microwave report

7/26/2019 Microwave Report

1/44

INTRODUCTION

Microwave is a term used to identify electromagnetic waves above 103

megahertz (1 Gigahertz) up to 300 Gigahertz because of the short physical

wavelengths of these frequencies !hort wavelength energy o"ers distinct

advantages in many applications #or instance$ su%cient directivity can be

obtained using relatively small antennas and low&power transmitters 'hese

characteristics are ideal for use in both military and civilian radar and

communication applications !mall antennas and other small components are

made possible by microwave frequency applications 'he size advantage can

be considered as part of a solution to problems of space$ or weight$ or both

Microwave frequency usage is signicant for the design of shipboard radar

because it maes possible the detection of smaller targets Microwave

frequencies present special problems in transmission$ generation$ and circuit

design that are not encountered at lower frequencies *onventional circuit

theoryis based on voltagesand currentswhile microwave theory is based on

electromagnetic elds

Most communication system and technique denitely use microwaves

Microwaves are the ultrahigh$ super high and e+tremely high frequencies

directly above the lower frequency ranges ,e all now that analog signal or a

digital signal is the two ways to transmit a message - typical microwave radio

consists of three basic components. a digital modem for interfacing with digital

terminal equipment$ a radio frequency (/#) unit for converting a carrier signal

from the modem to a microwave signal$ and an antenna to transmit and

receive the signal 'he combination of these three components is referred to as

a radio terminal 'wo terminals are required to establish a microwave
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fields


2/44

communications lin$ commonly referred to as a microwave hop oise is

inevitable in electrical communications systems n order to transmit an

electrical signal over a long distance it is necessary to boost the signal level at

intervals along the transmission path$ this is the 2ob of a device called a

repeater

Microwave radio o"ers several advantages over cable&based

transmission Microwave radio is simpler$ faster$ more feasible and more

e+ible to implement than cable systems 4ecause there is no buried cable

involved$ microwave systems do not require right&of&way$ and they are not

susceptible to cable cuts Most television transmission is in the 56# and 76#

ranges ,hen the frequency is higher that only means that the greater

bandwidth also which is available for the transmission of information t is

possible to use various multiple+ing techniques to transmit more information in

a wider bandwidth Multiple+ed signals generally have wide bandwidths$ but

these can be easily handled in the microwave region 'hen$ transmission of

high speed binary information often requires wide bandwidths$ and these are

also easily transmitted on microwave frequencies

n microwave signals$ as the light waves do$ it travels in a perfectly

straight line t can only means that communication in a distance is limited to

line of sight range #or a long distance transmission antennas must be very

high


3/44

DISCUSSION

Microwaves are generally describes as electromagnetic waves with

frequencies that range from appro+imately 800 M6z to 300 G6z or more

'herefore$ microwaves signals$ because of their inherently high frequencies$

have relatively short wavelengths$ hence the name9 micro9 waves #or

e+ample$ a 100 G6z microwave signal has a wavelength of 03 cm$ whereas a

100 M6z commercial broadcast&band #M signal has a wavelength of 3 m the

wavelengths for microwave frequencies fall between 1 cm and :0 cm$ slightly

longer than infrared energy #or full duple+ (two&way) operation as is generally

required of microwave communications systems$ each frequency band is

divided in half with the lower half identied as the low band and the upper half

as the high band -t any given radio station$ transmitters are normally

operating on either the low or the high band$ while receivers are operating on

the other hand 'here are many di"erent types of microwaves systems

operating over distances that vary from 18 miles to ;000 miles in length

ntrastate or feeder service microwave systems are generally categorized as

short haul because they are used to carry information for relatively short


4/44

distances$ such as between cities within the same state arly microwaves systems carried frequency&division&multiple+ed

voice&band circuits and used conventional$ no coherent frequency modulation

techniques More recently developed microwave systems carry pulse&code&

modulated time&division&multiple+ed voice&band circuits and used more

modern digital modulation techniques$ such as ?hase !hift @eying (?!@) or

Auadrature -mplitude Modulation (A-M)

CAPABILITIES OF MICROWAVE

Microwave transmission is generally dened as the transmission of

electromagnetic waves whose frequency falls appro+imately in the range

between 1 Gigahertz and 80 Gigahertz (wavelengths of 30 cm to : mm) 'he

propagation through the atmosphere of signals in this frequency range e+hibits

many of the properties of light$ such as line&of&sight transmission$ reection

from smooth surfaces$ etc Microwave systems have many applications in the

telephone industry because high quality circuits can be derived for inter&toll

truns$ toll connecting truns$ e+tended area service truns$ subscriber service

and special services Microwave is also suitable for transmission of blac and

white or color television$ data$ and data under voice$ with negligible

impairment from impulse noise$ delay distortion$ frequency error$ frequency


5/44

response$ or steady state noise -nother attractive aspect of microwave is the

ease with which channels can be added or removed after the basic radio

frequency (/#) and carrier multiple+ equipment is installed *ertain types of /#

equipment will carry up to =000 or more voice channels without any change in

the basic /# equipment 'he problems associated with cable facilities such as

physical damage$ induction noise$ right&of way problems$ circuit e+pansion

limitations and similar problems are reduced with the use of microwave 'he

initial cost of a microwave system depends on the type of radio frequency and

multiple+ equipment used the number of channels$ the number of hops in a

system$ the terrain$ the type of antennas$ the cost of the necessary towers and

other factors n some cases microwave will require a lower initial investment$

provide greater reliability$ and have lower operating costs and maintenance

than cable facilities t is highly desirable to use digital microwave equipment

for all new installations in order to eventually achieve a complete integrated

digital networ 'he only e+ception to this would be in the event that a

borrower wants to use the microwave equipment to carry television signals

-nalog equipment is the best choice for the current standard television

channel

COMPONENTS OF MICROWAVE SYSTEM

a) Transmitters and Receiers 'he basic building blocs of a microwave

system are the radio frequency (/#) transmitters and receivers 'hese units

mae it possible to send and receive information at microwave frequencies

Most microwave transmitters are capable of an output power of one watt or

more - transmitter used in a terminal location has provisions for modulating


6/44

the /# carrier with baseband signals from the carrier multiple+ equipment

/eceivers are capable of providing a useable baseband output with received

microwave signal levels as low as &B0 d4m - terminal receiver includes a

demodulator to provide the baseband output to the carrier multiple+

!) Carrier M"#ti$#e%& 'he microwave /# equipment has a wide bandwidth

which is capable of carrying many channels of information 'hese channels are

derived using multiple+ equipment which can combine several hundred channels

for transmission over one /# channel in a single bit stream

c) Antennas&- parabolic or a horn antenna is used in microwave systems to

concentrate radiated energy into a narrow beam for transmission through the air

'his results in the most e%cient transmission of radiated power with a minimum

of interference -n e"ective gain of =8 to ;B d4 over an ommi&directional antenna

is possible depending upon the size of the antenna and the microwave frequency

used

d) Rad'mes& - radome is a protective covering used to prevent snow$ ice$

water$ or debris from accumulating on a microwave antenna 6eated radomes are

available for use in areas where severe ice and snow conditions e+ist 'he use of a

radome results in lower antenna gain

e) Transmissi'n Lines& 'ransmission lines provide the means of coupling the

transmitter and receiver to the antenna 'here are two types currently available.

waveguide and coa+ial cable 'he radiated output power of the transmitter will be

substantially reduced if the transmission line is incorrectly used or if its length is


7/44

too long$ so precautions should be taen to use the correct type of line for the

radio equipment used$ and to eep all transmission line lengths short

() Wae"ide& - waveguide is a hollow metal duct which conducts

electromagnetic energy 'his type of transmission line can be used for distances

of a few feet up to several hundred feet - typical type of waveguide has a loss

from about 1C d4 per hundred feet at : Gigahertz (G6z) to about 30 d4 per

hundred feet at 11 G6z t is used at microwave frequencies above = G6z and can

have either a rectangular$ elliptical$ or circular cross section$ depending upon the

system operation requirements 'he length of a waveguide run is more critical at

higher frequencies since attenuation increases with frequency -ll waveguide runs

are pressurized

) C'a%ia# Ca!#e& -t low microwave frequencies$ = Ghz or less$ coa+ial cable

can be used as the connecting facility between the transmitter$ receiver and

antenna instead of waveguide 'he loss of coa+ial cable depends on the type of

conductor$ the cable diameter$ the type of dielectric$ and the operating frequency

*oa+ial cable with a diameter of one inch or more should be used for long cable

runsD CEBF diameter coa+ can be used satisfactorily for short runs 'he coa+ial

cable can have either a pressurized air or e+panded polyethylene (foam) dielectric

between conductorsD however$ the air dielectric coa+ial cable has less attenuation

for a given diameter n general$ pressurized air dielectric coa+ial cable is used

with higher capacity systems because the return loss characteristics of foam

dielectric lines may be a signicant distortion contributor in such systems 'his is

not usually a consideration in systems of low channel capacity 'he cost of coa+ial

cable is less than waveguide and should be used when possible >+treme


8/44

attenuation of radio signals above = G6z in the coa+ial cable generally prohibits

its use at the higher microwave frequency bands

*) Re+ect'rs& - passive reector can sometimes be used in systems

operating near a power substation to avoid the electromagnetic interference (>M)

potential in place of using long runs of waveguide connected to a parabolic

antenna at the top of the tower - reector may be mounted at a ;8 degree angle

at the top of the tower$ while the antenna is mounted horizontally at the base of

the tower$ aimed at the reector 'he microwave signal is radiated from the

antenna$ reected o" the reector$ and sent in a direction of propagation to the

other end of the radio path$ 2ust as though the antenna was radiating directly from

the top of the tower 6owever$ this type FperiscopeF or Fy swatterF antenna

system will not be authorized by the #** under ordinary circumstances because

of its interference potential with communications satellites&

i) T',ers& 'he towers used in microwave systems must be rigid to prevent

antenna deection during wind or ice loading conditions Guyed or self&supporting

towers are available for use on microwave systems - guyed tower is about one&

third the cost (per foot$ installed) of a self&supporting tower$ but in some cases the

di%culty of acquiring enough land for guying prohibits the use of guyed towers

'he height of the tower is determined by the terrain$ the microwave frequency

band used$ the propagation characteristics$ the distance between the transmitting

and receiving ends of a path$ and the required reliability 'he tower must be high

enough to provide a line of& sight path above any obstructions f reection

interference is a problem$ the antenna mounting heights are critical and the

optimum height may be less than the ma+imum height available on the tower


9/44

-) B"i#dins& Microwave equipment should be located in the central o%ce

equipment building when possible 'here are some situations$ however$ when /#

equipment must be located remotely from a central o%ce building$ as in the case

of an active /# repeater n these situations some type of building must usually be

provided for equipment protection 7sually a simple prefabricated building is

su%cient ,here temperature and humidity variations e+ceed the operating limits

of the microwave equipment$ a heater or air conditioner is required to eep the

equipment within its operating temperature range


10/44

FORMULAS

N"m!er '( D"$#e% C*anne#

No. of duplex channel=(Higher Low Band FrequencyLower Low Band Frequency )

Channel Bandwidth

Eart* B"#de

Earth Buldge = d1d212.754

3

.r'"nd E#eati'n

Ground Elevation=ath Elevation+ Eath Buldge

O!str"cti'n /ei*t

!"#truction Height=

Ground Elevation+

$ree#/Building

Line '( Si*t

L!%(tx / rx )=Ground Elevation+$ran#&itter/'eceiv er $ower

L!%=L!%(tx)0.912d1 0 B"r't 1 Ba!')

L!%=L!%(tx )1.842d1 0B"r't 2 Me%ic')

Larer First Fresne#

Larger Fir#t Fre#nel=17.3 d1d2

f(

C#earance 3rst Fresne#

Clearance Fir#t Fre#nel=L!%Larger Fir#t Fre#nel


11/44

C#earance 456 Fresne#

Clearance 60 Fre#nel=L!%( 0.6Fre#nel Factor)

Fresne# Fact'r

Fre#nel Factor=0.6Larger Fir#t Fre#nel

C#earance Criteria

Clearance Criteria=Earth Buldge+ Fre#nel Factor+ Highe#t !"#truction Height

Ma%im"m Antenna /ei*t

)axi&u& *ntenna Height=Clearance CriteriaHighe#t !"#truction Height

Re+ecti'n P'int

'eflection oint=(d2(Height of the other #ite!"#truction Height(d1)

d1

d1

17+

d2

17))

+!"#truction Height(d1)

Free S$ace Pat* L'ss

F%L=92.4+ 20 log f+ 20log(

Receied Sina# Lee#

'%L=t+ $otal Lo##e#+ $otal Gain

T*erma# Fade Marin

$her&al Fade )argin='%L)ini&u& 'eceiver $hre#hold

CCIR C'm$"tati'n

)=log f1 log fxlog f1log f2

+=antilog( log +2)(log +2log+1))

=a2)(a2a1)

(o=35e0.015'0.001


12/44

E7ectie Rain Pat* Lent*

(E= (

1+ (

(o

Rain Unit Atten"ati'n

=+('0.001)

Rain Atten"ati'n

*'*,N=(E

O%8en A!s'r$ti'n L'ss

*o =[7.19103

+ 6.09

f 2+0.227 +

4.81

( f57)2+1.5 ] f 2

103

dB / +&

Water Va$'r L'ss

*H2 !=[0.067+ 3

( f22.3)2+7.3+

9

(f183.3)2+6+

4.3

(f323.8)2+10]f 2104

dB

+&

F#at Fade Marin

F) flat=10log[10

F)$HE')*L

10 +10

F)*(-.CH*NNEL

10 +10

F) ,N$EG'*L

10 +10

F) (,FF'*C$,!N

10 ]

Di7racti'n Fade Marin

F)(,FF=F)$HE')*L *(,FF*CL$$E'

E7ectie Fade Marin

F) EFF=10log [10F)FL*$

10 + '(10F)(%

10 ]

Fade Pr'!a!i#it8

=/0

%1.3

f B dc10F) EFF

10

Rain Fade Marin

F)'*,N=F)EFF*'*,N


13/44

Re#ia!i#it8

'=( 1)100

Distance

L!NG,$(E(L)=L!NG,$(E( %,$E B )L!NG,$(E( %,$E B )

cos (( )=sin(* )sin (B )cos (* ) cos (B ) cos (L )

,here.

H 'otal istance

- H


14/44

&&&&& I insert all the data in the table in e+cel and the graphs with correct label$

(no computation$ oJ

TRANSMISSION CALCULATION

-??A7/>M>'. ==&==6

!'>? =.

!?>*#*-'K !6>>'

!'>? 3.

'K?KG/-?6*-< M-? ( 1. 80000)

!'>? ;.

#/>A7>* 4-. >?&=@ 1 >;&? ./9 0STL)

!'>? 8.

#/>A7>*L 4-. >;./9

#/>A7>*L /-G>.>?&@ 1 >;&?@ ./9

. >?&@ 1 >?&=< ./9

6G6 4- /-G>. >;&5> 1 >;&?@ ./9

7? !?-*G. ?45 M/9

*6->< 4-,'6. > M/9


15/44

!'>? :.

o K# 7? *6->< H12.98 GH12.75GH

14)H =16 Channel#

-/4'/-/L *6->*L. 1=C8 G6z N C0 M6z H 1=B= G6z

6G6 4- #/>A7>*L. 1301 G6z NC0 M6z H 130B G6z

!'>? C.

MM7M !'> >5-'K (4urot & 4abo E 4urot & Me+ico) H

d2

1.5/=

192

1.543

=180.5 &eter#

!'>? B.

Earth Buldge= d1d212.754

3

&&&&&&&&&I paste computation here with unit

!'>? O and 10.

.RAP/ '( Eart* C"rat"re Pat* E#eati'n and LOS $at*CAN BE SEEN

IN T/E PREVIOUS .RAP/&

!'>? 11.


16/44

.ROUND ELEVATIONH ?-'6 >5-'K N >-/'6 47

&&&&&I paste here computation with unit

OBSTRUCTION /EI./TH G/K7 >5-'K N '/>>! 47? 1=.

&&&&&&&I paste here computation with unit

#/!' #/>!>< *-/-*>

Clearance Fir#t Fre#nel=L!%Larger Fir#t Fre#nel


:0P ##/>!>< *-/-*>

Clearance 60 Fre#nel=L!%( 0.6Fre#nel Fact or)



17/44

!'>? 13.

/>#*'K -'?K' 4.

graphJ$ and computation

!'>? 1;.4oth !ite (- to 4 ) and (- to *) Q since they will use same materials and they have

same distance

FOR LOW BAND FREUENCY 0>?&


18/44

/!< ( /eceive signal &@; dBm

'hermal #ade Margin.

F)$HE')*L ='%L)ini&u& 'eceiver $hre#hold

F)$HE')*L =31.453 dB&(92 dB&)

F)$HE')*L =60.547 dB

FOR /I./ BAND FREUENCY 0 >;&5'>/! 7'M*/K,-5> /-K K7'?7' ?K,>/ ?5 dBm

*K>*'K/ G7> &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ - G- =& dB

*K>*'K/ G7> &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ / ?7' 'K />*>5>/ (/!&5?< dBm

MM7M />*>5>/ '6/>!6K


19/44

#ree !pace 4&;?< dB

/!< ( /eceive signal &5?< dBm

'hermal #ade Margin.

F)$HE')*L ='%L)ini&u& 'eceiver $hre#hold

F)$HE')*L =31.028 dB&(92 dB&)

F)$HE')*L =60.927 dB

!'>? 18.

DISPERSIVE FADE MAR.IN!ince there is no indication about this parameter in

the specication of the equipment that will be used we will assume that there is

no >qualizer and Rregardless of the modulation9 the ispersive #ade Margin that

will be used is ;5 1 @5 dB&

!'>? 1:.

INTERFERENCE FADE MAR.IN is omitted$ ,e have assumed that there is no

interference fade margin is given

!'>? 1C.

RAIN LOSSES

Q !ince *rane /ain -ttenuation is ony e"ective on path lengths up to ==8

ilometers ,e will use the CCIRmethod

CCIR C'm$"tati'n

)=log f1 log fxlog f1log f2

+=antilog log +2) log +2log+1))

=a2)(a2a1)


20/44

(o=35e0.015'0.001

#K/ &>;

#K/ 6G6 4- (130B G6z)

)= log 12log 13.08log 12log 15

M 5&;&>@ >?&5


23/44

RSLNEW RSL 1 RAIN ATTENUATION 2;>&5?< dBm 2 ?4& dB 2@&;&5&5?< dBm

?-/-M>'>/! 7'

M*/K,-5> /-K K7'?7' ?K,>/ ?5 dBm

*K>*'K/ G7> &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ - G- =& dB

/- -''>7-'K ?4& dB

*K>*'K/ G7> &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ / ?7' 'K />*>5>/ (/!5>/ '6/>!6K? 1B.

08 d4 loss is inserted in ? =1.

ATMOSP/ERIC LOSS


24/44

OY.EN ABSORPTION LOSS

*o=[7.19103+

6.09

f 2+0.227

+ 4.81

( f57)2+1.5]f 2103dB / +&

#K/


25/44

STEP ??

#K/ A7>*L (1=B= G6z)

?-/-M>'>/! 7'

M*/K,-5> /-K K7'?7' ?K,>/ ?5 dBm

*K>*'K/ G7> &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ dB

,-'>/ 5-?K/ -4!K/?'K 5&;4 dB

M!-' &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ / ?7' 'K />*>5>/ (/!*>5>/ '6/>!6K


26/44

#K/ 6G6 4- #/>A7>*L ( 130B)

?-/-M>'>/! 5- and 7'

M*/K,-5> /-K K7'?7' ?K,>/ ?5 dBm*K>*'K/ G7> &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ - G- =& dB

*K>*'K/ G7> &4@ dB

*K>*'K/ / ?7' 'K />*>5>/ (/! dBm

MM7M />*>5>/ '6/>!6K dBm 2 02=? dBm)

@=&;== dB

!'>? =3.FLAT FADE MAR.IN

F) flat=10log[10F)$HE')*L

10 +10F)*(-.CH*NNEL

10 +10F) ,N$EG'*L

10 +10F) (,FF'*C$,!N

10 ]

Q-d2acent #ade Margin and >+ternal #ade Margin are omitted

#K/


27/44

F)flat=10log [1059.02

10 +1059.02

10 ]

#MFLAT @4&5> dB

#K/ 6G6 4- (130B)

F) flat=10log [1059.399

10 +1059.399

10 ]

#M#? =;.

*KM?K!'> E >##>*'5> #-> M-/G

F) EFF=10log [10F)FL*$

10 + '(10F)(%

10 ]

Q *onsidering a ispersive #ade Margin of ;0 d4 a average occurrence factor (/

H 3)

#K/ ##H 381O3 d4

#K/ 6G6 4-(130B G6z)

F)EFF=10log [1056.389

10 + ( 31040

10 )]

#M>##H 381O: d4!'>? =8.

/>


28/44

/> M-/G H 381O: d4 &?4& dBH B;1O d4

#K/


29/44

/ H OOBO38 P

J 1 RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS ,it* TERRAIN ROU./NESS

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& insert table !ite - to 4

M = 94.46 , S = 35.66

!ite - to *

M = 33.99 S = 10.47

Site A t' B

=(/0 )

%

1.3 (f)" ( d)c(10

F)EFF10 )

#K/ 52;&5< ./9)

=(1109)

35.65571.3

(13.08)1.2( 38)3.5(1035.196

10 )

U ?&>%>52556

R 0> 2 ?&5=%>5255 6

R ==&====== 6

#K/ 6G6 4- (130B G6z)

R 0> 2 ?&>%>5255 6

R ==&=====


31/44

#K/ 1 U) % >556

R 0> 2 >&5;>%>52) % >55 6

R ==&==== 2 >&5@4%>52) % >55 6

R ==&====; dB /i* Band ?4& dB

FMEFF L', Band 381O3 d4 6igh 4and H 381O: d4

Site A t' B

#K/ M-/G H 381O: d4 &?4& dBH B;1O d4

#K/ &>52@

FOR /I./ BAND

=(1109)

35.65571.3

(13.08)1.2( 38)3.5 (108.419

10 )

U >&5?? % >52@


32/44

Site A t' C

FOR LOW BAND

=(1109)

10.4711.3

(12.82)1.2(38)3.5(107.68

10 )

U @& % >5 2@

FOR /I./ BAND

=(1109)

10.4711.3

(12.82)1.2(38)3.5(108.419

10 )

U @&5? % >52@

RELIABILITY d"e t' RAIN

Site A t' B

#K/ &>52@ FOR /I./ BAND U >&5?? % >52@

#K/ 1 U) % >556

R 0> 2 >&>52@ ) % >55 6

R ==&== 2 >&5?? % >52@) % >55 6

R ==&==


33/44

C(1 C#imatic Fact'r

S 1 R'"*ness Fact'r

7sing 5ignants U 4arnette method$ we can set the climatic factor to be 1 and the

/oughness factor to be ;=

C Factor=1[ 42

15.2]1.3

C Fact'r 5&?44 M-/G H 381O: d4 &?4& dBH B;1O d4

#K/ 4@;

RELIABILITY

FOR LOW BAND

R 0> 1 001O=1=1) % >55 6

R =55 6

R =


35/44

FORMULA

=1000tan1[( h1h2)a"#olute

1000d ]&illiradian#

W*ere

*> and *? 1 antenna *ei*t a!'e MSL in meters

d 1 Pat* Lent* in :m

S'#in

Site A t' B

=1000tan1 [ 152 2221000 d

] &illiradian#

=1.842&illiradian#

Site A t' C

=1000tan1 [120 70

1000 d] &illiradian#

=1.315&illiradian#

AVERA.E .RAKIN. AN.LE

&= d

2

34000(h1+h2 )+&

c=( h1h2)a"#olute

h1+h2

"=2[ &+1&3

]cos( 3

+ [1

3cos1(

3c

2

3m

(&+1)3)])

= h1+h2d (1&( 1+"2)) &illiradian#

S'#in


36/44

Site A t' B

&= 38

2

34000(.152+ .222)+&

m 5&>>

c=(.152.222)a"#olute

.152+.222

c 5&>


37/44

N'te J >52@& % PL>&@ ('r 'er #and $at*s

J >524&5 % PL>&@ ('r m'"ntain'"s $at*s 0 t*is ,i## !e "sed)

J >52&= % PL>&@ ('r 'er ,ater $at*s

G ;5 ,i## !e "sed as PL!ased 'n t*e re(ractiit8 ma$

Site A t' B

FMEFF L', Band 381O3 d4 6igh 4and H 381O: d4

=1.842&illiradian#

m 5&>>

c 5&>4&4; % >52

=/(1+ )1.11.2fd3.310F)EFF

10

FOR LOW BAND

=1.643104(1+1.842)1.18.6881.212.82383.31035.193

10

U ?&4@ % >5 2;

FOR /I./ BAND

=1.643104(1+1.842)1.18.6881.213.08383.31035.196

10

U ?&@>% >52;

RELIABILITY

FOR LOW BAND


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R 0> 2?&4@ % >5 2;) % >55 6

R ==&@;@ 6

FOR /I./ BAND

R 0> 2?&@>% >5

2;

) % >55 6

R ==&


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R 0> 25 2;) % >55 6

R ==&>; 6

FOR /I./ BAND

R 0> 25

2;

) % >55 6

R ==&>@4 6

G C'm$"tin ('r t*e rain (ade "sin t*e CCIR Recc& ;@5 is a MUTE POINT

since t*e ien a#"e ,'"#d res"#t in an "naai#a!i#it8 '( m're t*an

>556

DISTANCE CALCULATION

0A) B"r't Tar#ac Cit8

LATITUDE >@5? @5 N LON.ITUDE >?55 ;4 ? E

0B) Ba!' Pan"#' Ane#es Cit8

LATITUDE >@5 ;; N LON.ITUDE >?55 ;> @? E

0C) La$"t Me%ic' Ane#es Cit8

LATITUDE >@5@ ?55 ? = E

Site A t' B


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DISTANCE

cos H sin- sin4 N cos- cos4

< H @5? @5) c's0>@5 ;;)

c'sD 5&54=>;> 5&=;5


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Site A t' C

DISTANCE

cos H sin- sin4 N cos- cos4

< H @5? @5) c's0>@5@

51arc&in1 arc&inute

60 arc#econd# =0.85

c'nert t' :m

20.85 &in 1.8424 +&&in

=38.414 approxi&ately 38

D ;< :m

AKIMUT/AL PROECTION

co#C=#in* co#( #inB#in( co#B

co#C=sin(150 24 350 3 3)cos (00 20351 3 3)sin (150 5 348 3 3)

sin(00 20 351 3 3) cos(150 5 348 3 3)

c's C 5&=>;5>


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C arcc'sine 05&==;/! 5- 7'

-??A7>*L 1=O G6z

#/A7>*L /-G> 1=C8 U 13=8 G6z

A7>*L 1=B= G6z

6G6 4- #/>A7>*L 130B G6z

*6->< 4-,'6 1; M6z

o of 7? *6->< 1C channels

?-'6 G'6 both sites 3B m

!ite - 'K,>/ 6>G6' B= m

!ite 4 'K,>/ 6>G6' 10= m

!ite * 'K,>/ 6>G6' ;0 m


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M*/K,-5> /-KK7'?7'

=0 d4m

-'>- G- (/M-< #-> M-/G(6igh 4and)

@=& d4


44/44

microwave report

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