microorganisms of human disease unit 5: 6 days. april 28 th : skin and eyes the skin is a physical...
TRANSCRIPT
Microorganisms of Human Disease
Unit 5: 6 days
April 28th: Skin and Eyes
• The skin is a physical and chemical barrier against microorganisms
• Moist areas of the skin support larger populations of bacteria than dry areas
Eye and Skin Anatomy Review
Normal Microbiota
• Microbes that live on the skin are resistant to desiccation and high salt concentrations
• Gram-positive cocci are abundant on the skin
• The normal skin microbiota are not completely removed by washing
• Some metabolize oil and grow in hair follicles
Vocabulary
• Vesicles are small fluid filled legions• Bullae are vesicles larger than 1 cm• Macules are flat reddened lesions• Papules are raised lesions• Pustules are raised lesions containing pus
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Staphylococcal skin infections:– Gram positive bacteria that grow in clusters– S. aureus is common– Localized infections result from bacteria
entering skin openings• Sties, pimples, and carbuncles
– Toxemia occurs when toxins enter the bloodstream
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Streptococcal skin infections:– Gram positive cocci that often grow in chains– Classified according to their cell wall antigens– S. pyrogenes is common
• Most important pathogen to humans• Impetigo are isolated pustules
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Pseudomonads:– Gram negative rods– Aerobes found in soil and water – Resistant to many disinfectants and
antibiotics– P. aeruginosa causes otitis externa,
respiratory infections, burn infections, and dermatitis
– Have blue green pus
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
• Acne:– Propionibacterium acnes can metabolize
sebum trapped in hair follicles– Metabolic end-products (fatty acids) cause an
inflammatory response known as acne– Many drugs are used to treat acne
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Warts:– Papillomaviruses cause skin cells to
proliferate and produce a benign growth– Warts are spread by direct contact– Warts may regress spontaneously or be
removed physically or chemically
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Smallpox:– Variola– Cause two types of skin infections, variola
major and variola minor– Transmitted by the respiratory route– Moved to the skin via the bloodstream– Humans are the only host– Eradicated as a result of the efforts by the
WHO
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Chickenpox and Shingles:– Varicella and Herpes Zoster– Caused by the Varicella-zoster Virus– Transmitted by the respiratory tract– Localized in skin cells– After chickenpox the virus remains latent in
nerve cells and be activated as shingles– A vaccine is now available
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Herpes simplex:– Cold sores and occasional encephalitis– Remains latent inside of nerve cells– Cold sores recur when the virus is activated– Transmitted by oral and respiratory routes– Herpes encephalitis occurs when herpes
infects the brain
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Measles:– Rubeola – Transmitted by respiratory route– Vaccinations provides effective long term
immunity– Macular lesions occur on the skin and Koplik
spots occur on the oral mucosa– Complications include middle ear infections,
pneumonia, encephalitis, and secondary bacterial infections
Viral Diseases of the Skin
• Rubella:– Transmitted by the respiratory route– Called German measles– Can be asymptomatic– Red rash and light fevers are common– Congenital rubella syndrome can affect a
fetus• Exposure during first trimester• Stillbirth, deafness, eye cataracts, heart defects,
mental retardation• Vaccination easily available
Fungal Diseases of the Skin
• Cutaneous mycoses:– Fungi that colonize the outer layer of the
epidermis cause dermatomyces– Ringworm and athlete’s foot are common
fungal infections– Can also grow on hair and nails
Fungal Diseases of the Skin
• Subcutaneous mycoses:– Sporotrichosis results from a soil fungus that
penetrates the skin through wounds– The fungi grow and produce subcutaneous
nodules along the lymphatic vessels
Fungal Diseases of the Skin
• Candidiasis:– Candida albicans causes infections of
mucous membranes and is a common cause of thrush and vaginitis
– C. albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that may proliferate when the normal bacterial microbiota are suppressed
– Topical antifungal chemicals may be used to treat candidiasis
Parasitic Infestations of the skin
• Scabies is caused by a mite burrowing and laying eggs in the skin
• Topical application of gamma benzene hexachloride is used to treat scabies
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• The mucous membrane lining the eyelid and covering the eyeball is the conjunctiva
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• Inflammation of the eye membrane:– Conjunctivitis– Caused by several bacteria– Transmitted by improperly disinfected contact
lenses
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• Bacterial diseases of the eye:– Microbiota of the eye usually originate from
the skin and upper respiratory tract– Neonatal gonorrheal opthalmia is caused by
the transmission from an infected mother to an infant during its passage through the birth canal
– Chlamydia is also transmitted by birth and unchlorinated swimming water
Microbial Diseases of the Eye
• Other infectious diseases of the eye:– Inflammation of the cornea is called keratitis– Herpetic keratitis causes corneal ulcers– Acanthamoeba is transmitted in water and
can cause severe keratitis
April 30th: Nervous System
• CNS and PNS
Review
Neurons and Synaptic Cleft Review
Bacterial Meningitis
• Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
• The three major causes of bacterial meningitis are:– Hemophilus influenzae– Neisseria meningitidis– Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Nearly 50 species of opportunistic bacteria can cause meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis
• Hemophilus influenzae– Part of the normal throat microbiota– There are six different types, based on
capsule differences– Most common cause of meningitis in children
under 4– A vaccine is available
Bacterial Meningitis
• Neisseria meningitidis– Meningococcal meningitis– Found in the throats of healthy carriers– Probably gain access to the meninges
through the bloodstream– Bacteria may be found in leukocytes in CSF– Symptoms are due to endotoxins– Most common in young children– military and college students vaccinated
Bacterial Meningitis
• Streptococcus pneumoniae– Pneumococcal meningitis– Commonly found in the nasopharynx– Hospitalized patients and young children are
the most susceptible– Rare, but has a high mortality rate– Vaccine is available
Diagnosing Bacterial Meningitis
• Diagnosis is based on isolation and identification in CSF
• Cultures are usually made on blood agar
• Incubation is in atmospheres with reduced oxygen
Bacterial Meningitis
• Listeria monocytogenes– Listeriosis– Causes meningitis in newborns, pregnant
women, the immunosuppressed, and cancer patients
– Acquired by ingestion of contaminated foods– May be asymptomatic in healthy adults– Can cross the placental barrier and cause
spontaneous abortion and stillbirth
Tetanus
• Caused by a localized infection of a wound by Clostridium tetani
• Produces a neurotoxin• Symptoms:
– Spasms, contraction of muscles controlling the jaw, and death resulting in spasms of the respiratory muscles
• Anaerobe, will grow in deep wounds, and wounds with little bleeding
Tetanus
• Acquired immunity results from vaccination
• Following an injury a person may need a booster shot with tetanus toxoid
• An unimmunized person will receive a shot with human tetanus immune globin
• Debridement (removal of tissue) and antibiotics may be used to control the infection
Botulism
• Caused by an exotoxin produced by C. botulinum growing in food
• Different types of botulism toxin vary in virulence– Type A is the most virulent
• The toxin inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses
Botulism
• Blurred vision occurs in 1 – 2 days• Progressive flaccid paralysis follows for 1
– 10 days• Possibly death results from respiratory and
cardiac failure
Botulism
• C. botulinum will not grow in acidic foods or in an aerobic environment
• Endospores are killed by proper canning• The toxin is heat labile and is destroyed by
boiling for 5 minutes
Leprosy
• Never been cultured on artificial media• Has been cultured in armadillos• Characterized by loss of sensitivity in the
skin surrounded by nodules• Not highly contagious, but can be
transmitted by prolonged contact with exudates
• Untreated individuals often die from secondary bacterial complications
Viral Diseases of the Nervous System
• Poliomyelitis– Headache, sore throat, fever, stiffness of back
and/or neck, occasionally paralysis– Transmitted by water contaminated with feces
• Rabies– Acute, usually fatal encephalitis– Multiplies in skeletal muscle and connective
tissue– Virus moves along PNS to the CNS
Fungal Diseases of the Nervous System
• Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis– Contracted by inhalation of dried pigeon
droppings– Begins as a lung infection– Most common in immunosuppressed
individuals
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
• African Trypanosomiasis– Caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
and T. b. rhodesiense– Transmitted by the tsetse fly– Causes lethargy and eventually coma– Can change its surface antigens
• Naegleria Meningoencephalitis– Almost always fatal– Invades the brain from the nasal mucosa
Nervous System Disorders caused by Prions
• Diseases of the CNS that progress slowly and cause spongiform degeneration are caused by prions
• Sheep scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy are examples of diseases caused by prions that are transferable from one animal to another– Creutzfeldt-Jakob and kuru are others
• Prions are self-replicating proteins with no detectable nucleic acid
May 5th: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Septicemia, sepsis, and septic shock:– The growth of microbes in the blood is called
septicemia– Can lead to septic shock, which is
characterized by decreased blood pressure– Usually results from a focus of infection in the
body– Usually gram negative rods– Usually caused by endotoxins
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Puerperal sepsis:– Begins as a uterine infection following
childbirth or abortion– Streptococcus pyrogenes is the most frequent
cause– Holmes and Semmelweiss demonstrated
appropriate hand washing techniques as a prevention of this disorder
– Now relatively uncommon
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Tularemia:– Caused by Francisella tularensis – Small wild mammals are the reservoir– Signs include ulceration and the site of entry
followed by septicemia and pneumonia– Humans contract it by handling diseased
carcasses, eating undercooked meat, and being bitten by vectors (such as deer flies)
– Resistant to phagocytosis
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Rheumatic fever:– Autoimmune complication of streptococcal
infections– Expressed as arthritis or inflammation of the
heart, can result in permanent damage• Often heart valves are targeted
– Can follow strep throat
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Anthrax:– Endospores in soil can survive for up to 60
years– Grazing animals acquire an infection after
ingesting the endospores– Humans contract it after handling hides from
infected animals• Bacteria enter through cuts and by inhalation
– Pustules or pneumonia can occur depending on entry route
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Gangrene:– Soft tissue death from ischemia (loss of blood
supply)– Microorganisms grow on nutrients released
from gangrenous cells– Can occur during improperly performed
abortions when bacteria invade the uterine wall
– Debridement, hyperbaric chambers, and amputation are used to treat gangrene
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Plague:– Caused by Yersenia pestis – Vector is usually a flea– Bruises on the skin and enlarged lymph
nodes (buboes)– The bacteria can enter the lungs and cause
pneumonic plague– Antibiotics are effective but they must be
administered promptly after exposure
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Lyme disease:– Transmitted by ticks– Prevalent on the U.S. Atlantic coast– Field mice provide an animal reservoir
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Typhus:– Caused by rickettsias, obligate intracellular
parasites of eukaryotic cells– Transmitted by lice– Prevalent in crowded unsanitary locations– Rash, prolonged high fever, and stupor– Spotted fevers are a variation of typhus
• Often transmitted by ticks• Endemic to the southeastern U.S., Appalachia, and
the Rocky Mountains
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Burkitt’s Lymphoma:– Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus– Causes cancer in laboratory monkeys– Common in immunosuppressed patients
• Infectious mononucleosis:– Also caused by the EB virus– Causes proliferation of atypical lymphocytes– Transmitted by ingestion of saliva from
infected individuals
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Classic viral hemorrhagic fevers:– Yellow fever and Dengue fever are passed by
the vector Aedes aegypti mosquito• Yellow fever: fever, chills, headache, nausea, and
jaundice• Dengue fever: fever, muscle and joint pain, and
rash
– Mosquito reduction is necessary to control these diseases
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Emerging viral hemorrhagic fevers:– Human diseases caused by Marburg, Ebola,
and Lassa fever viruses were first noticed in the late 1960’s
– Marburg virus is found in nonhuman primates– Lassa fever viruses are found in rodents– Rodents are the reservoirs of Argentine and
Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers– Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is contracted
by the inhalation of dried rodent urine
Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Chagas’ disease:– Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas’ disease– The reservoir includes many wild animals– The vector is an arthropod called ‘the kissing
bug’
Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Toxoplasmosis:– Caused by the sporozoan Toxoplasma gondii– Undergoes sexual reproduction in the
intestinal tract of domestic cats– Oocysts are eliminated in cat feces– Oocysts are then ingested by cattle and other
animals– Humans contract by eating undercooked meat– Congenital issues include brain damage and
vision problems
Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Babeiosis:– Caused by the protozoan Babesia microti – Transmitted to humans by ticks
• Malaria:– Chills, fever, vomiting, and headache– Transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito– Causative agent is a species of Plasmodium– A vaccine is being developed
Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Schistosomiasis:– Species of blood fluke– Eggs eliminated in feces hatch and infect an
intermediate host (snails)– Free swimming cercariae are released and
penetrate the skin of a human– Adult flukes live in veins of the liver or bladder– Chemotherapy is used to treat the disease– Snail eradication is used to prevent it
Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Swimmer’s itch:– Cutaneous allergic reaction to cercariae that
penetrate the skin– The definitive host for the fluke is wildfowl
May 8th: Respiratory Systems
Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System
• The throat and nasal cavity normal microbes can include pathogenic species
• The ciliary elevator
usually keeps the
lower portion sterile
Upper Tract
• Specific areas can become infected to produce pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sunusitis, and epiglottitis
• Often caused by bacteria and viruses in combination
• Most infections are self-limiting
Bacterial Diseases
• Streptococcal Pharyngitis:– Strep throat– Inflammation of the mucous membrane and
fever, tonsillitis, and otitis media– Strep throat is usually transmitted by droplets
but at one time was commonly associated with unpasteurized milk
Bacterial Diseases
• Scarlet Fever:– Caused by strep throat
from S. pyrogenes– Produces erythrotoxins
when lysogenized by a phage
– Symptoms include red rash, high fever, and a red enlarged tongue
Bacterial Diseases
• Diptheria:– Caused by exotoxin– A membrane containing fibrin and dead
human and bacterial cells forms in the throat• Can block the passage of air
– Inhibits protein synthesis• Can cause heart, kidney, or nerve damage
Copyright Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
Bacterial Diseases
• Otitis Media:– Earache– Can be a complication of nose and throat
infections– Pus accumulation causes pressure on the
eardrum
Viral Diseases
• The Common Cold:– Approximately 200 different viruses can be
the cause• Rhinovirus is responsible for ~50%
– Sneezing, congestion, nasal secretions– Typically transmitted by indirect contact– Incidence increases during the winter
• Likely due to the increased interpersonal indoor contact
Lower Respiratory System
• Many of the microorganisms that infect the upper respiratory system also infect the lower tract
• Diseases include bronchitis and pneumonia
Bacterial Diseases
• Pertussis:–Whooping cough–Catarrhal stage – resembles cold–Paroxysmal stage – accumulation of
mucus and deep coughs–Convalescence stage – can last for
months– Immunization is available
Bacterial Diseases
• Tuberculosis:– Bacteria have lots of lipids in their cell wall– Ingested, and then the bacteria reproduce in
the macrophages– Lesions form in the lungs– Treatment typically requires chemotherapy for
1 – 2 years– Positive skin tests remain after exposure
Bacterial Diseases
• Bacterial Pneumonias:–More than 8 different varieties–Fever, breathing difficulty, chest pain,
rust colored sputum–Many produce ‘fried egg’ colonies–Some transmitted person to person,
some from moist air, some from fowl droppings
Viral Diseases
• Influenza:– Chills, fever, headache, muscle aches– Many varieties, antigenic shifts
• Make natural immunity and vaccination less effective
– Deaths are usually from secondary bacterial infections
Fungal Diseases
• Histoplasmosis:– Subclinical– In rare cases develops into a severe
generalized disease– Caused by inhalation of airborne conidia
Fungal Diseases
• Coccidioidomycosis:– Caused by inhalation of the airborne
arthrospores– Most cases are subclinical– Fatigue or poor nutrition can cause a disease
resembling tuberculosis to result
Fungal Diseases
• Pneumocystis Pneumonia:– Pneumocystis carinii is found in healthy
human lungs– Cause disease in immunosuppressed people
Fungal Diseases
• Blastomycosis:– Infection begins in the lungs and can spread
to cause extensive abscesses
Fungal Diseases
• Other Fungal Diseases:– Opportunistic fungi can cause respiratroy
disease in immunosuppressed hosts• Especially when large numbers of spores are
inhaled
May 12th: Digestive System
Normal Microbiota
• A wide variety of bacteria colonize the mouth
• The stomach and small intestines have only a few permanent residents
• The large intestines have a LOT– Assist in degrading food– Synthesize vitamins– Up to 40% of fecal mass is microbial cells
Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
• Dental Caries:– Tooth decay– Begin when tooth enamel and dentin are
eroded and the pulp is exposed to bacterial infection
– Bacteria adhere to teeth and produce sticky dextran, forming dental plaque
Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
• Periodontal Disease:– Caries of the cementum and gingivitis are
caused by streptococci, actinomyces, and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria
– Chronic gum disease can cause bone destruction and tooth loss
– Periodontitis is due to an inflammatory response to a variety of bacteria growing under the gums
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Staphylococcal Food Poisoning:– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea for ~24hrs– Exotoxins are not destroyed by boiling food
for 30 mins– Can grow easily at room temperature
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Shigellosis:– Caused by 4 different species– Blood and mucus in stools, abdominal
cramping, and fevers– Can lead to ulceration of the intestinal
mucosa
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Salmonellosis:– Caused by many Salmonella species– Nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea– Septicemia can occur in infants and the
elderly– Mortality is less than 1%
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Typhoid Fever:– Transmitted by contact with human feces– Fever and malaise occur after a 2 week
incubation period– Symptoms last for 2 – 3 weeks– Harbored in the gall bladder of carriers– Vaccines are available for high risk people
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Cholera:– Exotoxin alters the membrane permeability of
the intestinal mucosa– Vomiting and diarrhea result
• Cause severe fluid loss
– ~3 day incubation period– 50% mortality when untreated
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Vibrio Gastroenteritis:– Onset within 24 hours of eating contaminated
foods• Crustaceans or mollusks
– Recovery after a few days
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• E. coli Gastroenteritis:– Occurs as epidemic diarrhea in nurseries,
traveler’s diarrhea, and endemic diarrhea in less developed countries
– In adults the disease is usually self limiting– Can cause inflammation and bleeding of the
colon
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
• Campylobacter:– 2nd most common cause of diarrhea in the
U.S. – Transmitted in cow’s milk
Viral Diseases
• Mumps:– Enters and exits the body through the
respiratory tract– 16 – 18 days after exposure the virus causes
inflammation of the parotid glands– 4 – 7 days later orchitis can occur– The virus is found in blood, saliva, and urine
Viral Diseases
• Cytomegalovirus:– Herpesvirus that causes cytomegaly– Transmitted by saliva, urine, semen, cervical
secretions, and human milk– Can be asymptomatic, or progressive and
fatal– If it crosses the placental barrier it can result
in congenital infection, impaired mental development, neurological damage, and stillbirth
Viral Diseases
• Hepatitis:– Inflammation of the liver– Loss of appetite, malaise, fever, jaundice– Lots of causes
• Hep A - Contaminated cells or water• Hep B – blood transfusions, std, breast milk• Hep C – blood• Hep D – circular strand of RNA• Hep E – fecal-oral route of transmission
Fungal Diseases
• Mycotoxins are toxins produced by some fungi
• Mycotoxins affect the blood, nervous system, kidneys, and/or liver
Fungal Diseases
• Ergot Poisoning:– Most common in cereal grains
• Aflatoxin Poisoning:– Most common in peanuts
Protozoan Diseases• Giardiasis:
– Transmitted through contaminated water– Malaise, nausea, flatulence, weakness, and
abdominal cramps that persist for weeks
Protozoan Diseases
• Amoebic Dysentery:–Entamoeba histolytica–Grows in the large intestines–Feeds on red blood cells and GI tract
tissue–Severe infections result in abscesses
Protozoan Diseases
• Cryptosporidiosis:– Causes diarrhea in immunosuppressed
patients– Prolonged for months– Transmitted in contaminated water
Protozoan Diseases
• Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection:– First identified in 1993– Transmitted in contaminated produce
Helminthic Diseases
• Tapeworm Infestations:– Contracted by the consumption of
undercooked beef, pork, or fish containing the encysted larvae
– The scolex attaches to the intestinal mucosa of humans and matures into an adult tapeworm
– Eggs are shed in the feces and must be ingested by an intermediate host
Helminthic Diseases
• Hydatid Disease:– Humans infested with certain tapeworm
species may develop hydatid cysts in their lungs or other organs
– Dogs and wolves are usually the definitive hosts, and sheep or deer are the intermediate
Helminthic Diseases
• Nematode Infestations:– Pinworms– Hookworms
• Bore through the skin and migrate to the intestines
– Ascariasis– Trichinosis
• Invade muscle tissue• Fever, swelling around the eyes, GI upset
May 13th: Urogenital System
• Male
Urogenital System
• Female
Normal Microbiota
• The urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile under normal conditions
• Lactobacilli dominate the vaginal microbiota during reproductive years
• The male urethra is normally sterile
Bacterial Diseases
• Cystitis:– Inflammation of the urinary bladder– Common in females– Naturally occurring microbes, careless
hygiene, and sexual intercourse contribute to the high incidence in females
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
• Pyelonephritis:– Inflammation of the kidneys– Usually a complication of lower urinary tract
infections– About 75% of cases are caused by E. coli
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
• Leptospirosis:– Transmitted by urine-contaminated water– Chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Gonorrhea:– Neisseria gonorrhoeae– Reportable disease– Attaches to mucosal cells of the oral-
pharyngeal area, genitals, eyes, and rectum by means of fimbriae
– Males: painful urination and pus discharge– Can be transmitted to infants during birth and
cause eye diseases
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Nongonococcal Urethritis:–NGU–Any inflammation of the urethra not
caused by gonorrhea–Often caused by Chlamydia –Symptoms are often mild or lacking,
although uterine tube inflammation and sterility can occur
–Can be transmitted to infant’s eyes at birth
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:– PID– Extensive bacterial infection of the female
pelvic organs, especially of the reproductive systems
– Caused by several bacteria that gain access to the uterine tubes
– Infection of the uterine tubes is called salpingitis
– Can block the uterine tubes and result in sterility
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Syphilis:– Transmitted by direct contact– Can invade intact mucous membranes or
penetrate through breaks in the skin– Initial infection results in a chancre– The secondary stage has a disseminating
rash– Can cause neurological damage in fetuses
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum:– LGV– Primarily a disease of tropical and subtropical
regions– The initial lesion appears on the genitals and
heals without scarring– Cause enlargement of the lymph nodes and
enlargement of the genitals– Bacteria are spread through the lymph
vessels
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Chancroid:– A swollen painful ulcer on the mucous
membranes of the genitals or mouth
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Gardinella Vaginosis:– Vaginosis is infection without inflammation– Increased vaginal pH and fishy odor
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Genital Herpes:– Painful urination, genital irritation, fluid filled
vesicles– Neonatal herpes is contracted during fetal
development or birth– It can result in neurological damage or infant
fatalities– May enter a latent stage– Associated with cervical cancer
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Genital Warts:– Papillomaviruses cause warts– Associated with cervical and penile cancer
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive System
• AIDS:– Sexually transmitted– Really affects the immune system
Protozoal Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Trichomoniasis:– Occurs when the pH of the vagina increases– Purulent discharge from infection site
Fungal Diseases of the Reproductive System
• Candidiasis:– Candida albicans– Causes NGU in males and vulvovaginitis
(yeast infections) in females– Characterized by lesions that produce itching
and irritation– Predisposing factors are pregnancy, diabetes,
tumors, and chemotherapy