mid-term review metric practice scientific method characteristics of life / necessities of life...
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Mid-term Review •Metric Practice•Scientific Method•Characteristics of Life / Necessities of Life•Classification / Dichotomous key / Branching Diagram•Cell Anatomy•Cell Processes (Diffusion/ Osmosis, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration)•Cell Cycle - Mitosis and Meiosis •DNA•Genetics•Famous Scientists
The Metric System (work Sheet)A Standard Measurement System
The International System of Units (SI)
•Length or Distance - Meter (m)•Volume - Liter (L)•Mass or weight - Grams (g)•Temperature - Celsius•Time - 24 hour clock
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD - Mixed WS)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100units
Deka10
unitsBasic Unit Deci
0.1units
Centi0.01units
Milli0.001units
To convert to a smaller unit, movedecimal point to the right or
multiply.
To convert to a larger unit, movedecimal point to the left or divide
SIX STEPS:
1. Observation (5 senses), Ask a question.
2. Research Topic
3. Formulate a hypothesis (If…. Then.. Statement)
4. Experimental Designed to test hypothesis -Identify Independent Variable -Identify Dependent variable
5. Experimental Procedure
6. Conclusion - accept or reject your hypothesis
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Scientific MethodBrain Pop / Scientific Method Quiz
Characteristics of Life (Questions)
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1.2. 3.
4
5. 6.
Characteristics of life NOTES
1. All living things are made out of one or more cells
2. All living things have DNA
3. All living things obtain energy, make energy,
use energy and get rid of waste (metabolism)
4. All living things sense and respond to change
5. All living things reproduce (asexually or sexually)
6. All living things grow and develop.
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Necessities of life: NOTES
1. Air - CO2 and O2 2. Shelter - a place to live
3. Food 4. Water
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Cell Theory1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the building block of life.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
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Rudolf Virchow
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Theodore Schwann
Dichotomous Key - Used to identify organisms using a series of questions describing characteristics
Wacky People Key1a Two feet 21b Some other number of feet 32a Does not look at all human 42b Looks a lot like a human 53a One leg 63b Three or four legs 74a Fly-like Mosk Cara4b Not fly-like 85a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita5b Not a girl 96a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles7a Three legs 107b Four legs 118a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate8b Clawed feet 129a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk10b Some other appearance 1311a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt11b No arms or pinchers 1412a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus
What is the name of this creature?
3 Domains / 6 Kingdoms (Graphic Organizer Brain Pops: Classification
and Six kingdoms)
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1. Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular
1. Domain Archaea
Facts:
•First and oldest kingdom on Earth
•Found in extreme environments
•Heterotrophic /Autotrophic
•Some have cell walls (capsules)
•Reproduce Asexually (binary fission)
2. Domain Bacteria
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2. Kingdom Eubacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular
Facts:
•Found everywhere
•May make you sick
•Used in the making of Cheese and Yogurt
• Helps make Vitamin K
•Helps in the digestion of food
•Some have cell walls / capsules
•Reproduce Asexually
(binary fission) conjunction
•Decomposer
3. Domain Eukarya - Eukaryotic
3. Kingdom Protista 4. Kingdom Fungi
5. Kingdom Plants 6. Animals
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Facts:
Autotrophic /
Heterotrophic
Unicellular
Heterotrophic / Decomposer
Multicellular except yeast
Cell wall - (Chitin)
Facts:
All Autotrophic
Cell wall (cellulose)
Multicellular
Facts:
Most complex, Last to appear on Earth
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Carolus Linnaeus
• Father of Taxonomy• Binomial Naming System (Genus and Species)
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Robert Hooke
• Invented the microscope,
• First to use the word “cell”
• Thought that only plants had cells.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
• First to see blood cells and bacteria using a microscope
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Gregor Mendel
• Father of Genetics
• All cells had two sets of instructions, one coming from each parent
• Used words dominant and recessive
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Rosalind Franklin
• Took first x-ray of DNA
• Discovered that DNA was in a spiral shape
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James Watson and Francis Crick
• Built first model of DNA
• Won Nobel Prize
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Cellular Organization
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Cells Tissues organs
Organ Systems Organisms
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PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELLSAME
Compare and Contrast the Plant and Animal cell
Cell Anatomy
• Plant cell has a chloroplast
• Plant cell has a cell wall
• Plant cell has a large central vacuole
• Plant has rectangular shape
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Differences between Plant and Animal cell
Organelles’ Function
• Nucleus
• Control Center of the cell
• Holds the DNA in a eukaryotic cell
• Holds the nucleolus
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Transportation of protein and other substances inside the cell
• Two types; Rough (with ribosomes) and Smooth (without ribosomes
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Organelles’ Function Cont.• Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis
• Lysosome
• Vacuoles filled with digestive juices which dissolve bacteria and waste
• Golgi Complex AKA Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Body
• Transportation of substances outside of the cell (vesicle)
• Mitochondria
• Energy (ATP)producer of the cell
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Organelles’ Function Cont.
• Chloroplast
• Found in autotrophs, site of photosynthesis• Cell wall
• Found in plants (cellulose), and fungi (chitin), provides structure
• Vacuole• Large in plants and small in animal cells• Cell Membrane• Boundary of cell, allows certain substances in and
keeps certain substances out
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Cellular Processes
Diffusion - Molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Passive Transport - NO ATP Required
Osmosis - Water (H2O) molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane
Facilitated Diffusion - Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using protein channels through the
cell membrane
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Cellular Processes Cont…Active Transport - ATP Required
Endocytosis – The active transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle, such as a large protein, and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell.
Exocytosis – The active transport process by which a vesicle filled with wastes makes its way to the side of the cell and spills out the waste.
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Photosynthesis - Chloroplast
A process that allows plants to capture light energy A process that allows plants to capture light energy from the sun and change it into foodfrom the sun and change it into food
Water + Carbon dioxide + Light Energy Glucose + Oxygen + Water
6H20 + 6CO2 + Light Energy C6H12O6 + O2 + H20
Cellular Respiration - Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal Mitochondria
During respiration, cells use oxygen, and sugar to make energy (ATP) and During respiration, cells use oxygen, and sugar to make energy (ATP) and carbon dioxide gas.carbon dioxide gas.
Glucose
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Energy
Oxygen
Glucose + Oxygen + Water Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O CO2 + H2O + ATP
Connection between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration(Flow Chart)
Cell Cycle - Body Cells 1 Diploid Body Cell 2 Diploid Body Cells
1. Interphase 2. Mitosis (4 parts) 3. Cytokinesis
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Mitosis 4 Steps
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1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Interphase
Meiosis - Sex Cells1 Diploid Body Cell 4 haploid Sex Cells
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1 diploid body cell
4 haploid sex cells
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Genetic Material
Located in Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells
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Genes
Base Pairs:
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
Genetics - the study of how traits are inherited. Genetics Practice Problems
Heredity -Heredity - passing of genetic traits from parent to offspringpassing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
Characteristics -Characteristics - inherited from parents to offspringinherited from parents to offspring
Genes -Genes - one set of instructions for an inherited trait from each parentone set of instructions for an inherited trait from each parent
Dominant - the trait that seems to cover up another trait. (T)- Capital letter
Recessive - the trait that was covered up by the dominant trait or seemed to disappear. (t)- Lower case letter
Purebred or Homozygous - organism that always produces the same traits in its offspring. (RR) or (rr)
Hybrid or heterozygous- not pure. (Rr)
Alleles - Letters which represent a trait. Come in pairs one from each parent.
Vocabulary Review
Co-dominance or incomplete dominance -
Each allele has equal influenceBlending occurs
Types of Diagrams
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Pedigree Chart
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Branching Diagram