Migration and Its CausesChapter Six

There is no greater sorrow on earth than the loss of one’s native land - Euripides, 431 B.C.

Why Move?

Conditions are better, safer, easier ……..

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Refugee (www.refugees.org) and(www.unhcr.ch)

The current refugee problems in the world 22 million Refugees and internally

displaced people in the world in 2000. 467,000 refugees alone in Sudan. 80,000 flee Russian Airstrike in Chechen in

September, 1999 Conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia has

caused many displaced refugees flee to neighboring countries such as Sudan, Yemen and Djibouti.

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Country of Origin Countries of Asylum No.

AfghanistanIran/Pakistan/India 2,562,000 Iraq Iran/Saudi Arabia/Syria 572,500 Burundi Tanzania/D.R. Congo 525,700 Sierra Leone Guinea/Liberia/Gambia 487,200 Sudan Uganda/Ethiopia/D.R.Congo 467,700 Somalia Ethiopia/Kenya/Yemen/Djibouti

451,600 Bosnia Yugoslavia/Croatia/Slovenia 448,700 Eritrea Sudan 345,000 Croatia Yugoslavia/Bosnia 340,400

Internal Displaced Persons, 2000 Bosnia 809,000 Sri Lanka 612,000 Azerbaijan 570,000 Sierra Leone 500,000 Soviet Union 498,400 (without nationality) Georgia 278,000 Afghanistan258,000 Yugoslavia 235,000 Liberia 90,000

After fighting broke out in Rwanda on 6 April 1994, an estimated 250,000 Rwandese swept into Tanzania over a 24-hour period in the largest and fastest refugee exodus in history. Fleeing ethnic violence, this Rwandan family has crossed the nearest border to reach Ngara, Tanzania. (80% refugees are women or children)

Sri Lanka - 612,000 Internally displaced A 16-year conflict between

Buddhist Sinhalese government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE) caused 60,000 lives

Sierra Leone - 500,000 refugees in other countries

East Timor CNN. More than 30,000 people have left East

Timor in the last few days, UN officials said. The New York Times reports the UN Secretary-General's spokesman yesterday said as many as 200,000 people, nearly a quarter of East Timor's population, have been driven from their homes within the last four days by militias opposed to independence. Many displaced people who had sought refuge in churches and aid agencies are being rounded up and forcibly moved into Indonesian West Timor, and thousands of others have fled into hills and forests, said Fred Eckhard

Types of Refugees International refugees - who have crossed one

or more international borders during their move.

Intranational refugees - who have abandoned their homes but not their countries

permanent refugees - Palestinians in Jordan temporary refugees - Palestinians in Lebanon

Internally Displaced Refugees

source of data: www.UNHCR.ch

Region 98 99 %ChangeAfrica 1.59 0.64 -59.8Asia 2.04 1.72 -15.3Europe 1.31 1.6 22.7Lat Am/ -CaribbeanN America -

Characteristics of refugees Most refugees move without any more

tangible property than they can carry or transport with them

Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat.

Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migration

Notes on Refugees Never know where next crisis will

occur, no way to prepare and the refugee map constantly changes.

Regions of Dislocation 1) Subsaharan Africa - 8 millions plus

more are intranational refugees Four world’s largest refugee crises in Africa -1) Collapse of order in Somalia2) Civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone3) Ongoing conflict in Sudan4) Disaster in Rwanda and its neighbors

Regions of Dislocation - 2) Southwest Asia and North Africa 3) Southeast Asia 1) Kurds - after Gulf War, were dislocated

to Turkey, Iran and other countries. 2) Palestinians 3) Afghanistan - 1.2 million in Pakistan 4) Sri Lanka - civil war caused 1 million

intranational refugees 5) Vietnamese - 1 million, US took 900,000 6) Cambodia and Burma

4) Europe Yugoslavia - in 1995, more than 6

million Kosovo

Find out the Gypsies in US

Direction Absolute direction - compass

direction Relative direction - perception of a

location. Viewed from London -

- Near East : Turkey, Egypt, Libya- Mid East : Iraq and Persian Gulf- Far East : East Asian region

Absolute and Relative Distance

Measured by scale on the map - absolute distance

Relative Distance - distance in reality

A sizable percentage of movers return to their original home

Figure 6-1 Relative distance

External and Internal Migration

Migration - Emigration and Immigration US has more immigrants than emigrants vs.

European countries Early in the 20th century, black family moved

from south to the industrializing cities (rust-belt) During 80s and 90s, people moved from East to

West, North to South.

Migration and Demographic Structure

City vs. countryside - family size, no. of children

The poor vs. rich - within the city limits Male is more than female in the

beginning (migration). Loss of male in war and longer life

expectancy -> No. of female > No. of male

India and Africa - problems of social adjustment due to fewer female in cities.

Reasons for the departure Economic Conditions - crossing the

border to look for a better opportunity Political Circumstances - boat people

fled Vietnam, Cubans and most recently, East Timor..

Armed Conflict and Civil War, more than 2 mil. Left home in Rwanda.

Environmental Conditions: Potato crisis in Ireland in 1840s. Earthquake and volcanic eruptions.

Departure - 2 Culture and Traditions - Jewish left

Russia in early 1990s Technological Advances - air

conditioning in Sunbelt Flow of Information - new info

highway spread the info faster than ever.

Migration theory - Ernst Ravenstein

Net migration = outflow - inflow (return) Short-distance moves Big-city destinations if moved longer

distances Rural residents more likely move (in

developing countries, such as China) Families are less likely to move than

young adults

Push or Pull? Push factor - push people to

leave their abodes Pull factor - attract people to

certain locals from other places Are you being pushed or pulled

into Cookeville?

Distance Decay

The closer, the safer you feel.

Step Migration - move in a series of stages

Pull factors comes into play

Intervening Opportunity

Voluntary and forced migration Two major migration flows -

Europeans to overseas colonies and Africans to the Americas

1970s, Asians was forced to leave Uganda - forced migration which is different kinds of forced migration.

Voluntary Migration American Dream - millions from Europe. Irish families left for the New World - a

“Pull” factor. Muslims picked Pakistan instead of

India. Religion reason In US. Retiree move to sunbelt - living

with other retiree - Florida and Arizona.

Figure 6-3 The Atlantic Slave Trade

Forced Migration Slave trade - a dark period in human history. Families

were destroyed, children orphaned, and communities disrupted. Loneliness and terror faced by the African slaves.

Convicts were shipped from Britain to Australia (1788-1838)

During early 1900s, non-Russian forced to move to Central Asia and Siberia for political reasons

Native Americans forced onto reservations during 1800s. Counter migration- illegal entries are sent back by

government.