Microgrids & the Arctic

Sydney KaufmanBureau of Energy Resources

National Association of State Energy OfficialsFebruary 11, 2016

Outline

• Energy picture of theArctic.

• How do we supportclean energy?- GLACIER- Arctic Council

iii), ARCTICDCE.· ..

SlberJ8(RUSSI~)NORTH

POLE•- - NorItM'8SI Passage

2007 ICecap

Sou rces: http://www.bakervailmaps.com/map-illustration/world-maps/arctic-circle-map.htm I

Why we care about the Arctic ...

• Climate change - whathappens in the Arctic doesn'tstay in the Arctic.

Feedback loopFisheriesWeatherSea level rise

• Access to new resources- Oil and gas/mineral resources

Arctic ReservesThe probability that at least one significantactumulation or oil or gas exists, accor ingto the U.S. Geological Survey.

l.OO'It50-991'30-49".10-29':.<10

Ilo!o;A sislflifi(.~ntaccumtJJ4tioli cOflI~lnsrt>(OY~r4b1~YOlum~ M~t I~st50 O\mlo~b.rr~ls of 011 OroII-~Qulv~IM\~a\ur.1gas.

Source: http://royaldutchshellplc.com/2009/02/13/norwegian-oil-firm-goes-to-energys-Iast-frontier/

•hs

•

Source:

Why we care about the Arctic ...CLAIM 1'0 THE NORTH POLE

The ",,.cUe:.nd Bordering N.lIon. borders "110 200 sea mile zone borders I'emtortal dams In the North

ArctIc Ocean (currenInternational waters). disputed jn

some cases

Sde«ed natural reseurees:

ImportiJflt retreer areas fof1 ~ female war bears ano Ihetr

.. 11·1 offst)i'lng

100% p-nved oil/gas reserves

T~!it dr1njll9

011OM gas productlon

90 brulon barrels rf 47 bll"o~ ml orD' or Mtura !las or

130/0 300/0of .. arId reser'Vi!:S or won' I and lIItenlgl!

lao cover In sum~In addition, oose to 20% of the world's reserves of IIquJd!las (so far unextractable using conventional rnemods)

EstII'!'WI~: USGSSrI USGS er/

Why do we care about clean energy in theArcti c...

• Economic development- Energy security- Tax base- Cost savings

• Diplomacy• Market development for

clean energytechnologies

• GHGs/Black carbon- Health- Warming positive

feedback loop

Sources: Bellona & NASA

Microgrid Sites in the Arctic Region

Geenland:80

10 C (So n 100'_111-J"ly

Russia:5,0001

IA

Canada:300

Alaska:170

1. Suslov, K.V., "A Microgrid Concept for Isolated Territories in Russia", 2012 IEEEInnovative SmartGrid Technologies Conference, October, 2012.

Challenges

ONE ARCTICARCTIC COUNCIL

u.s. CHAIRMANSHIP20l5-20l7

ARCTIC COUNCILUnited States Chairmanship

2015-2017One Arctic: Shared OPPQrtlJ..nlties,Challenges and Responstbilities

ARCTIC COUNCILUnited States Chairmanship

2015-2017One Arctic: Shared OPPQrt,{nlties,Challenges and Responstbilities

ARCTIC COUNCILUnited States Chairmanship

2015-2017One Arctic: Shared OPPQrt,{nlties,Challenges and Responstbilities

GLACIER SummitWe also resolve to work wit hour Ard ic oommunit ies to deploy low-carbon solutions that can improve livelihoods, enhance energyserurity, and promote sustai nable eoonomic growt h such asrenewable energy technologies and energy effidency measures.- U.s., Canada, Kingdom of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland,Russia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Netherlands,Poland, Singapore, Spain, United Kingdom, Canada, and the EuropeanUnion.

GLACIER SummitDomesti c An nou ncements:- Arctic Energy Efficiency Competition with up to $4

mi II ion in pri zes f or the wi nni ng A Iaska communi ty.- Clean Energy investment Initiativewill deploy over $4

bi II ion from insti tuti onal investors to encoureqe cl eanenergy development with a focus on expanding investmentin cl imate 001uti ons f or remote communi ti es

- Programs Focused on Climate ResiI ience

SERVICES EFFICIENCY RENEWABlES TRANSPORTATION ABOUT US OFFICES>

Home» RemoleAJaskan CQmmllntties Energy Eff~iern:y CompelttiOfl

Search Energy gOY IQ.

REMOTE ALASKAN COMMUNITIES ENERGY EFFICIENCY COMPETITION

--rhe deadline for Phase 1 Applications for Pledge Designation has been extended to February 2,2016 at 5pm ESr-

As part of President Obarna's commitment to fight climate change and assist remote Alaskan Communities, the Energy

Department (DOE) is proposing a new S4 million initiative to significantly accelerate efforts by remote Alaskan communities to

adopt sustainable energy strategies The competition is intended to empower remote Alaskan communities to develop and

implement solutions that can effectively advance the use of reliable, affordable, clean-¤nergy and enerqy-effictent solutions that

are applicable throughout rural Alaska and potentially in other Arctic regions

Remote Alaskan communities face a number of unique energy challenges, with the harsh climate and isolation combining to

drive up energy costs The Energy Department is keenly aware of Alaska's climate challenges and is committed to helping

remote Alaskan communities deploy sustainable solLJtions.

With the release of Notic e of Opportunity for Technic al Assistanc e (NOTA) for Remote Alaska Communities Energy Efficiency

Competition DE-FOA-0001479, the Department is now asking eligible Alaskan communities and native villages to sign a simple,VQt mQ,~ninnflll nlg.rf(Ul to imnrnvQ rnmmllnitv QrlQrtru Qffirig,n.rv hv 1'; nQ,rT'Qnt nr mrm::= hv ')n'Jn TMC::Q rnmmllnitiQ,t:: WM nl~Q

ENERGY BLOG

Working with Alaska 10 Redu<:e Energy USe and

#AtlOnCfimate

Questions?Kaufmans@state.gov

17

Arctic Reservesh-epmhabHity that at least one si91i'1iflcant

accumulation, of oil or gas exists, accor iF1l9to the lj,S, Geological Survey.

1OO~5O-9~30-4C1..10-29';~lO

Break even range for Arctic oildevd opment: $35 - $100AVff age: $78

u.s.Beaufort (BP- Liberty) - $109 Chuckchi- $30 - $80 (probably much highff)

NorwayNorth Sea - $40Norw~i an Sea - $100Wffi. Barents - $70 - $80East Barents - $110Barents (ENI) - $103 - $151

RussiaEast Barents (Russia) - $85Can be as high as $120

CancdaBeauf ort (Cancda) -

Gr961landEast Greenl and -

Sou - r-ce=-: Tht;7tp:-:JT1J'=ro:::-:ya::T1 d::J.'u:-':tc;:!;h:;:;sh:;-;;e:iT.11p~1 c;:-;.c::;;o:;:;:m-;rJ2)('O~09QiJ'n02'JiJ"f13:vJ'mn onrr:Ww:pjeg~i amnK-oiTIi 1-=tifirrrrmn:-~goDEe;S:s-Tcto~-eernieeijrgy:¥!s5=-- - 8Durces: EIA, RysI:ed Enffgy,last-frontier/

, ALASKA~

NORTH·•••. ,-, ALASKA.' .w.... . ,._.

• \;'\••• 1.· ·9I.. • I BEAUFORT

••• ~CKEHlJE

0UN0.. ~.~..V SVERDRUP

BASIN

• •Th....

•

[_j

••Prospective areas lor 011and gas, and known reserves011 production

Gas producilonMJnirlg slle

•

S'IatItId(NoowIy)•

BARENTSSEA

HAMtlERFESTSVAUS

•:J SWEDEN RNLAIID

• NORWAY

.'. •••••

".WESTERNSIBERIA.. ..• •• • •. ...• ••• .e... · •• :: : v-.:::y ...

• •• ••••.... .. .:..• .J~ •....... .

• • ~,;.(:. RUS$U,

PfIiffUl'fll ••"." ,,:,.~.i,.•• •

SOUltell:lIlliled Slales Geologica, Survey (USGS): AMAP t997,1998 and 2002; CAFF, 2001, UNEP/WO!1dC<lnseIVBlion MonitOring Centro (WCMC), uni tOOSlalesEnergy Inforrnatiorl Administ!a'ion (E'A): InlelMlIonaIEnef!!)' Agency (lEA); Barents EUlO,Arctlc Courd'(BEAG): Comilll prolessionnel du (lIItrOle (CPOP), PM"Inslltul f~s du petrels (IFP), Paris; NatJOnai Oceanicand AtmosJJt1ellc Administration (NOAA); The WorldBarlk; Alaska Department 01 EnvlronmenlalconseMlIion. Division ot Spill Pmvenlion andResponse, Unlted Stales Coast Guatd (USCG)

M ore than 70% of the meanundi scovered oi I resourcesls estlrnaed to occur in fiveprovi nces: A rcti c A Iaska,Amerasia Basin, EastGreenland Rift Basins, EastBareots Basi n, and WestGreenl and-East Caieda

Source;http://www.gridano/graphi csI i b/detai I/fossi I-fuel-reoources-and-oi I-and-gas-production-i n-the-arcti c_a9ca

Source: http://www.ey.comlPubliC8tionlvwLUAms.Arctic_oil_CJ1d_gas.$FILEJArctic_oil_CJ1d_gas,pdf

S::ientificCboperation Task ForceNational Science Foundation

Task Force on Arctic Marine 01 RJllution A"eventionU,S, Global Change Research Program

• Developed an "Arctic Council Action Planfor Oil Pollution Prevention"

• Norway and Russia are co-chairing theTask Force

• Working now on implementing thoserecommendations

Task Force on Black carbon and MethaneDepartment of State

• Each country must update a black carboninventory and report on domesticactivities to reduce black carbonemissions.

• Hope to encourage observer countries toparticipate.

• Conduct ~arch and Feocue tabletop exercises, and iffeasible a functional exercise, to enable the sharing of bestpractices and understand available SAR resources.

• Address mental health needs of Arctic communities throughRISING SUN (Reducing the Incidence of Suicide in IndigenousGroups - Strengths United through Networks.)

• Compile circumpolar black carbon inventories to identifycontributing sectors and track progress in reducingemissions.

• Harness the expertise and resources of the Arctic 6x>nomic Councilto inform the Arctic Council's work to improve economic and livingconditions in the region.

• Coordinate an Arctic-wide telerommunications infrastructureassessment to promote the build-out of commercial infrastructure inthe region.

• Promote the development of renewable energy technology, such asmodular micro-grid systems, to spur public-private partnerships,improve energy affordability, mitigate public health risks and reduceblack carbon output in Arctic communities.

• Facilitate collaboration between industry, researchers and publicpolicy experts to increase access to and reduce the operating costs ofin-home running water and &awer in remote communities.

• Raiseawareness among domestic and foreign audiences that America isan Arcticnation and the Arctic isa strategic priority for the United States;

• Highlight the social, economic, and environmental challenges and opportunitiesfound in Alaska, the American Arctic;

• Increase understanding of and support for the Arctic Council among domestic andforeign audiences;

• R:lise awareness of the impacts t hat Arcticdimate change is having on the rest ofthe world;

• Increase public support for domestic and international action on priority Arcticpolicy issues while enabling the achievement of our chairmanship programdeliverables.

One ArCCil;; Shared OppWWtliCJ~,Challenges and R!?Sponiibilrtles

ARCTIC COUNCILUnIted States Chalrmans,hlp

2015 - 2017

-

Thematic Area 1: Addressing the Impacts of ClimateChange

Short-lived Climate Pollutants• Promote full, implementation in all Arctic States of the recommendations from the Black

Carbon and Methane TaskForce and the Short-lived Climate ForcersTask Force.Encourage Arcti:c Council Observer States whose emissions affect the Arctic to do likewise.

• AUArctic States develop domestic black carbon inventories identifying contributingsectors and tracking progress in reducing emission, with an initial focus on gas flaring.Regular reporting at SAOmeetings on progress in reducing emissions.

• Increase data collection and monitoring of black carbon emissions affecting the Arc.tic,through SAONand additiona I physical man itoring stations, and improve the abi Itty tomonitor releases of methane in the Arctic.

One Arctic: Shared Opportunities,Challenges and Respo:n~lbilities

ARCTIC COUNCILUnited States Chairmanship

2015-2017

Thematic Area 1: Addressing the Impacts of ClimateChange

Arctic Climate Adaptation and Resilience• Sweden and the United States co-lead an effort to complete the Arctic Resilience Report,

ensuring that any recommendations are policy-relevant, clear and specific as toimplementation by the Arctic States.

• Under AACA-C, produce a series of easily understandable reports and fact sheets, targetedat laypeople, on high-priority climate risks and vulnerabilities in the Arctic region

• Create new decision-making tools to support local adaptation and address priority climaterisks and vulnerabilities, Undertake a "call-to-action."

Working Group(s): Collaborative effortamong multiple working groups

One Arctic: Shared Opportunities,Challenges and Respoftsib'illties

ARCTIC COUNCILUnited States Chairmanship

2015 - 2017

Thematic Area 2: Stewardship of the Arctic OceanMarine Environmental Protection

• Expand information sharing on the environmental impacts of hazardoussubstances, mechanical recovery efficacy, and in-situ burning in open water,broken ice, and hard packed ice.

• Increase sharing of oil spill preparedness and response capabilities andcontinue the development of specialized pollution response resources andoperational guidelines for responses in broken ice and ice covered areas.

-~;- I: j" . -!!!iJ•• (~~~ \ f -.,- -'

. ~ --

Working Group: EPPR

Cbnservat ion of ArdU,S, Fish and W

Ardic CbntaminantsAdion A"ogramEnvironmental Protection Agency

~ssment A"ogram 8.1stainable Development Working Gouptesearch Program Department of State

tic Rora and Fauna S::ientificCboperation Task Force'ildlife Service National Science Foundation

iaredness and Response Teleoommunications Infrastrudure EXpert Goupitv Administration State/National Telecommunications and Information Administration

Marine Environment Regional ESasA"ogram Task Force -ispheric Administration State/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Ardic Monitoring andU,S, Global Change R

8nergency A"evention, A"epNational Nuclear Secur

A"otedion of the ArdicNational Oceanic and Atmo

D-iA1 R'v1AN9-i1 P PFnET LEADS• Slarch and Feocue - U,S, Coast Guard• Marine 8wironmental A"otection - U,S, Coast Guard and Interior/Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement• Marine A"oted:ed Areas- Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration• Ocean Addification - Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and State/Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs• Slort Uved Oimate Fbllutants - State/Office of the Special Envoy for Climate Change• Oimate Fesilienoo -Interior/Office of Policy Analysis and State/Office of International Health and Biodefense• Pan-Arctic Digital Bevation Map -Interior/U,S, Geological Survey• Oimate Olange Indicator $Istem - U,S, Global Change Research Program and State/Office of Global Change• Fenewable 81ergy - Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Interior and State/ENR• Slwer and Water Olal lenge - HHS/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention• Arctic Water Fes:>uroo Vulnerability Index -State/Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs• Arctic Freshwater $Inthesis- Energy/Office of Biological and Environmental Research• Mental Health and SJidde A"evention - HHS/Office of Global Affairs

Thematic Allars:

• Search and Rescue Exercises • Water Resources Vulnerability Index

• Freshwater Security

• Telecommunications Infrastructure

Arctic Ocean Safety, Security and StewardshipImproving Economic and Living ConditionsAddressing the Impacts of Climate Change

• Marine Environmental Protection

• Marine Protected Areas Network

• Regional Seas Program for the Arctic

Ocean

• Suicide Prevention and Resilience

• Short-lived Climate Pollutants

• Arctic Ocean Acidification • Arctic Climate Adaptation and Resilience

• Pan-Arctic Digital Elevation Map

• Early Warning Indicator System

• Renewable Energy

• Community Sanitation and Public Health

Title

Arctic mining summaryMInerals InEconomy

h:hjstna~n_u:DlI nWiq: S4.)canada _n................8$l6~ ....

(D.1I$5mm

:ProceDar' and relines ar mpper~ -Pllxh.lWoIl 0( n:d:el & zint: actr A'tttatUls lITlem~tmrr" ~Jn'Jubtnm ii'oo (1ft! ffW11! tp.3r1. ofFinland 1;0 inaene. m:trtd interest, in irI'lei1ment:i;~ 'l:IDn3pOmrtIOfl ,tCwnaV>3MoI in S--",,ae l S:i:Ii

tJEht.and linet~ort'l.l: UIIiImy bo ftIsl e:b ph:Hpl\ortc min.t!

~~dtmtQ'1 wb~~ mm .Newrriin~tzj drpcr.itslbJr to tsUllrDl ofl!mI1eb*; lcmdm

Greenland Denmed.. Mint"J'alinduWy to bed.i:$ll!avered~P"'lll~"'g.. .....,.."'_dw<rie... "", Mnns SµS bn.limaussaq tlJfe~te«Mrcr:r* neNfI~etmB&c;QJb.uan deW!loPmeI'It c.os~ ... rth> """~ $DbJ, KvanOljcldofe;pendenq' .lc.en3l!,dIsStled r.1!e.1i'ttS~lI

Iceland Oporu 2'i!:or piI ... ...,_.,um CiAII>' eq,b-._ 011"'_ SlIar1::IFOis~ 'WOlters 211cw *II'W1PM SfT'lei1WIspianu& llOOf"'''''iliaJn oIIlu-"*tun Indm'hy '0 le::lJald

N.MtI'~I!.m .. nd ~trOae!Jm ~"'''''''d''''8in'''~ Atv..:.;.,S inI'em;ruanlllP""' .... Jin Rej>porfptd .,Norway ~ue dOJTW18te....Mmt)f-b,. ,8;ar;rit:s Su,.1rydto~~t. ~~1ttJIe:nb, FtiopoII nvpp~ fin~d. iJr COWJa'

C1portS inckJ~Jminer& oI"'.n ....~

Min~ mntmut«! S27.u :&,:Jansion WI ,:Jm::Iuct.:.1 &.

Russia I1"'6:In 1()GDP.14.6~o1. hdd~p.lI!§o.1 R!subban to .Jle'nott'! SaartJOl"l'...hiSfl cosbNails!. minq a"'IJ'~ $lbn lo. 1"'-"

~tmr.nts In eam.Gmp' to b.. ".r"bol)tlNm,""" ...... s& ",_JIllionmirinSiildu3UY. ""

Swede.nMct..llmnng&~l:IIotOducti B,o,c..". .... S<id and .. On ... AttrllCbIlSW,t"C-Ma'ta1O!1

~nsy ... a ~SlllnrWUlf';~randT .... ido.......... ed .. m ....... dq:Kl!orb are de"lo~o~ .anti Wh~stmel1b? .,aeaiq mine :sit.el1 W011 ore mine_"'i01£U eq>_dJldi><!Jr, 1I"MlPO~c:IIP.xJl)'

OJ*I.roYbtIt'I,deW!lopmt:f1t 0.....$3:Km _""'<I ..MinU1g5lte .ac.arSl.rema.tC'!

Ambler rrininlJ dBb'C1 (mp;per.Alaska ~'lmenb .md v.e of o:q>Ior ....... + $1 00m .,

ioO\'b(JI1s,.hiF d~mentCOJt!II,k, sold, _<. lead) ",dud., $2.7

ninenillProd'Uc.1s $] b.Jlion d~menl.ml,n~ bn Road -tD-'fte»ul'a!:s

Sources:

Title

Energy & mining developments in the Arctic

Sources:

Chair of the Arctic Council: Secretary of State John F Kerry

U.S. Special Representative for the Arctic: Admiral Robert J. Papp, Jr.

Special Advisor on Arctic Science and Policy: Fran Ulmer

Chair of the Senior Arctic Officials: Ambassador David Balton

U.S. Senior Arctic Official: Julia L. Gourley

u.s. Chairmanship Team

Ov~erarching~Goals• Continue strengthening the Arctic Council as an

• Introduce new long-term priorities into the Arctic Coun

• Raise Arctic and climate change

The Arctic Region - Sanctions

Exxon Mobil Arctic Project at Risk'~~ ,N."'~:\J.1J.. "

.:;':

LSptevsea .

- Barents Sea

'.~(~.:.

The part nersh Ip's firstwell Is In Its 35th day ofdrilling; to comply withU,S, sanctions, Exx.onhas until Sept 26 to

shut down operations

GRAPHIC BY BLOOMBERG BUSINESSWEEK; DATA COMPILED BY BLOOMBERG; SOURCE: EXXON MOBIL

• Arctic Offshore• Deep Water (> 150 m)• Shale Oil

Sources: ExxonMobil

Black Carbon Sources

Be, 2000

0.1 02 5 10 200"5 2

(t.D.,. D.l'!6.

us BC

Sources: EPA

Black Carbon EPA & ACAP-------- ......... , ...

-s,'<>~10

'"" ,"

...

RUSSIA

Oil and Gas in the Arctic Region

* 2004 Sclendang Ayu shipwreck

Chukchi Sea: Drilling leases sold for$3.4 billionln2008, exploration

delayed for regulatory review postBP spill (SheIL [onocoPhillips,

Statoil and Eni bought leases.but only Shell has an

explorotion drilling pIan)

1989 Exxon Valdez shipwreck *'Trans-Alaska oil pipe lone:

Completed 19n

Prudhoe Bay fields: 011 inproduction since 1977

(BP.[onocoPhillips.ExxonMobi/ and others)

CANADA

Norman Wells:Onshore oilproductionsince 1937

Beaufort Sea: Planned exploratorydrilling delayed by legal battlessince2007(Shell)Planned undersea long-reach drilling froman artificial island delayed by regulatoryrelliew(8P)

RUSSIA

Shtokman: Plan to tapworld's second largest gas" field, delayed to 2016

(Gozprom StlltOi/ and Totol)

Vamal: cas field in tr~dltionalreindeer herders' land,completed in 2010 (Galpram,SN-Ne!tegoz ond others)

Nenets fields: Oil and gasin production since 1960s(Lukoil, Rosne/t, [onocoPhillips,Total, Statoil and others)

.*1t980 Nenets gas blowout

1994 Komi pipeline spill disasterGREENLAND

DiskoBay:all explorationunderway(Cairn Energy)

Goliat: Oil production planned (Eni)Prirazlomnoye: Oil platform

in final assembly in the Pechora Sea(Sevmarneftegaz - a subsidiary

of Gazprom)Snohvit: Sub-seagas production beganIn 2007 (Stolail)loloten Islands:

Ongoing conflict overwhether to open this keyfisheries area to oil exploration

.~NewSCientlstOil and • In production Under explorationgas reserves • In development * Spills

Source: New Scientist

Alaska Oil and Gas

DeJ1artmenl 01 t~ fll.tenQfOL''tirContl!1l9~til_l S~ilf 011ilTJd Galli S1J<YWgy

Source: BOEM

Alaska Oil and Gas

Drilling for Arctic oilOffshore fields are expected to pump an extra 500,000 barrelsper day into the Trans-Alaska pipeline.

Arctic OceanShell drilling sites

Burger ..

ChUkchi Sea

Barrow• Beaufort SeaSivulliq i~Torpedo•Wainwright,.:: Prudhoe: Bay···•

TraJIS"Alaska :oil pipeline l

""••·••••·•••".._+••••••+••••••••.~

NationalPetroleum Arctic

NationalWildlifeRefuge

Alaska

Environmentalists fear anaccident like the BP disasterin the Gulf of Mexico couldhappen in the Beauforl andChukchi seas

Souroe: Shell Offshole Inc., Alaska Department of NaturalResouroes, ~~one, ESRIGrapliic,:.cl'lic~o Tribune.... ®2012 MCT

Canada Oil and Gas

Regulators preparing for Arctic offshore drilling

Source: BOEM, theCanadian Press

Seismic testing for oiland gas proposed offthe coast of Baffin IslandALASKA

GREENLAND• Tuktoyaktuk

Exploratory wellsin the Beaufort Seaproposed for 2020

BAFFIN ISLAND

Iqaluit.

CANADA

THE CANADIAN PRESS

STAK1NG CLAIM 1'0 THE NORTH POLE---The "'..-cUe.nd Bordcring H.tlon.

Importil'f'lt retreat areas rof1 ~ female PO'ar bears ano thetr

.. 11·1 offSDMg

G.o 100% p-uved all/gas reserves

f1 , Teit d"m~f1 , 011aJlOgas production

g U Gold

fi • Lead

90 brulon barrels fY 47 blll,o~ ml ofI), or natura I gas or

130/0 300/0of "orld resef'Vi!S of worrel

ClIrrcnt naOOllIll bOrders "11(1 200 sea ml!(! zone bOrders I'emtortal dllJIIS In the No

Arctic 'Ocean (currenllyInternational waters). dIsputed jn

some cases

I and &IIenlgeIre cover In summer

addition. dose to 20% of the world's reserves of liquidgas (so far lJ"extrac:table 1151"9con ....ent!ollal metnods)

Esdroa~: USGS

USGS