MigrationAP Human Geography

Unit 3

What Is Migration?•Movement

• Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a short period

• Commuting• Seasonal movement•Nomadism

• Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period.

•Migrant labor• Transhumance•Military service

• Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent

Migration Terms

• Mobility• Circulation—“short term”

• Migration (vs. Circulation)• Emigration

• Immigration

• Net Migration• Net in-migration: Immigrants >

Emigrants:

• Net out-migration: Immigrants < Emigrants

CIA Worldfactbook, April 2006

Causes of Migration

• Push vs. Pull Factors

• ECONOMIC• North Dakota Oil Boom

• CULTURAL• Iraq War (2003-present)

• ENVIRONMENTAL• Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Overcrowdingin Europe

Overcrowdingin Europe

Overcrowdingin Europe

Plenty of foodin USA

Plenty of foodin USA

Plenty of foodin USA

Persecution ofRussian Jews

Persecution ofRussian Jews

Persecution ofRussian Jews

Povertyin Europe

Povertyin Europe

Povertyin Europe

The US Billof Rights

The US Billof Rights

The US Billof Rights

Higher pay forUS worker

Higher pay forUS workers

Higher pay forUS workers

Europeanclass system

Europeanclass system

Europeanclass system

Religiousfreedom in US

Religiousfreedom in US

Religiousfreedom in US

E.G. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”

1. Most people migrate for economic reasons.

2. Cultural & environmental factors may also be important, but not as important as economics

3. Most migrants move a short distance, and stay within a country.

4. Long-distance migrants go to major centers of economic activity.

5. Most long-distance migrants are males.

6. Most long-distance migrants are adults, not families with their children.

**Theory of Human Migration:1885**

Net-migration

Using the CIA World Factbook…

1. Identify the three countries with the highest “net in-migration” rate.

2. What would be likely pull factors?

3. Identify the three countries with the highest “net out-migration” rate.

4. What would be likely push factors?

5. What problems does using the rate versus the raw number present?

International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of

permanence)

Internal migration:Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a

degree of permanence)

Why Do People Migrate?• Forced migration: Movers have no choice but to relocate

Kinds of Voluntary Migration

•Step migration

• Intervening opportunity

•Chain migration

Voluntary Migration

• Migrants weigh push and pullfactors to decide• Whether to move

• Where to go

• Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate

Push and Pull Factors

• Legal status

• Economic conditions

• Power relationships

• Political circumstances

• Armed conflict and civil war

• Environmental conditions

• Culture and traditions

• Technological advances

Where Do People Migrate?

• Influences on major global migration flows from 1550–1950• Exploration

• Colonization

• The Atlantic slave trade

• Impacts • Places migrants leave

• Places to which migrants go

•Migration Selectivity—24-35 year olds

Regional Migration Flows

Migration to neighboring countries

For short term economic opportunities

To reconnect with cultural groups across borders

To flee political conflict or war

Islands of development: Places where

foreign investment, jobs, and

infrastructure are concentrated

Time-contract Workers

• Millions of Asians migrated in the nineteenth century as time-contract laborers, recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or on plantations.

• More than 29 million ethnic Chinese currently live permanently in other countries, for the most part in Asia.

• In recent years people have immigrated illegally in Asia to find work in other countries.

• Estimates of illegal foreign workers in Taiwan range from 20,000 to 70,000. • Most are Filipinos, Thais, and

Malaysians.

Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples

have distinct patterns of migration

to other Asian countries.

Brain Drain

• Other countries charge that by giving preference to skilled workers, U.S. immigration policy now contributes to a brain drain, which is a large-scale emigration by talented people.

• The average immigrant has received more education than the typical American: nearly one-fourth of all legal immigrants to the United States have attended graduate school, compared to less than one-tenth of native-born Americans.

Guest Workers in Europe

Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in

the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

Guest Workers

• Remitances

•Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948

• Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)

Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups

Internal Migration Flows

Guest Workers

Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides

Have short term work visas

Send remittances to home country

Refugee

Refugee

Global Refugees—There are about 20,000,000 refugees or internally displaced persons worldwide, (estimates vary a lot). The top 10 sources of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in 2005 were:

• Afghanistan: 1,908,100

• Sudan: 693,300

• Burundi: 438,700

• DR Congo: 4,430,600

• Somalia: 394,800

• Vietnam: 358,200

• Palestinians: 349,700 [or more than 4,300,000, depending on definitions]

• Iraq: 262,100

• Azerbaijan: 233,700

• Liberia: 231,100

US Refugee Policy

Who is a refugee? In the US [under the Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(a)(42)]:

• The term 'refugee' means: (A) any person who is outside any country of such person's nationality … who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, or (B) in such circumstances as the President … may specify, any person … who is persecuted or who has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

US Refugee Policy

• “Wet-foot vs. Dry-foot policy” (1995)• Cuban migrant apprehended in the water is

sent back home vs. Cuban who makes it to the U.S. shore, and can qualify for legal permanent resident status and US citizenship

• Awkward Arrangement—• Coast Guard frequently use water cannons to steer

boats away from the US coast

• Cuban migrant running through the surf trying to escape an immigration officer to make it to “dry land”

• 2006—15 Cubans were found clinging to a piling off of the coast and sent back to Cuba

• “Shout Rule”—have to specifically state your fear of return

• Cuba vs. Haiti

US Refugee Policy

US Refugees: 2003-2006—The ceiling on US refugee admissions is 70,000 per year.

2003 2004 2005 2006

Africa 20,000 25,000 20,000 20,000

East Asia 4,000 6,500 13,000 15,000

Eastern Europe 2,500 na na na

The Former Soviet Union 14,000 na na na

Europe &Central Asia na 13,500 9,500 15,000

Latin America & Caribbean 2,500 3,500 5,000 5,000

Near East & South Asia 7,000 2,000 2,500 5,000

Unallocated Reserve 20,000 20,000 20,000 10,000

US Refugee Policy

2011 2012

Africa 12,000 12,000

East Asia 18,000 17,000

Europe and Central Asia 2,000 2,000

Latin America & Caribbean 5,500 5,000

Near East & South Asia 35,500 31,000

Unallocated Reserve 3,000 3,000

Ceiling 76,000 70,000

South Sudan

Dependency Ratio—82% Youth—76%

Literacy—27%

TFR—5.43**2014 statistics**

GDP per capita--$1,400

(2013)

Migration

1. According to Ravenstein, describe the typical migrant? (ie. gender, cause, location, etc.)

2. Is this still accurate?

3. Describe who you believe to be the typical migrant today.

4. What are the time periods in which the US has experienced the greatest in-migration? What were the push/pull factors?

Migrant Characteristics

Is Ravenstein still correct?

• Today, in the US, most international immigrants are women, not men.

• Although most immigrants to the US are still single adults, increasing numbers of immigrants are children (17 years of age or less).

• Mexican migrants to the US come from the interior.

Why the change?

Migration Patterns

• Wilbur Zelinsky… Demographic Transition• Migration patterns change

depending on demographic stage• Stage 2—international migration, also

rural to urban migration

• Examples?

• Stage 3 & 4—internal migration, also urban to suburban , the destination of those in stage 2

• Examples?

Migration Patterns

• Gravity Model• Migration=Population/Distance

(M=P/D)

• Also relates to trade, services, etc.

• Step MigrationChain migration

Brain Drain

Migration Terms

Intervening Obstacle—• Environmental (ie. oceans)

• Cultural (ie. laws)

International Migration• Voluntary vs. Forced Migration

Internal Migration• Interregional Migration

• Intraregional Migration (ie. rural to urban, Counterurbanization)

• Most typical

U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

Global Migration Patterns

• Only 5% of the world’s population are international migrants (still more than 300 million people)

• Net out-migration areas: Asia, Latin America and Africa

• Net in-migration areas: North America, Europe, Oceania

US Immigration Patterns

1st Era: Colonial Period (1607-1840)

• 2 million Europeans (90% British), 650,000 Africans • Why/Results

California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants;

another 25% go to New York and New Jersey.

US Immigration Patterns

2nd Era: Later European Migration (1840s-1930s)

• 1st Peak (1840s-1850s)—4.3 million (German/Irish)• Stage 2 (Migration transition)—

repeatedly… “safety valve”

• 2nd Peak (1880s)—German, Irish, Scandinavian

• 3rd Peak (1900-1930)—Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary• 1910—14% of US population was

1st/2nd generation immigrant

US Immigration Patterns

3rd Era: Modern Immigration (1970s to Present)

• Asian—1970s-1980s (China, Philippines, India, Vietnam)—7 million

• Latin American—1980s-Present (Mexico, Dominican Rep, El Salvador)

• Today: Asian migrants outnumber Latin American (as of 2013)…recent shift to Central America

US Immigration Policy

Evolution of American immigration policy…

• Incentivized immigration—largely up to 1924• Indentured servitude, slavery

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)• also introduced the “Head Tax” of

50 cents a person

• Quota System and Border Patrol established (1924)

• Amnesty (1986)—one time• Applied to those arriving before

1982

“Brain Drain”

US Immigration Policy

• Undocumented Immigration• No one knows how many immigrants are

in the US illegally • Mexico

• Central America, Asia, Europe

• Enter illegally; or “overstay” visas

• Inconsistencies…Haiti vs. Cuba • Economic vs. Political migrants (political

asylum)

California, Texas, and Florida are the leading

destinations for undocumented immigrants to the

U.S.

US Immigration Policy

DREAM Act (proposed 2011)—Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act

• Permit immigrant students who have grown up in the U.S. to apply for temporary legal status and to eventually obtain permanent legal status and become eligible for U.S. citizenship if they go to college or serve in the U.S. military (8 year commitment)

• Came to the U.S. at age 15 or younger at least five years before the date of the bill’s enactment and who have maintained good moral character since entering the U.S.

**President Obama has stopped deportation of immigrants meeting the DREAM criteria under the Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals (DACA)**

US Immigration Policy

1. Should the US take greater measures to stop illegal immigration?

2. Aren’t these people just pursuing the same dreams our ancestors did?

3. What would happen to US industries without immigration? Are these employers culpable?

“Illegal” vs. “unauthorized”

Immigration Policies

• 36% Luxembourg

• 19% Switzerland

• 9% Austria

• 9% Germany

• 9% Belgium

• 6% France

• 6% Sweden

• 5% Denmark

• 4% Netherlands

• 4% Norway

• 4% UK

• 3% Ireland

• 2% Spain

• 2% Italy

Foreign Born as % of European populations

Immigration Policies

• Guest Workers— temporarily for employment, not considered permanent migrants

• Middle East—wealthy oil states import workers from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh• Foreign workers represent 60 to 90%

of labor force in most oil-exporting countries

• Time-contract workers— Chinese migrants in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El

Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.

Immigration Policies

• Canada—shortage of skilled labor led to liberal policy visa policy for visas skilled workers, immigrants make up 21.3% of the population (2013)

• Japan—finally embraced a point system (academic, business, research background) to allow visa application , immigrants only make up 1.7% of the population

• Australia—anyone not carrying a valid visa to be an illegal and is sent to an immigrant detention center (also found in Switzerland amongst other countries), this includes children (1,062 as of Feb. 2013)

Australian Detention Center or“Immigration Residential Housing”

Immigration Policies

• Denmark—offers a cash incentive for immigrants to leave, both the Danish spouse and the foreign spouse must be at least 24 years old (has the unintended effect of separating families) to be granted citizenship

• Sweden—largely welcomes refugees and immigrants, opposition has increased with recent riots resulting from high unemployment

• United Kingdom—the immigrant population has doubled (7.5 million) between 2001-2011, increasing numbers of overstayed visa applicants has resulted in the government requiring applicants pay a 1,000 pound ($1,500) bond, only to be returned when the applicant leaves

• Qatar—”Kafala system,” ties foreign workers to their employers, confiscate passports and often force workers to sleep ten to a room, estimated 40 workers die every month, 1.4 million in the country

March, 2013

Internal Migration

• Interregional Migration• Spreading westward since colonial

times.

• Southern shift since the 1980s

• Intraregional Migration—migration within a single region • Rural to Urban

• Cities to suburbs• 1800, 5% of the US population lived in

suburbs

• 75% of the US population now lives in suburbs

• Counter-urbanization

Average annual migrations between regions

Internal Migration

The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of

people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the

southern sunbelt.

Intraregional Migration in the U.S.

Average annual migration (in millions) among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the

U.S. During the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

Includes:• Central Business District

(Central City)• Transition (Inner

Suburbs)• Suburbs• Rural Ares

Net Migration by County, 2000-04

Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has

been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains

Internal Migration

• Brazil – migration from the coast to the interior

• Indonesia –migration from Java to less populated islands

• Russia (Soviet) –forced and voluntary migration to the west

• India – limits migration

• Europe – migrants moving from South/East to North

Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital

In 1960 and since then has attracted

Thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

Population and Migration Exam Review

1. What are the two most likely discussion questions?

2. Identify the three most important models for this unit

3. These are the five most important vocabulary words.

FRQ Expectations

•Definitions and Explanations—should be a minimum of 2 sentences

• Examples/Identification—I expect everyone to provide an additional example regardless of what they require (ie. If I ask for two examples of interregional migration, you must provide a third—and will be graded on all three!!!)• Lead with the your most confident response

• Other reminders—• Underline important words or phrases

• They are looking for accurate information presented in clear, concise manner. VAGUEis the enemy

• Most questions are broken into parts (ie. A and B)—Label each part of your response