million instructions per second
TRANSCRIPT
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• Million Instructions per Second
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Netbook - MIPS
1 Some netbooks use MIPS architecture-compatible processors. These include the Skytone Alpha-400, based on an Ingenic system on chip, and the EMTEC Gdium
netbook, which uses the 64-bit Loongson processor capable of 400 million instructions
per second. While these systems are relatively inexpensive, the processing power of current
MIPS implementations usually compares unfavorably with those of x86-
implementations as found in current netbooks.
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Intel iAPX 432
1 Originally designed for clock frequencies of up to 10 MHz, actual
devices sold were specified for maximum clock speeds of 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 8 MHz respectively with a peak performance of 2 million
instructions per second at 8 MHz.
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Intel 80486
1 A 50 MHz 80486 executed around 40 million instructions per second on average and was able to reach 50
MIPS peak performance.
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System 360
1 The slowest System/360 models announced in 1964 ranged in speed from 0.0018 to
0.034Million instructions per second|MIPS; the fastest models were approximately 50 times
as fast with 8Kibibyte|KB and up to 8Mebibyte|MB of internal main memory, though the latter was unusual, and up to 8 megabytes of slower IBM 2361 Large Capacity Storage|Large Core Storage (LCS). A large system might have as little as 256KB of main storage, but 512KB,
768KB or 1024KB was more common.
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High-performance computing - Performance metrics
1 In general, the speed of supercomputers is measured and
Benchmark (computing)|benchmarked in FLOPS (FLoating Point Operations Per Second), and not in terms of Million instructions
per second|MIPS, i.e
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FLOPS - Floating-point operation and integer operation
1 Million instructions per second#Million instructions per
second|MIPS is used to measure the integer performance of a computer
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Digital Age - Computation
1 The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers
grew from 3.0 × 108 Million instructions per second|MIPS in 1986,
to 4.4 × 109 MIPS in 1993, 2.9 × 1011 MIPS in 2000 to 6.4 × 1012
MIPS in 2007.
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Superminicomputer - Significant superminis
1 * Norsk Data ND-570/CX, fastest supermini, 1983, at 7.1 Whetstone
(benchmark)|Whetstone million instructions per second|MIPS
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Classes of computers - Mainframe computers
1 They are measured in Instructions per second#Million instructions per
second|MIPS (million instructions per second) and respond to up to 100s of
millions of users at a time.
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Data-intensive computing - Introduction
1 Researchers coined the term BORPS for billions of records per second to measure
record processing speed in a way analogous to how the term Million
instructions per second|MIPS applies to describe computers' processing speed.
[http://www.cse.fau.edu/~borko/HandbookofCloudComputing.html/ Handbook of
Cloud Computing], Data-Intensive Technologies for Cloud Computing, by A.M
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Million instructions per second
1 The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value
such as 'thousand instructions per second (kIPS)', 'million instructions
per second (MIPS)', 'Giga instructions per second (GIPS)', or 'Million
Operations per Second (MOPS)'.
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Supercomputers - History
1 The Atlas (computer)|Atlas was a joint venture between Ferranti and the Manchester University
and was designed to operate at processing speeds approaching onemicrosecond per
instruction, about onemillion instructions per second. The first Atlas was officially
commissioned on 7December 1962 as one of the world's first supercomputers – considered to be the most powerful computer in the world at
that time by a considerable margin, and equivalent to four IBM 7094s.
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Sensor node - Power source
1 The energy cost of transmitting 1 Kb a distance of is approximately the
same as that used for the execution of 3 million instructions by a 100 million instructions per second/W
processor
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GRAU - 5 (Air defense equipment)
1 * 5Ae: Computers (5Ae26, a specialized multi-Central processing
unit|CPU computer with a performance of 1.5 Million
instructions per second|MIPS)
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Atmel AVR - MCU speed
1 Since all operations (excluding literals) on registers R0 - R31 are single cycle, the
AVR can achieve up to 1 Million instructions per second|MIPS per MHz,
i.e. an 8MHz processor can achieve up to 8 MIPS. Loads and stores to/from memory
take two cycles, branching takes two cycles. Branches in the latest 3-byte PC
parts such as ATmega2560 are one cycle slower than on previous devices.
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Mobile browser - History
1 The demonstration platform for this microbrowser (Webwalker) had 1
Million instructions per second|MIPS total processing power
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MediaTek - IEEE 802.11
1 As a result of the merger with Ralink, MediaTek has added wireless network interface controllers for IEEE 802.11-
standards, and System on a chip|SoCs with Million instructions per second|MIPS CPUs to its product
portfolio.
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Rockchip - RK2808A[http://www.rock-chips.com/product.php?id77width830height500 ]
1 ARM rates the performance of the ARM926EJ-S at 1.1 Million
instructions per second|DMIPS/MHz the performance of the Rockchip
2808 when executing ARM instructions is therefore 660DMIPS
roughly 26% the speed of Apple's A4 processor
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Hercules emulator - Performance
1 Hercules expresses its processing performance in Million instructions per
second|MIPS
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Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate - Early 90s perspectives
1 In his second post, he mentioned that “[...] 5 years from now everyone will be running free GNU on their 200 million instructions per second|MIPS, 64M SPARCstation 5|SPARCstation-5”
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System/360
1 The slowest System/360 models announced in 1964 ranged in speed from 0.0018 to
0.034Million instructions per second|MIPS;[http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2030.html System 360/30
announcement] the fastest models were approximately 50 times as fast with 8Kibibyte|KB and up to 8Mebibyte|MB of internal main
memory, though the latter was unusual, and up to 8 megabytes of slower IBM 2361 Large
Capacity Storage|Large Core Storage (LCS)
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Ultra high definition television - 2013
1 The BCM7445 is a 28nm ARM architecture chip capable of 21,000 Dhrystone million instructions per
second|MIPS with volume production estimated for the middle of 2014
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CDC 6000 series - History
1 It was introduced in September 1964 and performed up to three million
instructions per second, three times faster than the IBM Stretch, the
speed champ for the previous couple of years
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PMC-Sierra - Wireless
1 PMC-Sierra semiconductor devices allow wireless service providers to
deploy wireless mobile phone network equipment.http://www.pmc-
sierra.com/wireless/ This includes Million instructions per second|MIPS
based network processors for wireless back haul and radio
frequency integrated circuits for wideband radio modules.
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HP 9000 - Series 500
1 The processors in the original Series 500s ran at 20MHz, and could reach
a benchmark speed of 1 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second), equivalent
to a VAX-11|VAX-11/780 (the benchmark standard at the time)
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ETRAX CRIS - ETRAX 100LX
1 In 2000, the ETRAX 100LX design added an Memory management unit|MMU, as
well as Universal Serial Bus|USB, synchronous serial and Synchronous
dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM support, and boosted the CPU performance up to 100 Million
instructions per second|MIPS. Since it has a MMU, it can run the Linux kernel
without modifications.
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8088 - Performance
1 Depending on the clock frequency, the number of memory wait states, as well as on the
characteristics of the particular application program, the 'average' performance for the Intel 8088 ranged from approximately 0.33–
1million instructions per second.http://www.olympusmicro.com/micd/gall
eries/chips/intel8088a.html Meanwhile, the 'mov' reg,reg and 'Arithmetic logic unit|ALU'ALU
stands for one of the instructions ADD, ADC, SUB, SBC, CMP, AND, OR, XOR, TEST
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VAX - History
1 It was initially described as a one-million instructions per second|MIPS machine, because its performance
was equivalent to an IBM System/360 that ran at one MIPS, and the
System/360 implementations had previously been de facto performance standards
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RAD750
1 The CPU has 10.4 million transistors, nearly an order of magnitude more than the RAD6000 (which had 1.1 million). It is manufactured
using either 250 or 150 nanometre|nm photolithography and has a semiconductor-die
cutting|die area of 130mm2. It has a clock rate|core clock of 110 to 200megahertz|MHz
and can process at 266 million instructions per second|MIPS or more. The CPU can include an
extended CPU cache#Multi-level caches|L2 cache to improve performance.
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Intel i386
1 A 33MHz 80386 was reportedly measured to operate at about 11.4
Million instructions per second|MIPS.[http://intel80386.com Intel 80386]
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IBM RAD6000
1 The computer has a maximum clock rate of 33megahertz|MHz and a processing speed of about 35Million instructions per second|MIPS. In addition to the CPU itself, the RAD6000 has
128megabyte|MB of error detection and correction|ECC random access memory|RAM.
A typical RTOS|real-time operating system running on NASA's RAD6000 installations is VxWorks. The Flight boards in the above
systems have switchable clock rates of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20MHz.
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List of Sega arcade system boards - NAOMI specifications
1 * CPU: SuperH|Hitachi SH-4 CPU with graphic functions and 128-bit SIMD @ 200MHz (360 Million instructions per second|MIPS and 1.4 GFLOPS)
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IBM 801
1 The CPU was clocked at 66ns cycles (approximately 15.15 MHz) and could
compute at the then-fast speed of approximately 15 million instructions
per second|MIPS
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Sequent Computer Systems - Balance
1 The model number 21000 came from a simple calculation of the relative
performance of the NS32032 (0.7Million instructions per second|
MIPS) times 30 processors: 21 MIPs
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Mainframe computers - Description
1 Modern mainframe design is generally less defined by single-task
computational speed (typically defined as Million instructions per second|MIPS rate or FLOPS in the case of floating point calculations),
and more by:
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PDP-8 - Description
1 The machine used magnetic core memory with a clock frequency|cycle time of 1.5 microseconds, so that a typical two-cycle (Fetch, Execute)
memory-reference instruction ran at a speed of 0.333 million instructions
per second|MIPS
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Atlas Computer (Manchester) - Background
1 Development of MUSE—a name derived from microsecond engine—began at Manchester University in
1956. The aim was to build a computer that could operate at processing speeds approaching onemicrosecond per instruction, about onemillion instructions per
second. Mu (or µ) is a prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting
a factor of 10−6 (one millionth).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html
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Mobile web browser - History
1 The demonstration platform for this mobile browser (Webwalker) had 1 Million instructions per second|MIPS
total processing power
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Mars Science Laboratory - Rover
1 :The RCE computers use the RAD750 Central processing unit|CPU (a successor to the IBM
RAD6000|RAD6000 CPU used in the Mars Exploration Rovers) operating at 200MHz. The
RAD750 CPU is capable of up to 400Instructions per second#Million
instructions per second|MIPS, while the RAD6000 CPU is capable of up to 35MIPS. Of
the two on-board computers, one is configured as backup, and will take over in the event of
problems with the main computer.
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VAX - History
1 It was initially described as a one-million instructions per second|MIPS machine, because its performance
was equivalent to an IBM System/360 that ran at one MIPS, and the
System/360 implementations had previously been de facto performance standards
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Intel 8048 - Variants
1 crystal one gets 0.73 million instructions per second|MIPS (of one-
clock instruction set|instructions)
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Project Athena - Overall history
1 Students were required to learn FORTRAN and Lisp (programming language)|Lisp, and
would have access to 3M computer|sophisticated graphical workstations,
capable of 1 million instructions per second and with 1 megabyte of RAM and a 1
megapixel display.http://web.mit.edu/acs/athena.html
Upon logging into a workstation, they would have immediate access to a universal set of
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Intel 8051 - Digital signal processor (DSP) variants
1 Several variants with an additional 16-bit digital signal processor (DSP) (for example for MP3 or OGG Vorbis|OGG coding/decoding) with up to 675 million instructions per
second (MIPS)[http://www.8052.com/news?NEWSID=61 TI Delivers new low-cost, high-performance audio DSP for Home
and Car w/ 8051] and integrated USB 2.0 interface[http://www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/atmel/at85c51snd3.pdf Atmel AT85C51SND3 Audio DSP Data Sheet with
USB 2.0] or as intellectual property[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
reload=truetp=arnumber=4266677url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org
%2Fiel5%2F4266544%2F4266545%2F04266677.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4266677 Integration of 8051 With DSP in
Xilinx FPGA] exist.
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XScale - PXA3xx
1 The new processor was shown clocked at 1.25GHz but Intel said it only offered a 25%
increase in performance (800million instructions per second|MIPS for the 624MHz PXA270
processor vs. 1000MIPS for 1.25GHz 'Monahans'). An announced successor to the
2700G graphics processor, code named Stanwood, has since been canceled. sd features of Stanwood are integrated into 'Monahans'. For extra graphics capabilities, Intel recommends third-party chips like the NVIDIA GoForce chip
family.
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Cycles per instruction
1 Determine the effective CPI, Instructions per second#Million
instructions per second|MIPS rate, and execution time for this program.
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Gdium - Technical overview
1 The EMTEC Gdium Liberty 1000 is built on an STMicroelectronics
Loongson 2F Million instructions per second|MIPS microprocessor and
uses a proprietary form-factored USB key, called the G-Key, as its primary
storage medium
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Manchester computers - Muse and Atlas
1 Development of MUSE– a name derived from microsecond engine–
began at the university in 1956. The aim was to build a computer that
could operate at processing speeds approaching one microsecond per instruction, one million instructions per second. Mu (or µ) is a prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting a factor of 10−6 (one
millionth).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html
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PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes - S/390 Processor Card
1 * The original S/390 Processor Card incorporated 32MB of dedicated
memory, with optional 32MB or 96MB daughter cards, for a combined total
of 64MB or 128MB of RAM. The processor was officially rated at 4.5 Million instructions per second|MIPS.
It was built to plug into a Micro Channel architecture|MicroChannel
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MIPS instruction set - Microarchitectures based on the MIPS instruction set
1 A speed-bumped version of the R3000 running up to 40MHz, the
'R3000A' delivered a performance of 32 Million instructions per second|
VUPs (VAX Unit of Performance)
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Andrew Project - History
1 The proposed 3M computer workstations included a million pixel display and a megabyte of memory, running at a million instructions per
second.
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3M computer
1 '3M' was a goal first proposed in the early 1980s by Raj Reddy and his
colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) as a minimum
specification for academic/technical workstations: at least a megabyte of memory, a megapixel display and a
Instructions per second|million instructions per second (MIPS)
processing powerhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-million-instructions-per-second-toolkit.html
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Intel 80188
1 The 'Intel 80188' microprocessor was a variant of the Intel 80186. The 80188 had an 8-bit external Bus
(computing)|data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of the 80186; this made it
less expensive to connect to Computer peripheral|peripherals. The
16-bit registers and the one megabyte address range were unchanged, however. It had a
throughput of 1million instructions per second.
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ARM7 - Overview
1 It is a versatile processor designed for mobile devices and other low power electronics. This processor
architecture is capable of up to 130 Million Instructions Per Second|MIPS on a typical 130 nanometer|0.13µm process. The ARM7TDMI processor core implements ARM architecture 'v4T'. The processor supports both
32-bit and 16-bit instructions via the ARM and Thumb instruction sets.
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MIPS - Technology
1 * Million instructions per second, a measure of a computer's central processing unit
performance
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PicoBlaze
1 They are based on an 8-bit RISC architecture and can reach speeds up
to 100 Million instructions per second|MIPS on the Virtex 4 FPGA's
family
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Intel P5 - Major improvements over Intel 80486|i486 microarchitecture
1 The Pentium was designed to execute over 100 million instructions per second
(MIPS),http://dede.essortment.com/pcusersguides_rjje.htm and the 75MHz model was
able to reach 126.5 MIPS in certain benchmarks.http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/micropro/proc1994.htm The Pentium
architecture typically offered just under twice the performance of a 486 processor per clock cycle in common benchmarks
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Acorn Archimedes
1 Using a RISC design with a 32-bit central processing unit|CPU (26-bit addressing), at its launch in June
1987, the Archimedes was stated as running at 4 Million instructions per
second|MIPS, with a claim of 18 MIPS during tests.
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NCUBE - Computer models
1 A node delivered 2 million instructions per second|MIPS, 500
Flops|kiloFLOPS (32-bit single precision), or 300 kiloFLOPS (64-bit
double precision)
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80486
1 A 50MHz 80486 executes around 40 million instructions per second on
average and is able to reach 50 MIPS peak performance.
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System 16 - System 32 specifications
1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|RISC Instruction set|instructions @ 3.524 Instructions per second|MIPS
(million instructions per second)
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System 16 - Model 1 specifications
1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|RISC Instruction
set|instructions @ 3.5 Instructions per second|MIPS (million instructions per second)http://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?
action=pages_view_mainactive_action=repository_view_main_item_detailitem_id=59745i
tem_no=1page_id=13block_id=8http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/04/102723432-05-01-
acc.pdf
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System 16 - Model 2 specifications
1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|RISC Instruction set|instructions @
25 Instructions per second|MIPS (million instructions per
second)http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/80960/PRODBREF/27223303.PDF
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System 16 - ST-V specifications
1 ** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit Reduced instruction set computing|
RISC Instruction set|instructions/Processor register|registers @ 28 Million instructions
per second|MIPS each, 56 MIPS combinedhttp://www.consoledatabase.com/faq/segasaturn/segasaturnfaq.
txt
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Motorola 56000 - Technical description
1 The processor is capable of carrying out 16.5 Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS) at the maximum
specified clock speed of , and has hardware support for block-floating point Fast Fourier transform|FFT. It uses Transistor–transistor logic|TTL levels and consumes approximately
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Intel 80386SX
1 A 33MHz 80386 was reportedly measured to operate at about 11.4
Million instructions per second|MIPS.[http://intel80386.com Intel 80386]
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MegaAVR - MCU speed
1 Since all operations (excluding multiplication and 16-bit add/subtract) on
registers R0 – R31 are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1 Million instructions per
second|MIPS per MHz, i.e. an 8MHz processor can achieve up to 8 MIPS. Loads
and stores to/from memory take two cycles, branching takes two cycles. Branches in the latest 3-byte PC parts such as ATmega2560
are one cycle slower than on previous devices.
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Nintendo 64 technical specifications - Components and performance
1 ** CPU performance: 125 MIPS (Instructions per second|million
instructions per second)http://www.futuretech.blinken
lights.nl/sgi2.html
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NV1
1 It featured a complete 2D computer graphics|2D/3D computer graphics|
3D graphics core based upon quadratic texture mapping, Video RAM|VRAM or DRAM|FPM DRAM
memory, an integrated 32-channel 350 million instructions per second|MIPS playback-only sound card, and
a Sega Saturn compatible joypad port
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