

going abroad

Was scared of

going abroad

She stayed alone when

either of them were abroad

Wants to go abroad for work

or an internship

Engineers go abroad for

work, especially men

Respondent had good experiences

with internships that they did.

Internship was a good

experience

Did an internship or study

project abroad

Internships showed her

what engineering career she

wanted

Learned a lot at her internship

Always did the minimum

amount of work

Types of engineering

internships

Management In

Engineering

is an engineering

manager

Got training in management

or technical sales

GENDER EQUALITY IN ENGINEERING & FEMININITY TRAITS

Negative

sentiment towards

swear words

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science

Foundation under Grant No. 1561430/1561507-HRD. Any opinions, findings,

and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of

the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science

Foundation. May 2019

Aptitude or interest for math and scientific subjects

Math & Scientific Subjects Or Track And Theory-focused Education

Engineering education was predominately theoretical

Teaches using practical terms of examples instead of theory

Went into engineering because of interest or ability in mathematics or scientific subjects

The scientific and mathematics tracks are okay, but scores matter above all

Did the scientific, mathematics, or technical track in high school

CAREER PLANS AND EVALUATION OF CAREER

Satisfaction With

Engineering Career

Enjoys her industry career

Loves doing what she does well

High satisfaction with engineering career

Does not regret going into engineering

Came to like

engineering

subjects with time

Over Time Perception Of Engineering

Her life changed a

lot after doing

engineering

Perception of

engineering has not

changed

Initially did not know

much about

engineering

Perception of

engineering has

changed

The diagram presented here is called a mind map. A mind map organizes information visually and communicates relationships among pieces

of a whole. This mind map represents the analysis of relationships between categories that were generated from coding the focus group


Mind Map: Tunisia (ENIT) Female Engineering Practitioners (2/3)

FAMILY'S CONNECTION TO ENGINEERING AND INFLUENCE ON PARTICIPATION IN

ENGINEERING

Family wanted her to go into medicine or

society expects women to be doctors.

Daughters are on the fence about or do not

want to do engineering

Family wanted her to go into something other

than engineering

Husband trusts

her and tells

her she can do

anything

Has a

positive and

reciprocal

relationship

with her

husband

Family And Work Positive Experiences

Female engineers

are able to manage

work and family

Taking care of kids

and working is

difficult, but great

WORK AND FAMILY CONFLICT

Made major career decisions

in order to take care of family

responsibilities

Difficulties or discrimination at

work because of being a

female engineer with children

Women have difficulty

in engineering b/c of

family responsibilities

Family And Work Negative Experiences

Conflict with

her husband

b/c she is an

engineer

Husband

Female family

members are/were

engineers

Husband is also

an engineer

Family members are

not in engineering (or

medicine)

Family members are in

the medical field

Negative Influence Or

Unsupportive Family For

Her Being An Engineer

Stressful influence and preconceived ideas and

pressure from mother, sisters, parents and family.

Disagreement with family about her

career/education trajectory in general

Disagreement with her parents because

they did not wanted her to leave

(hometown or Tunisia).

Good perception from family for

being an engineer

Family members influenced her

to go into engineering

Family is proud that she is an

engineer

Engineers are role

models or examples

in the family

Encouragement to

not choose a man

before her career

There were higher expectations for her

regarding education than her other siblings

Family's Positive Perception/Support For

Being An Engineer

Family helped her while she was working

Mom or sister work or have

worked a lot.

Respondents' family relations, structure

or composition

Not many of her family reach higher

education.

She is the only engineer in her family

Respondent's Family

Structure/Composition, Family

Members With Non-engineering

Higher Education

COMPARISONS OF ACADEMIA TO INDUSTRY

Legend







THEME

THEME NAME

Cluster Name


Cluster Name

THEME NAME

Category

MEDICINE AS A FIELD AND COMPARED TO ENGINEERING

Prefers Or Values Medicine Over Engineering

Family wanted her to go into

medicine or society expects

women to be doctors

Wants to do

medicine in

the long term

Medicine is valued more

than engineering

Medicine And Engineering Equally Valued

Engineering and

medicine are the top

two fields in Tunisia

The best students in Tunisia study

engineering or medicine

Chose Engineering Over Medicine

Chose engineering

over medicine

NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES IN

INDUSTRY

Disadvantages Of Working In Industry

Industry work is physically

tiring

Had a bad experience on a

construction site

Delays are bound to

happen in industry

Did not like industry work

Challenges Faced In P.E (Delays,

Constant Learning, Dealing With Bosses)

Difficulties from bosses at

work

Enjoys learning and trying

new things in engineering Did not like industry work

Faces unexpected

circumstances at work as

an engineer

Delays are bound to happen in

industry

Leaving her company to continue her education

Wants to learn or do art in the future or in retrospect she would have chosen art

Changing From Industrial Engineering Career Or Job Or Insatisfaction With Career/Job.

Changed careers

Only stayed for a short time in some engineering positions

Wants to learn or do art in the future or in retrospect she would have chosen art

Leaving her company to continue her education

Prospective change of career

Wants to do something completely different from engineering in the future

Found out her job didn't suit her

Her future is not clear

CHALLENGES AND GENERAL EXPERIENCES IN EDUCATION

Non-religious Lifestyle Or Religious Lifestyles

Studied with people from the interior of Tunisia whose behavior was restrictive

Lived a normal, liberal or laidback lifestyle in Tunis

Was singled out for not being religious by fundamentalist students who came from the interior of Tunisia

Tried to think of one thing at a time during her engineering education

Experiences In Engineering Education

Participation in clubs and activities during engineering school

Happiness with engineering education experience

Learned programming on her own

Was the class chief in school

She was a good student and had good grade

Academic scores determine what field you get

Was taught to collaborate or work in a group

Is friends with teachers from high school

Teacher's influence on her education in general or to go into engineering

Difficulties in her engineering education

Difficulties In Her Engineering Education

Not knowing much after finishing engineering school

Initially did not know much about engineering

Engineering school had a hard competitive environment

Had to repeat a year at ENIT

Worked while pursuing her education

Wanted to study in France, but it was difficult

Critiques of the Tunisian education system

Difficulties pursuing her masters degree

Family did not encourage getting a masters in engineering

The preparatory (or lack thereof) that she went to

Was not given much information about preparatory or scholarships

Preparatory was stressful

Experiences In Grad School

Worked with autistic kids during her masters

Has a graduate degree or completed a thesis

Interest And Difficulties In Research

Lacks motivation, is neutral or doesn't enjoy research

Teachers saw she was interested or had a profile for research

Goal is to do useful and practical research

Issues with research funding

Academia And Industry Relation

The technical track is not considered as prestigious as other tracks

Did a project or thesis in line with industry instead of academia

Joined an association in engineering school to take care of her professional life, even though it was strict

Added a formation in their department for industrial engineers

Best engineering schools in Tunisia

Engineering Schools And ENIT’s Features

There are rotations to administrative positions at ENIT

Her engineering degree or when she went to ENITThere are events at ENIT that help young people

The preparatory (or lack thereof) that she went to

Originally wanted

to go into medicine/dentistry

Didn't choose medicine

b/c of sensitivity to

medical emergencies

Remain In Pe Career

Her career was based on luck

Has had a long career

Did not think about changing jobs


Foundation under Grant No. 1561430/1561507-HRD. Any opinions, findings,

and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of

the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science

Foundation. May 2019

The diagram presented here is called a mind map. A mind map organizes information visually and communicates relationships among pieces of a whole. This mind map represents the analysis of relationships between categories that were generated from coding the focus group


http://womeninengineeringpmcs.org/

Legend







THEME

THEME NAME

Cluster Name


Cluster Name

THEME NAME

Category

EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING IN GENERAL

Negative Sentiment

Engineering is not valued in Tunisia

Certain engineering subfields are in crisis

Engineering is difficult

Misconceptions about engineering

Positive Sentiment

Engineering is good for society

Liking the practical aspect of engineering

There are events at ENIT that help young people

Pride from being an engineer

Engineers are valued in Tunisia

DECIDING OR CHOOSING TO DO ENGINEERING

Wanted To Do Engineering/ Interest In Engineering

Engineering was a dream or choice

Always wanting to be an engineer

certain subfields in engineering are in demand/good for the long term

Subfield (Or Specialty) She Practices Or Prefers

The subfields of engineering she practices

Came to engineering or subfield later in education

Desire to do engineering and a human-related field

Wanting or following the formation related to coaching

Interest in geology or field work

Choice of engineering specialty

Interest in doing engineering before university

RESPONDENTS’ SKILLS AND TRAITS

Negative Personal Traits (Impatient, Loses Her Temper, Or Makes Risky

Choices; Stubborn; People Are Scared Of Her)

People are scared of her or

dislike herHer negative

personality traits

Her personal improvement in general

Personal Leadership And Communications Skills

Letting others do what they want

Loves doing what she does well

Exposure to or being impressed by technology

Did not give up (generally)

She tries to be calm and diplomatic, especially under stress

Interest In Other Field Outside Of Engineering

Original interest in being a pilot or aviation

Desire to help people or do social work

Interest in geology or field work

Interest Or Activities She Did At A Young Age

Interest in inventing things and drawing/DIY activities during childhood

Did mechanical activities at a young age

Wanted to do something technically related at a young age

Mind Map: Tunisia (ENIT) Female Engineering Practitioners

Engineers Are Smart Or Creative

Engineers are smart or genius

Engineering as a

state of mind

Engineers are

creative

Picturing engineering as

innovation

Leadership, Communication Skills, And Problem Solving In

Engineering

Chose engineering

because of interest in

problem solving

Speaks languages

and/or has good

communication

Engineers solve problems

or find a solutionHer responsibilities

include leadership or

being in charge

Importance of

communication skills

in engineering

Engineering involves

leadership

Competence In Engineering Work (Personal Talents And Attitudes Toward

Work)

Competence in

engineering work

expressed in attitudes

toward work

You need a lot of

experience in certain

engineering subfields

Competence in engineering

work expressed in personal

talents

Engineering builds

character

Engineers are active or

always doing something

Engineers are

competent

Chose engineering because of interest in problem solving

Men and women choose engineering or medicine for money

Friend influenced her to go into engineering

Chose engineering over medicine

Engineering was not her choice.

Engineering As A Choice Or Chose Engineering Because Of Reasons


Foundation under Grant No. 1561430/1561507-HRD. Any opinions,

findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this

material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the

views of the National Science Foundation. May 2019

CHARACTERISTICS OR SKILLS REQUIRED OF

ENGINEERING/ENGINEERS

http://womeninengineeringpmcs.org/

Progress Chart: Key Project Activities & Timeline (est. dates 9/2019-3/2021)

•

Key Project Activities by 3 month allotments 09-12 01-03 04-06 07-09

September (09) 2019 – August (08) 2020

Theme Extraction

For existing interview data, extract themes. XX

Sample selection

Select US company & sample of roughly 5 female engineers users X

Develop VR tool

Program VR, including workplace visuals and 3D “mind map” X XXX XXX

September (09) 2020– March (03) 2021

Launch beta VR space invite users X

Evaluate experiences of beta users, deliver users’ category rankings to

HR, interview HR

X X

Future Work (10x)

Bring virtual space to 10 additional US companies affiliated with the Women in Engineering programs at our universities.

Develop themes from existing interviews with female undergraduate engineering students and engineering faculty in Malaysia

and Tunisia.

Design VR experience for students and faculty.

Invite US-based engineering student and faculty users from our universities and those affiliated with other US-based Women

in Engineering programs.

Evaluate student and faculty users’ experiences and deliver users’ category rankings to university engineering departments

and retention specialists.

X=activity within one month, XX=two months, XXX=three months.

mind map: tunisia (enit)female engineering practitioners (1/3)...mind map: tunisia (enit)female...

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