midyear review. 11 organ systems 1.integumentary system 2.skeletal system 3.muscular system...
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Midyear Review
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11 Organ Systems1. Integumentary System2. Skeletal System3. Muscular System4. Nervous System5. Endocrine System6. Cardiovascular System7. Lymphatic System8. Respiratory System9. Digestive System10. Urinary System11. Reproductive System
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• WastesFigure 1.2f
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reproductive
• Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
1. Nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
2. Oxygen: 20 % in air, too much is flammable
3. Water: 60–80% of body weight
4. Body temperature: 37 °C (98 °F)
5. Atmospheric pressure: force exerted by the weight of air; certain pressure is necessary for gas exchange
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Examples:
-steady level of CO2 and O2
-blood sugar level
-Blood pressure
-body temperature
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
Variable/Stimuli Receptor
Effector
Depress
Increase
Control Center(Nervous – Brain)
(Endocrine- Glands)Determines the set point.
Afferent Pathway (input)
Efferent Pathway (output)
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
A. B.
D.
Depress
Increase
C.
E. (input)
F. (output)
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Which is the right side of the heart? Side A or Side B?
Side A Side B
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Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1 (cont)
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Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Body PlanesBody Planes
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.6
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Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?
A B
C
D
EQuiz!!
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Skin Structure
Figure 4.4
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Layers/Strata of Epidermis 1. Stratum basale
(germinativum)Cells undergoing mitosis, Lies next to
dermis, contains melanocytes
2. Stratum spinosum
Most superficial layer that still receives adequate nourishment
3. Stratum granulosum
Contains granules with a precursor to keratin and a waterproofing glycolipid
4. Stratum lucidum
Occurs only in thick skin (palms, soles of feet)
5. Stratum corneum
Shingle-like dead cells, filled with keratin (protein), 20-30 cell layers thick
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Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Support
2. Protection: skull/brain, vertebrae/spinal cord, ribs/soft organs
3. Movement: due to attached skeletal muscles
4. Storage: fat, minerals (calcium, phosphorus)
5. Blood cell formation: within the bone marrow of certain bones (aka. Hematopoiesis)
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Subdivisions of the Skeleton
–Axial skeleton: bones of the longitudinal axis (skull, spine, ribs)
–Appendicular skeleton: bones of the appendages (limbs and girdles)
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Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
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Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Slide 5.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Diaphysis
Shaft
compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of long bone
spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
Figure 5.2a
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.10b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lacunae Cavities containing
bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
Lamellae Rings around the
central canal
Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
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• ..\U9 Endocrine System\Ch09_JPGs\0909_HormonalControls_1.JPG
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Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45
A. Immovable joints offer greater protection. B. Example: sutures in the skull
1. Fibrous joints: Generally immovable (synarthroses)
2. Cartilaginous joints: Immovable or slightly moveable (amphiarthroses)
3. Synovial joints: Freely moveable (diarthroses)
Q. Where might it be important to have immovable joints? Why?
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Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints
Slide 5.46
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Sutures: -irregular edges interlock and are connected by fibrous connective tissue
Example: bones of the skull
Syndesmoses:- Allows more movement than suturesExample: distal end of tibia and fibula
Figure 5.27d, e
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Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints
Slide 5.47
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Cartilage between the ribs and sternum
Figure 5.27b, c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
Slide 5.52a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
Slide 5.52b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
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The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
Slide 5.32b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6c
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The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
Slide 6.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three Types of Muscle:
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
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Microscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMicroscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMuscleMuscle
Slide 6.9aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells are multinucleate
Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMicroscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMuscleMuscle
Slide 6.9bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sarcolemma: plasma membrane or cell membrane of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)– stores calcium, smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell
Figure 6.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal MuscleMuscle
Slide 6.10a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Myofibril: Bundles of myofilaments (actin and myosin)
Figure 6.3b
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Slide 6.10b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sarcomere: Contractile unit of a muscle fiber between two 2 z-lines
Myosin: Thick filaments that have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)
Actin: Thin filaments that have binding sites where myosin heads form crossbridges
Figure 6.3b
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The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle ContractionContraction
Slide 6.17a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Action potential arrives at the end of the motor neuron
2. ACh (neurotransmitter) diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on the sacrolemma of the muscle cell
Figure 6.7
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3. A muscle action potential (depolarization) is generated which moves along the muscle fiber surface
4. Depolarization spreads to the t-tubule
5. Ca2+ is released from the sacroplasmic reticulum
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6. Ca2+ binds to troponin
7. Tropomyosin moves exposing the myosin binding sites on actin
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8. Myosin heads bind to the binding sites on actin and the heads pull on the actin causing the filaments to slide past each other
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9. ATP binds to Myosin and is converted to ADP + Pi which re-energizes the myosin heads
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10. Cross bridge cycling continues while Ca2+ and ATP are present
11. Ca2+ is pumped back into the sacroplasmic reticulum causing myosin binding sites to be covered and muscle activity to cease
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Body MovementsBody Movements
Slide 6.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.13
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Sensory Input: you see the red light
Integration: red means stop
Motor output: contract your muscles to step
on the brake
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Slide 7.2
(CNS) Central nervous system: Brain & Spinal cord(PNS) Peripheral nervous system: Nerves outside the brain
and spinal cord
PNS: -Afferent/Sensory division: Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system -Efferent/Motor division: Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system
Efferent: +Somatic nervous system = voluntar +(ANS) Autonomic nervous system = involuntary
ANS: --Sympathetic --Parasympathetic
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Astrocytes
Slide 7.5
• Most numerous glial cell in the CNS
• Brace/support neurons
• star-shaped cells with many extensions
• Fill spaces with scar tissue following an injury to the nervous system
• have many extensions that are associated with and form a barrier between neurons and capillaries
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Microglia
Slide 7.6
Small spider-like phagocytes (the clean up crew)
Engulf and dispose of debris, dead brain cells and bacteria
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Ependymal cells
• Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
• Have cilia that circulate cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
Slide 7.7aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS
don’t have the neurilemmal sheath that Schwann cells have
The same oligodendrocyte can form myelin around many neurons, wheareas Schwann cells in the PNS form myelin only around part of one neuron.
Figure 7.3d
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Satellite cells
Slide 7.7bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Figure 7.3e
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Schwann CellsSchwann Cells
Slide 7.12
• Form myelin sheath in the PNS
• the Neurilemma is the outer part of the cell where the cytoplasm is located
Figure 7.5
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Nodes of Ranvier
• gaps in myelin sheath along the axon where two Schwann cells meet
(Myelinated nerve fiber x 540)
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Multipolar neurons
Slide 7.16a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• many extensions from the cell body• majority of neurons
Figure 7.8a
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Conjunctivitis:
• inflammation of the conjunctiva
• symptoms: eyes are red and inflamed
Pinkeye:
• infectious form of conjunctivitis
• very contagious caused by bacteria/viruses
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Neurons of the RetinaNeurons of the Retina
Slide 8.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.4
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