microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · sqi. sep oct nov dec jan feb . ml/g. 0...
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©Sara Hallin
Microbiology inactivated sludge
processes
Sara HallinDepartment of microbiology
SLU
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Wastewater treatment
Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s.
The activated sludge processes dominates and is the largest biotechnology industry in the world.
Historically…. Sanitation problems 1850-1930 Environmental problems 1930-2000 Recycling 2000-
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Activated sludge processes• Aeration basin and settling tank.
• The concept: 1. Microorganisms (biomass) grow in the aeration tank and degrade organic matter while consuming oxygen.
2. The retention time for microorganisms exceed that for the sewage
• Floc formation is essential for settling.
• Nitrogen removal: Biological
• Phosphorus removal: Chemically or biologically.
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Microorganisms in activated sludge processes
• Microorganisms are the activated sludge process!
• Bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, protozoa, algea and metazoa…
• Microorganisms enter the treatment plant from the sewage system.
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Tre
e o
f L
ife
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Prokaryotes are single celled organisms that do not have a nucleus, mitochondria or any other membrane bound organelles.
Instead, everything is openly accessible within the cell, some free floating, some bound to the walls of the cell membrane,
Prokaryotes come in two sorts, Archaea and Bacteria.
As different, if not more different, from each other, than they are from protozoans, fungi, plants and us.
Prokaryotes
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Evolution and systematicsDomain
Class
Order
Family
Genera
Species
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BACTERIA
1987: 12 phyla
1999: 36 phyla
2008 40 phyla
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Origins of microbial diversity• Mo’s have much longer evolutionary history
• Initially access to all habitats on Earth
• Survived the largets span of conditions
• Short generation times
• Inter-species gene transfer
4 3 2 1 0Billion years from now
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cyanobacteria, O2in atmosphere
Plants&
AnimalsAlgae
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Origins of microbial diversity
• Mo’s altered Earth
• Introduction of O2 – major revolution:
• more oxidized forms
• formation of ozone layer terrestrial habitats!
• More niches were created increased diversity
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Color code:ProteobacteriaFirmicutesActinobacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochaetesBacteroidetes
ChlamydiaeChlorobiDeinococcus-ThermusAcidobacteriaChloroflexiAquificaeFusobacteriaPlanctomycetesThermotogales
All Bacterial genomes, 2007, 340 species
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Biofilms in papermill:
Acholeplasmataceae
AcholeplasmataceaeSpirochaetaceae
Spirochaetaceae
Corynebacteriaceae
Flavoba cteriaceae
Novel bacteria (38%)
Novel bacteria (62%)
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Litotrophs Organotrophs Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
All organisms
Chemical energy Light energy
Chemotrophs Phototrophs
Autotrophs Mixotrophs
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Metabolism
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Aerobic respiration
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Oxidation:
KOLFÖRENING KOLDIOXID + ELEKTRONER + VÄTEJONER
Reduktion:
SYRE + ELEKTRONER + VÄTEJONER VATTEN
Fullständig reaktion:
KOLFÖRENING + SYRE KOLDIOXID + VATTEN
BIOKEMISKT BUNDEN ENERGI
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Fermentation:
GLUKOS ETANOL + KOLDIOXID
BIOKEMISKT BUNDEN ENERGI
Fermentation av socker till etanol och koldioxid. En del av kolet i sockret har oxiderats till koldioxid medan en del har reducerats till etanol (vanlig sprit).
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+
Aerob Respiration(organotrof)
H20
Fermentation(organotrof)
ATP
8 NADH 2 GTP
6 CO2
Glukos
2 ATP2 NADHGlukolys
2 Pyruvat
Citronsyracykeln2 FADH
O2
NADHFADH
ATPATP
Fermentationsreaktioner
Pyruvat
AcCoA
Laktat
AcetateEtanol
AcetaldehydNADHNAD+
NADHNAD+ATP
Redox
Glukos
2 ATP2 NADHGlukolys
2 Pyruvat
-
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Biochemical events in activated sludge
CO2+H2O+SO42-
PO43-+NO3
-
Organics(C, H, O, N, P, S)
+Oxygen
+Biomass
Mineralised productsEnergy (ATP)
Reducing PowerPrecursors
Catabolism
Anabolism
Biomass Waste
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Organiskt material bryts ner av mikroorganismer i luftningsbassängen.
Slammet (biomassa och organiskt material)avskiljs från det renade vattnet i sedimenteringsbassängen..
Traditionell ASP
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Flocken är fundamentet i aktivt slam.
• Snabb och effektiv sedimentering
• Icke sedimenterbara partiklar adorberastill flocken.
• Biologisk aktivitet är koncentreradtill flocken.
Sedimentering
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• Slemproducerande bakterier “klistrar” ihop flocken
• Filamentbildande bakterier är flockens “armering”.
• Bakterier är en förutsättning för flockbildning.
• Flockbildande förmåga är självreglerande i systemet.
Flockar skapas av flera olika sortersmikroorganismer.
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Sedimenteringsproblem som beror på mikroorganismer
Problem Orsak Konsekvens1. Dispergerad tillväxt Inga riktiga flockar bildas
då mikroorganismerna förekommer som enskilda celler
Utgående vatten är grumligt, dålig sedimentering
2. Mikroflockar Små, svaga flockar som lätt slås sönder. Uppstår då BOD i inkommande vatten är låg i förhållande till SS-halten
Utgående vatten är grumligt, lågt SVI
3. Flytslam Spontan denitrifikation i sedimenteringsbassängerna vid långa uppehållstider
Slamtäcke i sedimenteringsbassänger
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Sedimenteringsproblem som beror på mikroorganismer
Problem Orsak Konsekvens4. Viskös slamsvällning Mycket extracellulära
polymerer. Vanligt i verk för industriellt avloppsvatten med låg halt av fosfor eller kväve
Dålig sedimentering, slam i utgående vatten
5. Filamentös slamsvällning
Mycket filamentbildande bakterier som sammanbinder flockar eller skapar flockar med hålrum, t ex Microthrix
Högt SVI, och i svåra fall slamflykt, men klar vattenfas
6. Skumning Hydrofoba, skumbildande bakterier tex Nocardiaoch Microthrix
Stabilt skum på ytan av bassänger, slam i utgående vatten, skumning i rötkamrarna, hälsorisk
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Exempel på slamsvällning
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Microthrix parvicella
Type 021N
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Filamentbildande bakterier
Slamsvällning Skumbildning
”Microthrix parvicella” Microthrix parvicella”
”Nostocoida limicola” Nocardia eller Nocardia amarae-liknande organismer (NALO)
Typ 021N Typ 021N
Typ 0803 Aktinomyceter
Thiothrix
Det finns ca 30 kändafilamentbildare i ASP
10 st står för 90 % av incidenterna
Geografiska skillnader
Få har "riktiga" namn
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Vad skall man göra?
Lär känna slammet för att hålla koll på filamenten:
1. Bestäm slamvolymindex (SVI)
SVI>150 indikerar risk!
SÄSVSVI ⋅=1000
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Vad skall man göra?
2. Mikroskopera slammet regelbundet och bestäm
a) filamenthalt
b) typ av filament
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Filamentbildande mikroorganismer i aktivslamflockar
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Vad skall man göra?
De vanligaste sätten att förska hålla nere filamenthalten är att:
1. Minska slamåldern2. Öka eller minska luftningen.3. Införa selektorer/kontaktzoner.4. Bekämpa med toxiska ämnen.
Ingen av dessa metoder är generellt tillförlitliga.
Kunskapen om filamentbildande bakteriers svar olika parametrar är bristfällig.
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Minskad filamenthalt efter ozonbehandlingTotal Filament Growth
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Extended Filament Growth
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Bättre slamkvalitet – oförändrad N-rening efter ozonbehandling
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