middle childhood “ school age years”. ages 6-12 physical development not as rapid, but steady....
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Middle Childhood“School Age Years”
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Ages 6-12
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Physical Development
• Not as rapid, but steady.
• Heredity and environment are factors.
• Gains in motor skills, agility, and physical strength.
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Height• Boys are slightly taller at
the beginning, until age 9.• Growth spurts:
– Girls: 10 yrs.– Boys: 12 yrs.
• Average growth is 2-3 inches per year.
• By age 12, average 5 feet.– Boys: 80% adult height.– Girls: 90%
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Weight
• Age 6, average child weighs approx. 47 pounds.
• By 12, this weight may double.• Gain about 5-7 pounds per year.• By age 12, girls usually weigh
about 3 pounds more than boys.
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Large Motor Skills
• Gains in height and weight improve coordination.
• Greater speed and accuracy.
• Balance improves.
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Large Motor Skills-boys
Boys usually outperform girls in • Jumping• Catching• Throwing• Batting
WHY?They have more muscle mass.
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Large Motor Skills: Girls
Girls outperform boys in:• Hopscotch• Dancing• Skipping
WHY?They have better balance,
coordination, flexibility, and rhythmic movement.
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Fine Motor Skills
Improvement in fine motor skills, including:
• Better finger dexterity• Better hand-eye coordination• Better control of motion and
speed.
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Health Concerns
• One of the healthiest periods for children.WHY?
• Many develop chronic health conditions.– Acne– Vision or hearing problems– Obesity– Asthma– Tooth decay
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Hearing
• Untreated hearing infections can cause permanent damage.
• Ear infections now less common.
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Vision
• Many preschool children are farsighted; this improves during middle childhood.
• Nearsightedness is most common vision problem.– 25% of all children will need their
vision corrected by age 12.
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Asthma
• Respiratory disorder that causes labored breathing, gasping, coughing, and wheezing.
• Often an allergic reaction.• Provoked by emotional stress,
exercise, or fatigue.What should the teacher do if a
student has an attack?
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Teeth
• By 12, all 20 primary teeth will be replaced with permanent teeth.
• Between 4 and 8, more susceptible to tooth decay.
• Poor health and diets high in sugar.
What can a teacher do to help?
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Obesity
• Weigh 20% more than others of same sex, age, and build.
• Become a common problem.• Research: overweight children
often become overweight adults.• Can impact emotional health.
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Factors of Obesity
• Inherited• Environment• Physical inactivity:
– More t.v. watching– Video games– Computers
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Language
• Vocabulary doubles between 6 and 12.
• Grammar skills improve.• Now use both oral and written
expression.• Cognitive development linked to
humor.
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Reading
• Through a process of trial, feedback, and repetition, children begin to read simple words and sentences.
• The average child begins reading around 5-6.
• Most spend little time reading outside of school.
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Parents influence their child’s reading ability in the following
ways:• Value they place on literacy• Emphasis placed on academic
achievement• Reading materials available at home.• Time spent reading with their children.• Opportunities they provide for verbal
interaction in the home.
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Keep this in mind:
Children vary widely in their rate of
intellectual development.
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Friendships
• Greater importance• Choosing friends is a more
selective process.• Qualities of a friend:
– shares important thoughts and feelings.
– Offers companionship and emotional support.
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Self-Concept
• Begin to make social comparisons: the process of defining oneself in terms of qualities, skills, and attributes.
• Identify personal strengths and weaknesses.
• Formation of self-concept: view of self.
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Self-Esteem
• Belief that you are worthwhile as a person.
• Need to believe in oneself to have a healthy self-esteem.
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Self-Esteem is Based on:
• Academic competence• Athletic competence• Physical appearance• Behavior• Social acceptance
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How can a teacher help build a child’s self-
esteem?• Be warm and nurturing• Avoid making comparisons.
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Understanding Others
• Develop empathy: the ability to understand the feelings of others.
• Feel compassion: being aware of other’s distress and wanting to help them.
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Peer Group Activities
• Play an important role in social development.
• Gender differences• Games with rules• Team sports
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Benefits of Team Sports• Learn teamwork skills.• Learn to get along with peers.• Benefit from exercise.• Bring enjoyment.• Form friendships.• Helps to build self-esteem.• Develop pattern of healthy lifestyle,
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Moral Development
• The process of acquiring the standards of behavior considered acceptable by society.
• Morality: understanding and using accepted rules and conduct when interacting with others.
• Learned by interacting with others.
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Cognitive Development
• Begin to use logical thinking and symbols.
• No longer rely on just what they see or perceive.
• Memory improves.• Attention span is longer.• Academic abilities improve.
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Factors of the Effectiveness of a Child’s Memory
• Age• Motivation
• Health• Attitude
How could each of these factors affect the child’s memory?
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• Age
Memory becomes more controlled as the child gets older.
• Motivation & Attitude
Lack of motivation & bad attitude: Why
bother? Why do I need to learn this?
• Health?
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Attention Improves
• Can now ignore unnecessary information.
• Able to focus attention on important aspects of a task.
• Can scan detailed tasks and decide what to do first.
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Better Problem-Solvers
Example: Learn to use rehearsal to remember information.
What letter comes after G?
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Mental Operations
There are significant changes in reasoning and thinking during middle childhood.
Remember Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
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Sensorimotor Stage
Birth-2 yrs.
Learn through senses and manipulation of objects.
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Preoperational StageAge 2-6 yrs.
• Begin to use symbols such as language to represent objects.
• Still learn from concrete evidence.• Unaware of another person’s
perspective.• Lacks important concepts learned
during next stage.
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Concrete Operational Stage
Middle Childhood
• Begin to think logically.• Associations with personal
experiences.• Ability to learn new mental
concepts.
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Operation: the manipulation of ideas based on logic rather than perception.
Concrete Operations: use logic based on what they have seen or experienced.
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New Mental Concepts Learned
• Conservation• Seriation
• Classification
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Conservation
• Understand that change in position or shape of a substance does not change the quantity.
• Includes properties of – Volume– Length– Weight/Mass
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How could you test a child’s understanding of
conservation?• Volume:
– Two glasses of water
• Length:– Rows of pennies
• Mass:– Two balls of clay
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Seriation
The ability to arrange items in an increasing or decreasing order
based on weight, volume, or size.
How could we test this?
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Classification
• Ability to group objects by common attributes, such as size, color, shape, pattern, or function.
• Unlike preschool years, can now mentally handle two aspects at a time.
How could we test this?
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Will all children reach the same stages at the same times?
Why is it important for teachers to know what level their students are in terms of their cognitive development?