Midterm Study Guide - KEYBiology CPA

Scientific Method/Intro to Biology

What are the characteristics of living things? Have Cells/Contain DNA Respond to Stimuli Ability to Reproduce Grow & Develop Maintain Homeostasis Metabolism Evolve

What is the organization of living things, beginning with cells?

Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

What are the steps of the scientific method? Problem/Question Observations Form a hypothesis Test hypothesis/Design an Experiment Results/Data Analysis Conclusion How do you calculate the power of magnification? Multiply the ocular (10x) lens by the

objective lens (4x, 10x, or 40x). What are the differences between a compound light microscope and an electron microscope?

Light Microscope Electron MicroscopeLight beams through a specimen Electrons through a specimen

Always 2D Can be 3D

Simple Complex

SpongeBob notices that his pal Gary is suffering from slimotosis, which occurs when the shell develops a nasty slime and gives off a horrible odor. His friend Patrick tells him that rubbing seaweed on the shell is the perfect cure, while Sandy says that drinking Dr. Kelp will be a better cure. Sponge Bob decides to test this cure by rubbing Gary with seaweed for 1 week and having him drink Dr. Kelp. After a week of treatment, the slime is gone and Gary’s shell smells better.

What is the independent variable of this experiment? The seaweed rubbing and Dr. Kelp. What is the dependent variable of this experiment? Amount of slime on shell and odor. How might a control been included in this experiment? If SpongeBob had a snail with no treatment and did the testing with only 1

variable.

How do you properly focus a slide specimen using a compound light microscope, beginning at scanning and moving up in magnification?

Start in scanning power (4X) and use coarse adjustment Switch to low power (10X) and use fine adjustment knob Switch to high power (40X) and use fine adjustment knob

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

A food chain is a simple series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.

A food web is a more complex series of interconnected organisms using multiple types of food sources.

Energy is transferred between trophic levels, what is the relationship between the two?

As trophic levels increase (producers, herbivores..) the amount of energy attained from the food source decreases to 10% of the previous level’s energy.

What is the ultimate source of energy? The sun.

What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and niche?

An organisms habitat is the area where the organism lives and its niche is the role that the organism plays in its environment.

How are nutrients put back into the Earth and allow the food web to be considered a cycle of life?

Nutrients are put back into the Earth by the decomposers by breaking down all dead organisms and replace the soil with the nutrients

Nutrients are also replaced by the nutrient cycles (water, carbon and nitrogen)

Create a food chain starting with producers with the following organisms: rabbit, grass, bacteria, eagle

Grass rabbit eagle bacteria

Macromolecules

Macromolecule Monomer/Polymer Elements Examples

Protein Amino Acid/ Polypeptide C, H, O, N Meats

Lipids X C, H Oils

CarbohydratesMonosaccharid

e/ Polysaccharide

C, H, O Bread

Nucleic Acids Nucleotide/DNA or RNA C, H, O, N, P DNA

What reagents are used to test for each of the macromolecules?

Lipids Paper Positive result: Transparent, Negative result:

Opaque Carbohydrates Benedict’s solution Positive result: Green/Orange,

Negative result: Blue Proteins Biuret Positive result: Purple, Negative result: Blue Starch Iodine Positive result: Black, Negative result:

Red/orange

What is the function of an enzyme? Enzymes can speed up a reaction. Enzymes

can start a reaction (catalyze). Enzymes can lower the activation energy.

In the picture below, which reaction most likely involves an enzyme?

Reaction 3

Cell Structure and Function How is surface area relevant to cell size? As the cell grows in size the volume

increases and so does the surface area, but at a slower rate. Cells need to be small.

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Prokaryotes EukaryotesSmaller LargerBacteria/Archaea Plants/AnimalsUnicellular MulticellularNo membrane bound nucleus (nucleoid)

Membrane bound nucleus

Plant AnimalNucleus is off centered Nucleus in centerChloroplasts CentriolesCell wall LysosomesCentral vacuole  

Cellular Transport What is the difference between a hypertonic, hypotonic, and an isotonic solution?

Hypertonic higher concentration outside the cell Isotonic same concentration outside and inside the

cell Hypotonic lower concentration outside the cell

What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic solution?

Hypertonic central vacuole will release excess water and cell membrane may peel from the cell wall to shrink (turgor pressure is LOW in the vacuole)

Hypotonic central vacuole will take in excess water until the cell membrane pushes onto the cell wall and causing the cell to bulge (turgor pressure is HIGH in the vacuole)

What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic solution?

Hypertonic cell will shrink Hypotonic cell will swell (possibly burst)

What is selective permeability and how is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?

Selectively permeable means the cell membrane has the ability to choose what is allowed to enter and leave the cell. Our plasma membrane will only allow certain solutions and molecule into the cell using specific types of cellular transport.

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy from the

sun and transfers it to chemical energy during the photosystem reactions.

Why do we see the color green when light is absorbed by chlorophyll?

Chlorophyll absorbs all colors from light except for green. Green is reflected therefore that is the color you see.

Where in the cell do each of the reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Light reactions thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

Calvin cycle stroma of the chloroplast What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, and how do they affect them?

Temperature Increases the rate to a certain point then decreases if too hot

CO2 concentration & Light intensity Increases the rate to a certain point, then stays the same

Cellular Respiration How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration a circular process?

The products of one reaction are the starting reactants of the other. They compliment each other.

What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain

What are the two types of fermentation? What are their products?

Lactic acid fermentation (product: lactic acid) Alcoholic fermentation (product: alcohol) What process produces the most amount of ATP? The electron transport chain

Cell Growth & Development How does DNA become more compact? Chromatin wraps itself to form

chromosomes.

What is the difference between a diploid and a haploid cell? A diploid cell has two copies of each

chromosome in each cell A haploid cell only have half the amount of

chromosomes in each cell

If the diploid number of a gorilla is 48, then what is the haploid number of its gametes?

= 24

List the stages of the cell cycle in order? INTERPHASE (G1 S G2) MITOSIS

(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) CYTOKINESIS

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells? Plant cells will form a cell plate in

between the two daughter cells allowing them to separate into two new cells, then it will fuse to become a new cell wall.