Migration

IMPORTANT TERMS

Emigration - leaving one's country or region (of birth) to settle in another permanently

Emigrants are the ones who consider the push factors when wanting to leave their native land

Ireland

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

PUSH FACTORS- reasons to leave

Not enough jobs Few opportunities "Primitive"

conditions Political fear Poor medical care Not being able to

practice religion Loss of wealth

Natural Disasters Death threats Slavery Pollution Poor housing Poor chances of

finding courtship

IMPORTANT TERMS Immigration – is the permanent

movement of people into a region, territory or nation.

Immigration Debate

IMPORTANT TERMS

Immigrant – is a person who moves to a new country with the intention of settling there --> pull factors help make decision

Benefits

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

PULL FACTORS - reasons to move to a country

Better medical care Security Family links Better chances of

finding courtship

Job opportunities Better living

conditions Political and/or

religious freedom Enjoyment Education

Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people.

Migration

Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one area to another (local, regional, national, international)

On avg. 2 million people move from 1 country to another per year

According to IOM (International Organization for Migrants) there are 214 million international migrants worldwide (equivalent to the world’s 5th largest country - Brazil)

Migrants represent 3.1 of global population (1 in 33 is a migrant)

Migration Trends

Women account for 49% of all migrants 2010 - remittances account for 440 billion

worldwide --> 325 billion went to developing countries

20-30 million unauthorized migrants (illegal) worldwide (rep. 10-15% of migrant population)

27.5 million displace persons in ~ 52 countries as a result of conflict

15.4 million refugees

Migration Trends

Asian immigrants has from 28.1 million in 1970 to 43.8 million in 2000

During same period Asia’s share of global migrant stock from 34.5% to 25%

Africa in its share of international migrants from 12% in 190 to 9% in 2000

Latin America & Caribbean from 7.1% to 3.4%

Global Trends

Europe 22.9 to 18.7% Oceania 3.7% to 3.3 North America in immigrant

population from 15.9% in 1970 to 23.3%

USSR from 3.8% to 16.8% (redefinition of border not actual movement of people)

75% of all international migrants are in 28 countries

Global Trends

1. Voluntary2. Involuntary3. Ecological4. Illegal

Types of Migration

decision to move - own free will Ex. people: looking for better jobs, trying

to unit a family or for studying purposes Economic migration --> from poor to

reach countries --> eg. For every American worker who moves to Mexico 6 Mexican workers move to the US

VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

European expansion to temperate areas such as United States, Canada, and Australia in times of prosperity and opportunity --> colonization

Ontario residents moving to British Columbia for a perceived more relaxed way of life and climate

VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

SEASONAL MIGRATION – movement of people from their home, from a definite or temporary period of time, for employment or recreation.

retired Canadians relocating to Florida for the winter months

students studying abroad migrant workers from the Mexico &

Caribbean working on Canadian farms during the summer Crab workers

young people working at ski resorts like Whistler.

TEMPORARY MIGRATION – a short term movement of people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives.

Examples include: Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar

Hong Kong residents leaving the country in anticipation of political change in 1999.

movement of people against their will Ex. slavery to fulfill European objectives, late

nineteenth-century labor movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations

ethnic cleansing occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish population in areas controlled by the Nazi Germany populations

Human Trafficking

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

Movement due to deterioration of natural environment (1900-2000 --> 60 million people forced to move due to deterioration of land)

War, persecution, human rights abuses

2001 --> 50 million refugees and displaced persons

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

REFUGEES

ORIGIN OF REFUGEES

Involves movement of people because something they depend upon for life disappears or moves out of their environmentEx. degrading soil, disappearing vegetation, drought, rising sea levels, natural disastersEARTHQUAKE IN ITALY

ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION

Movement of people without approval of immigration laws

People want to improve economic opportunities and from the desire of a country to limit access (illegal immigration exists only if there are laws to prevent migration)

Mexico/US

ILLEGAL MIGRAITON

For example, migrants from China have tried to enter Canada illegally - some hidden in hulls of decaying cargo shipsMexicans have avoided border patrols and illegally entered the southern U.S. (6-12 million illegal aliens in U.S. from Mexico)People from Bangladesh have crossed the border into India for better standard of living

Greece Europe

ILLEGAL MIGRATION

Most migrants move from developing countries to developed countries (better standard of living)Most migrants migrate to cities (50 million have already moved from rural areas to cities1.5 million people migrate to world’s largest cities each year

Trends in Migration

1. Developing countries --> movement is from within the country (rural to urban) or from other periphery or near core countries --> these countries attract few migrants from developed world

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

Developed countries:•attract migrants from other countries (most of rural to urban migration has already occurred)

•migration to Developed countries comes from both developed and developing countries

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

•migrants from developing countries are usually the rich, educated, and skilled (Brain Drain)

•migrants from developing countries that are not well off are refugees (refugees can come from any socio-economic group)

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

• Developing countries --> large # of migrants put a strain of services (health, sanitation, housing), may cause increase in unemployment, crime, overcrowding, etc.• Developed countries --> influence of different cultures influence the character of a city - restaurants, stores, places of worship, clubs, etc.

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

• older areas of city (inner city) become new homes for new immigrants (ghetto enclave) i.e. James Street North in Hamilton --> home to Italians, Portuguese, Asians

Migration has had a significant effect on world geography

It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures

It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication.

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

changes in population distribution demographic consequences: migrants

are mostly young and in productive age --> what is the impact

demographic crisis – population ageing economic results - which are of the

greatest importance for the development of the countries