military specification propellants, u. s. navy guns

MIL-P-2231k(We )~17 Februarv 19 0

SUPERSEDINGNAVORD OS 166623 January 1~

MILITARY SPECIFICATION

PROPELLANTS, U. S. NAVY GUNS; BALLISTIC APPENDIX

1. SCOPE

1.1 Scope. - This specification covers the ballisticrequirements for all propellant powders procured for use inU. S. Navy guns except aircraft guns~ The physical andchemical requirements of the various powders are covered byseparate specifications.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 Specifications. - The following specifications cover .chemical and physical requirements for the manufacture ofpropellant powders for U. S. Navy guns.

MIL-P-231

MIL-P-270A

JAN-P-309

MIL-P-17449 (Nerd) -

c-MIL-P-18254 (NOrd),

3* REQUIREMENTS

.

Powder, Smokeless, Pyrocellulose

propellant, ArtillerY.

Powder, Propellants Cannon, 24-1,M-6 and M-14

Powder, Propellant, Cordite N

Powder, Propellant$ Picrite,Wcoolw

3.1 Charges, Pressures and Velocities. - Weight of chargesmuzzle velocity and pressure results obtained with the testpowder according to Section 1+must conform to the require-ments listed in Tables I and 11 for the gun caliber$ pro-pellant type and charge type involved.

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS AND TEST REQUIREMENT’S

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MIL-P-2231\(Wep )

Ik.1 DEFINITIONS

&.1.l Master Powder.’ - A masker powder is a lot of powder

“specifically so designated by the Bureau of Ordnance. It

has well established ballistics near the center of the bal-

listic specification range for powdere in its category.

There is at least one master powder for each gun caliber and

sometimes separate master powders for different nominal pro-

pellant compositions within a gun caliber. The master powder

has an assigned service charge and an assigned “standard pres-

sure obtained either from a number of new gun firings or frcm

matching a previous master powder.

4.1.2 Pressure and Velocity of the Occasion. - The mean

of the maximum breech pressures and the mean of the velocities

for master powder rounds observed in a eingle firing are

‘called the pressure and velocity of the occasion (or dsy).

A single firing is understood to mean a eequence of rounds

uninterrupted by delays long enough for the gun to cool off.

“1+.1.3 Matched Powder Method-of Powder Pro~f. - The matched

powder method involves determination of the test powder charge

in a firing which will give the velocity of the occasion, and

determination of the algebraic difference between assigned

master powder pressure and pressure of the day. This pressure

difference is to be added algebraically to the test powder

pressure which corresponds to the matching charge.

4.1.4 Maximum Packin~ Depth (MPD). - MPD is the distance

to the nearest tenth of an inch from the case mouth to the

upper level of a?y given powder charge in a cartridge caseunder the follow~ng conditions.

a. the charge is poured from a height thirty inchesabove the caae mouth;

b. the charge is poured steadily over a time inter-val of one minute, and;

c. the outside of the case is lightly tapped with

a soft mallet adjacent to the rising level of the powder

during pouring. MPD varies with powder lot and charge weight.

“4.1.5 Production packing Depth. - For a charge of powder9

PPD is defined as the MPD for that charge ~ some empipical

constant determined for each cartridge case design. (Excep-

tion: the MPD minys PPD difference is not ccnstant for

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gradually necked down cartridge cases such as

MIL-P-2231k(wep )

the 3n/70 case.)~PD is intended to give a powder density which is as tightas can be readily attained in production assembly of rounds..Established MPD-PPD values are tabulated in Table 111.

4.1.6 Conditioning Rounds. - The first round fired in agun during a firing is called a conditioning round. Condi-tioning rounds are also interposed between two rounds assem-bled with different types of powder charges or when thereis a large pressure differential. Conditioning rounds are.utilized between rounds assembled with any two of the follow-ing powder types: cordite N, pyro flashing, pyro flashless,M-6 flashing and M-6 flashless powder. Conditioning roundsare also used to obviate effects of large changes in bal-listics. For. example, conditioning rounds are fired when acharge is expected to give a velocity 100 f/s higher orlower than preceding rounds. Conditioning rounds may haveunusual ballistics either because of propellant type inter-actions or gun condition, and ballistic results obtained ‘with them are disregarded in powder proof~

4.2 Pre~aration of Charges’and Rounds. - Propellants tobe fired in ballistic testing for determination of chargeweight shall be conditioned by being stored at a constanttemperature of 90 degrees F for at least 7 days immediatelyprior to firing. It is important that the powder temperaturebe maintained as near to 90’F as possible until fired. Everyround fired with the master powder is to be loaded to theexact charge weight and powder level (*0.1 inch) specifiedfor the master powder. Standard service components as listedin Table III are’to be used. Projectiles are to be inertloaded to the specified yeight~ and rounds assembled for agiven powder proof firing should not include more than onelot number of any single component - case.~ primer or projec-tile. All near-service and service rounds for a given firingshould be assembled in the shortest feasible time.

4.3 Determination of PPD and MPD. - PPD as a function ofcharge weight must be determined for each lot of test pro-pellant for 3n or larger guns, by pouring five 90”F condi-tioned charges at each of two weights covering the rangeexpected to be used in powder proof under MPD conditions.A straight line is drawn through the MPD~s thus obtainedand a PPD line derived by subtracting the previously deter-mined empirical value (or values) from the MPD line. The

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same powder grains must not be poured twice to determin-

MPD since the leve,l obtained might be affected by grains

broken in previous potirings. For any weight of charge

fired in case ammunition, PPD is determined from the PPDline, and the charge is poured to that level with further

adjustment for the presence of’ cru~her gauges. The effectof crusher, pressure gauges on powder level is also deter–

mined empirically for each cartridge case design and the PPD

altered accordingly to maintain the density of” packing which

would exist were the charge assembled to PPD. without gauges.

(Table 111):

4.4 Ballistic Measurements. - Muzzle velocity and maximumbreech preseure measurements are required for each round in

this test except for conditioning rounds. Velooity measure-

ments are to be at least as accurate as those obtainable with

inductiQn coils and chronograph. Velocities for all rounds

in a firing are to be measured with the same instrumentation.

Maximum breech preseures are to be measured with copper

crusher gauges (used according to the best current practice)or any device of greater aocuracy and precision.

4.5 FirinK Schedule. - The order of firing in powder proof

ehall follow one of two general schemes as described below.

4.5.1 Firinu Scheme I - This firing scheme shall be used

for propellant powders for which established velocity and

preseure vs charge slopee are tabulated.

4.5.1.1 Fire one test powder charge eetimated to give

about ‘?S percent of service velocity.

4.5.1.2 Fire two each master service char es and test

?powder charges est%mated to give within 20 f s of the veloc–

ity of the day (a test powder probing round may be used to

estimate the near service charge accurately).

4*5*1*3 Fire one test powder charge estimated to give

100 f/s over the velocity of the day (first firimg only,

unlees estimated eervice pressure exceeds the maximum

limit - 0.5 tsi).

k.5.2 Firing Scheme II. - This firing scheme shall be

u’eed for all other propellants and charge types which donot meet the criteria for FiFing Scheme I.

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4.5.2.1 Fire three test powder charges near 75 percentof service velocity. The initial round fired is a condition-ing round.

4.5.2.2 For service charges, fire five master servicecharges and six test charges to give within 20 f/s of thesame velocity as the master powder (the velocity of theoccasion). For reduced charges, fire three master reduce’dcharges and four test charges estimated to give within 20 f/sof the same velocity of the master powder (the velocity of .the occasion). One of the test charges shaZl be fired firstand considered to be a conditioning round. It also servesas a check on the initial charge estimate.

4.5.2.3 Fire one test powder charge estimated to give avelocity 100 f/s over the velocity of the day.

4.5.3 Discussion of Firing Procedures.. .

405.3.1 General. - For every powder proof the firingscheme should be repeated in four guns with erosion character-istics representative @f the r“ange of service, life. Those ‘gans which give quickness corrected charge weights differingmarkedly from the means of other guns should be avoided.Firings should be ccnducted on four occasions with charges‘for the four firings being assembled on four different days.Firing in fewer than four guns is acceptable in $ff/55 caliber .and larger guns provided, in the first scheme, that thenumber of rounds per firing is increased to three rounds inthree guns or ten rounds in two gans. All propellant lotsmust be tested in’at least two guns differing by at least50 f/s in mean muzzle velpcity and avoiding conditions ofuaust2al velocity perfmma~ce. (For example, 5t?/38caliberguns tend to yield considerably more scattered velocityresults beyond a bcre enlargement at the origin of 0W190and guns eroded beycnd this stage should be avoided.)

4.5.4 When the master pcwder and test powder are of thesame type so that no condit~.ening reund is required betweenthem (see 4.I.6)* the test and master powders are to befired in sets of two. The individual rounds and the orderin each set are to be determined randoxnly. in cases involv-ing the concurrent testing of more than one test powder ofthe same type as the master ‘(nomore than 4 test powdersshall be tested concurrently) the rounds in each set ehallconsist of one each from each test powder and one fror, themaster with random selection of rGunds and random distribu-tion of the firing seqaence.

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MIL-P-2231k(Wep )

k.5.5 When the test and master pOwders are of differenttypes, the master powder rounds and test powder rounds must

,be fired consecutively”in eeparatsgroups. Random selection

should be used for the sequence of firing of the test and

master groups from firing to firing. A cor.ditioning round

m’ast be interposed between groups. Concurrent testing of

test powders is not permissible under these conditions.

4.5.6 Firing is to cease if at any time observed pres-

sures indicate a danger of pressure in excess of proof.If, during testing by Firing Scheme I (4.5.1 and 4.5.4),

either the two near-service test powder rounds or the two

master rounds differ by more than 20 f/s in muzzle velocity,

an additional round of the offending type is to be fired

and averaged with the other two for the final reeult. (The

instrumentation will also be checked with omission of rounds

based on obvioue instrumentation errors).

4.6 service ChUr7e Determination.

4.6.1 Propellants Tested Under Scheme I. - The eervice

charge is deterininad by adding algebraically the following

quantities:

the near-service charge fired;

the product <f the reciprocal of the tabulated

velocity-charge sl~pe and the algebraic difference betweenthe velccity of the day and the average near service test

powder vel?city;

the QU%cktiess correction if any, calculated with

the appropriht.e formula in Table IV.

This charge is the matching charge for that firing. The

average of the matching charges for all firings of an index

is taken as the. assigned charge for the propellant under test.

1+.6.2 Propellants Tested Under Scheme II. - The service

charge is determined as follows:

F%t a straight line to the velocity vereus charge

yeight results. From the fitted line select the charge

corresponding to the velocity. of the occasion. This ~s the

matching charge fcr this firing. When the existence of bal-

listic pcwder quickness differences is suspected, fit a

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least squares line to the matching charge

MIL-P-2231k(Wep )

versus velocitiesof the occasion for all firings of each lot. Examine thisdata statistically to determine if this line is a significantimprovement over the average charge.

4.6.2~1 Assimed Test Powder Charge in the Presence ofBallistic Powder Quickness Differences. - If a significantcorrelation between matching charge and velocity of theoccasion is observed, determine the test powder chargecorresponding to the current average master powder velocityin new guns of the type involved. This is the assigned testpowder charge.

40602.2 Assimed Test powder Charge When NO SimificantBallistic Powder Quickness Difference Exists. - If there isno evidence of ballistic powder quickness differences, the “average matching charge for all firings of the test powdershall be the assigned charge.

4.663 Acc-ulation of powder Proof Data. - Powder proofdata shall be accumulated and tabulated according to guncaliber and powder type. Parametric quickness corrections -and charge velocity slopes shall be added to Table IV; Whenthese have been reliably established and approved by the .Bureau of Ordnance, subsequent propellant lots of the samecategory are to be tested under Scheme 1.

4.7 Service Pressure Determination.

4*7.1.1 Propellants Tested Under Scheme I. - The testp~wder assigned pressure is determined by adding algebraicallythe following quantities:

the average observed near service test powderpresstare;

the assigned master powder pressure minus thepressure of the occasion;

the product of the pressure-charge slope (tabu-lated in Table IV) and the algebraic difference between thematching charge for that firing and the near service chargefired;

the quickness correction determined using theappropriate formula,listed in Table 1~.

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MIL-P-2231k Wep )

4.7.1.2 Aasimed Test powder Pressure. - The value deter-mined in 4.7.1 is the corrected pressure for that firing.

Ths average corrected pressure for all firings of the test

powder is the assigned test powder pressure.

4.7.2 Propellants Tested Under Scheme II. - The test

powder assigned pressure is determined as follows:

Draw a ,smooth cur~e through the three average

pressure vs charge points for eachf iring (except that ifths over-service point falls below a straight line through

the other two pointe, that line through the other two points

should be used.

From the matching charge for that firing read the

corresponding pressure from the curve drawn above.

TO the above preseure add algebraically.the differ-

ence between the assigned maeter powder preesure and the

pressure Of the occasion.

“4.7.2.1 Assib?ned Test Powder Pressure in the Presence

of Ballistic Powder Quickness Difference. - Analyze the

preesure data obtained against the pressure of the occasion

in exactly the same manner ae for velocities in 4.6.2.1.

The test powder preeeure corresponding to the average new

guu master powder pressure is the assigned test powder

preseure.

/+.7.2.2 Assigned Test Powder Pressure When NO Significant

Balliatic Powder Quickness Exists, - When there is no evidence

Of significant ballistic powder quickness differences, thevalue found in 1+.7.2” is the corrected pressure for that firing.

The assigned test powder preesure is the average corrected

pressure for all test powder firings.

.4.8 Uniformit~. - The unbiased sample standard deviations

of the observed near service preesures and velocities about

the sample means are computed as follows: Add the eume of

the equares of the deviations from the corresponding samplemeans for the first, second, etc. firings. Divide this sum

by the total number of rounds involved minus the number of

firings. The square root of this value is the unbiased sample

standard deviation.

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4.9 Amlication of Specification. - The assigned pressureis required to fall within the applicable limits of Table Iand Table 11. The standard deviation for velocity and pres-sure must not exceed the applicable limits of Table I andTable II. The assigned service charge weight is required tofall between the appropriate limits of Table 1 and Table IIexcept that where no ballistic quickness differences ~avebeen previously observed in a category and statistical anal-ysis accepts an hypothesis that no quickness differencebetween the test and master powder exists at a .10 level “of confidence, this limit may be waived~ A test propellantmast satisfy all of these ballistic requirements to bejudged acceptable.

In the absence of criteria for a new propellantcategory the uniformity requirement shall be that the testpowder uniformity values not be significantly larger thanthose for the master powder at a ,0S level of confidence,The assigned pressure corrected for the master powder pres- “sure of the occasion plus four master or test powder samplestandard deviations (whichever. is larger) shall not exceedproof pressure for the gun. No appreciable ballistic quick- “ness difference shall exist between different lots of thetest powder- This last is, in effect, a charge weight limi- “tation.

401O Retest~ - A propellant lot failing the ballistictsst may$ at the discretion’ of the Bureau of Ordnance be~etested in the same or different guns with respect to thefailing attribute. Failure of the propellant to pass theretest is considered sufficient grounds for rejection oftkle lot. ,

ken SiZe Of Ballistic Samples Required”. - Powder proofsfired under Firing Scheme I will require propellant sampleshaving a weight at ‘least 15 times the corresponding maximumacceptable charge weight tabulated in 3.10 Those firedunder Firing Scheme 11 will require a sample having a weightat least 40 times the same maximum single round value fordetermination of full charges and at least 20 times thesingle round value for determination of reduced charges.In general the samples furnished for bGllistic test willbe larger. At least one full box of powder is to be suppliedfrom each section of a lot9 and no partial boxes will beacceptable.

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MIL-P-2231k(Wep)

1 5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY

(Not applicable to this specification.)

6.

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NOTES

Safety Preoautiona. - Since ballistic propellant

I testing involves firing an unprovsd component, reasonable

safety precautions, including-sheltering p,ers6nnel whenever

test powder rounds are fired, should be observed.

6.2 Similar Specification. - MIL-P-17959 (NOrd) of

6 April 1954, ‘powder, Propellant, Ballistics of; for 3n/50Caliber Gunw is intended for use exclusively in offshoreprocurement contracts. Although the procedures in thatspecification differ in detail from those in paragraph 4

above, they can be expected to give equivalent results.

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