MIDYEAR REVIEW

• Natural resource - any natural material that is used by humans■Renewable resource ■Nonrenewable resource ■Perpetual resource

– Resource depletion– Tragedy of Commons

■ Pollution :– Biodegradable – Non-biodegradable

■ Developed Country

■ Developing Country

■ Positive and Negative Impacts of Affluence

■I=P x A x T

■Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

■Ecological Footprint

■Sustainability

■Cost-benefit analysis

■Risk assessment

■Scientific Theory

■Scientific Law

■Hypothesis

■Scientific Method

■Formulating an Experiment

■Deductive Reasoning: Starts with general statement/hypothesis and examine possibilities to reach logical conclusion

■Inductive Reasoning: (Opposite of Deductive Reasoning) Make broad generalizations from specific observations

■Matter

■Elements

■Compounds

■Atomic Theory– Subatomic particles– Mass number – Isotopes– Ions– pH

■ Acids, bases

■Inorganic Compounds

■Organic Compounds

■Cells

■Genes

■Chromosomes

■Law of Conservation of Matter

■Kinetic & Potential Energy

■First Law of Thermodynamics– Energy input always equals energy output

■Second Law of Thermodynamics– Energy always goes from a more useful to a

less useful form when it changes from one form to

■Negative Feedback Loop

■Positive Feedback Loop

■Time Delays

■Tipping Point

■Synergistic Interaction (Synergy)

Conversions:

1 Hectare = 10,000 m^2 1 km^2 = 1,000,000 m^2 

Earth’s Land area = 150,000,000 km^2 Earth’s Water Area = 361,800,000 km^2 Earth’s Total Area = 511,800,000 km^2

Metric Conversions: KHD (g/m/L) DCM

Three major concentric zones of the earth:

■Core

■Mantle

■Crust

■Lithosphere

■Asthenosphere

■Mesosphere

■Outer Core

■Inner Core

Plate Tectonics (Mantle Convection)

■Convergent Boundary

■Divergent Boundary

■Transform Boundary

■Internal Geologic Processes– Build up surface

■External Geologic Processes– Weathering– Erosion

■Volcanoes

■Earthquakes■ Richter scale

– Insignificant: <4.0– Minor: 4.0–4.9– Damaging: 5.0–5.9– Destructive: 6.0–6.9– Major: 7.0–7.9– Great: >8.0

■ Foreshocks and Aftershocks

Tsunami

■Mass Wasting– Slow movement– Fast Movement

■Earth’s Crust– Sedimentary– Metamorphic– Igneous

■ Rock Cycle

■Mineral resource – Fossil fuels– Metallic minerals– Nonmetallic minerals

■Ore – High-grade ore– Low-grade ore

■Ore extracted by mining– Ore mineral– Gangue– Smelting

■Surface mining– Shallow deposits removed– Open-pit mining– Strip mining– Contour mining– Mountaintop removal

■Subsurface mining – Deep deposits remove

Eco industrial Park

■Soil Formation– Physical Weathering– Chemical Weathering– Biological Weathering

■Soil Properties (texture)

■Soil Structure (How particles are organizes/clumped together)– Clay– Silt– Sand

■Friability

■Porosity

■Permeability

■Variability

■Soil Horizons (properties of each)

■Soil horizons for different ecosystems

■Water Cycle– Evaporation– Condensation– Precipitation

■Ocean Water– Salinity– Temperature zones– Regulating global temperature

■Surface Currents – wind

■Thermohaline Circulation– Thermo = temperature– Haline = salt– Thermohaline circulation is density driven

circulation

■Freshwater– Lakes, rivers, streams– Most is found in icecaps and glaciers

■River Systems– A network of streams that drains

an area of land. – Tributaries

■Access to water is – A global health issue– An economic issue– A women’s and children’s issue– A national and global security issue

■Water haves and water have nots

■Ground Water

■Zone of Saturation

■Water Table

■Aquifer– Natural Recharge– Lateral Recharge

■Surface Water– Surface runoff– Watershed (drainage) basin– Reliable runoff

■1/3 of total (2/3 of the surface runoff: lost by seasonal floods)

■ 1/3 runoff usable

– Domestic: 10%– Agriculture: 70%– Industrial use: 20%

Water Hotspots in 17 Western U.S. States

■Droughts

■Long-term severe droughts increasing– Extended period of below-normal rainfall– Diminished groundwater

Groundwater Over pumping■Limits future food production

■Bigger gap between the rich and the poor

■Land subsidence

■Sinkholes

■Groundwater overdrafts near coastal regions

Provides irrigation water above and below dam

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people

Large losses of water through evaporation

Provides water for drinking

Deprives downstream cropland and estuaries of nutrient-rich silt

Reservoir useful for recreation and fishing

Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding

Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)

Reduces down-stream flooding of cities and farms Disrupts

migration and spawning of some fish

■Dams interrupt Hydrologic Cycle– Colorado River Case Study– Yangtze River Case Study

■Desalination (Desalinization)– Distillation– Reverse osmosis, microfiltration

■Water conservation– Improves irrigation efficiency– Improves collection efficiency– Uses less in homes and businesses

■Water transferred by– Tunnels– Aqueducts– Underground pipes

■May cause environmental problems

■California Water Project

Stepped Art

Gravity flow (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)

Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.

Drip irrigation (efficiency 90–95%)

Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots.

Center pivot (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA

sprinkler)

Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.

Fig. 13-18, p. 335

Three BIG ideas1. One of the world’s major environmental problems is the

growing shortage of freshwater in many parts of the world.2. We can increase water supplies in water-short areas in a

number of ways, but the most important way is to reduce overall water use and waste by using water more sustainably.

3. We can use water more sustainably by cutting water waste, raising water prices, slowing population growth, and protecting aquifers, forests, and other ecosystems that store and release water.