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©Sara Hallin Microbiology in activated sludge processes Sara Hallin Department of microbiology SLU

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Page 1: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

©Sara Hallin

Microbiology inactivated sludge

processes

Sara HallinDepartment of microbiology

SLU

Page 2: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Wastewater treatment

Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s.

The activated sludge processes dominates and is the largest biotechnology industry in the world.

Historically…. Sanitation problems 1850-1930 Environmental problems 1930-2000 Recycling 2000-

Page 3: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Activated sludge processes• Aeration basin and settling tank.

• The concept: 1. Microorganisms (biomass) grow in the aeration tank and degrade organic matter while consuming oxygen.

2. The retention time for microorganisms exceed that for the sewage

• Floc formation is essential for settling.

• Nitrogen removal: Biological

• Phosphorus removal: Chemically or biologically.

Page 4: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Microorganisms in activated sludge processes

• Microorganisms are the activated sludge process!

• Bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, protozoa, algea and metazoa…

• Microorganisms enter the treatment plant from the sewage system.

Page 5: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep
Page 6: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Tre

e o

f L

ife

Page 7: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Prokaryotes are single celled organisms that do not have a nucleus, mitochondria or any other membrane bound organelles.

Instead, everything is openly accessible within the cell, some free floating, some bound to the walls of the cell membrane,

Prokaryotes come in two sorts, Archaea and Bacteria.

As different, if not more different, from each other, than they are from protozoans, fungi, plants and us.

Prokaryotes

Page 8: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Evolution and systematicsDomain

Class

Order

Family

Genera

Species

Page 9: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

BACTERIA

1987: 12 phyla

1999: 36 phyla

2008 40 phyla

Page 10: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Origins of microbial diversity• Mo’s have much longer evolutionary history

• Initially access to all habitats on Earth

• Survived the largets span of conditions

• Short generation times

• Inter-species gene transfer

4 3 2 1 0Billion years from now

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Cyanobacteria, O2in atmosphere

Plants&

AnimalsAlgae

Page 11: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Origins of microbial diversity

• Mo’s altered Earth

• Introduction of O2 – major revolution:

• more oxidized forms

• formation of ozone layer terrestrial habitats!

• More niches were created increased diversity

Page 12: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep
Page 13: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Color code:ProteobacteriaFirmicutesActinobacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochaetesBacteroidetes

ChlamydiaeChlorobiDeinococcus-ThermusAcidobacteriaChloroflexiAquificaeFusobacteriaPlanctomycetesThermotogales

All Bacterial genomes, 2007, 340 species

Page 14: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Biofilms in papermill:

Acholeplasmataceae

AcholeplasmataceaeSpirochaetaceae

Spirochaetaceae

Corynebacteriaceae

Flavoba cteriaceae

Novel bacteria (38%)

Novel bacteria (62%)

Page 15: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep
Page 16: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Litotrophs Organotrophs Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

All organisms

Chemical energy Light energy

Chemotrophs Phototrophs

Autotrophs Mixotrophs

Page 17: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Metabolism

Page 18: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Aerobic respiration

Page 19: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Oxidation:

KOLFÖRENING KOLDIOXID + ELEKTRONER + VÄTEJONER

Reduktion:

SYRE + ELEKTRONER + VÄTEJONER VATTEN

Fullständig reaktion:

KOLFÖRENING + SYRE KOLDIOXID + VATTEN

BIOKEMISKT BUNDEN ENERGI

Page 20: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Fermentation:

GLUKOS ETANOL + KOLDIOXID

BIOKEMISKT BUNDEN ENERGI

Fermentation av socker till etanol och koldioxid. En del av kolet i sockret har oxiderats till koldioxid medan en del har reducerats till etanol (vanlig sprit).

Page 21: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

+

Aerob Respiration(organotrof)

H20

Fermentation(organotrof)

ATP

8 NADH 2 GTP

6 CO2

Glukos

2 ATP2 NADHGlukolys

2 Pyruvat

Citronsyracykeln2 FADH

O2

NADHFADH

ATPATP

Fermentationsreaktioner

Pyruvat

AcCoA

Laktat

AcetateEtanol

AcetaldehydNADHNAD+

NADHNAD+ATP

Redox

Glukos

2 ATP2 NADHGlukolys

2 Pyruvat

-

Page 22: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Biochemical events in activated sludge

CO2+H2O+SO42-

PO43-+NO3

-

Organics(C, H, O, N, P, S)

+Oxygen

+Biomass

Mineralised productsEnergy (ATP)

Reducing PowerPrecursors

Catabolism

Anabolism

Biomass Waste

Page 23: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Organiskt material bryts ner av mikroorganismer i luftningsbassängen.

Slammet (biomassa och organiskt material)avskiljs från det renade vattnet i sedimenteringsbassängen..

Traditionell ASP

Page 24: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Flocken är fundamentet i aktivt slam.

• Snabb och effektiv sedimentering

• Icke sedimenterbara partiklar adorberastill flocken.

• Biologisk aktivitet är koncentreradtill flocken.

Sedimentering

Page 25: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

• Slemproducerande bakterier “klistrar” ihop flocken

• Filamentbildande bakterier är flockens “armering”.

• Bakterier är en förutsättning för flockbildning.

• Flockbildande förmåga är självreglerande i systemet.

Flockar skapas av flera olika sortersmikroorganismer.

Page 26: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Sedimenteringsproblem som beror på mikroorganismer

Problem Orsak Konsekvens1. Dispergerad tillväxt Inga riktiga flockar bildas

då mikroorganismerna förekommer som enskilda celler

Utgående vatten är grumligt, dålig sedimentering

2. Mikroflockar Små, svaga flockar som lätt slås sönder. Uppstår då BOD i inkommande vatten är låg i förhållande till SS-halten

Utgående vatten är grumligt, lågt SVI

3. Flytslam Spontan denitrifikation i sedimenteringsbassängerna vid långa uppehållstider

Slamtäcke i sedimenteringsbassänger

Page 27: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Sedimenteringsproblem som beror på mikroorganismer

Problem Orsak Konsekvens4. Viskös slamsvällning Mycket extracellulära

polymerer. Vanligt i verk för industriellt avloppsvatten med låg halt av fosfor eller kväve

Dålig sedimentering, slam i utgående vatten

5. Filamentös slamsvällning

Mycket filamentbildande bakterier som sammanbinder flockar eller skapar flockar med hålrum, t ex Microthrix

Högt SVI, och i svåra fall slamflykt, men klar vattenfas

6. Skumning Hydrofoba, skumbildande bakterier tex Nocardiaoch Microthrix

Stabilt skum på ytan av bassänger, slam i utgående vatten, skumning i rötkamrarna, hälsorisk

Page 28: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Exempel på slamsvällning

Page 29: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Microthrix parvicella

Type 021N

Page 30: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Filamentbildande bakterier

Slamsvällning Skumbildning

”Microthrix parvicella” Microthrix parvicella”

”Nostocoida limicola” Nocardia eller Nocardia amarae-liknande organismer (NALO)

Typ 021N Typ 021N

Typ 0803 Aktinomyceter

Thiothrix

Det finns ca 30 kändafilamentbildare i ASP

10 st står för 90 % av incidenterna

Geografiska skillnader

Få har "riktiga" namn

Page 31: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep
Page 32: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Vad skall man göra?

Lär känna slammet för att hålla koll på filamenten:

1. Bestäm slamvolymindex (SVI)

SVI>150 indikerar risk!

SÄSVSVI ⋅=1000

Page 33: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Vad skall man göra?

2. Mikroskopera slammet regelbundet och bestäm

a) filamenthalt

b) typ av filament

Page 34: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep
Page 35: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Filamentbildande mikroorganismer i aktivslamflockar

Page 36: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Vad skall man göra?

De vanligaste sätten att förska hålla nere filamenthalten är att:

1. Minska slamåldern2. Öka eller minska luftningen.3. Införa selektorer/kontaktzoner.4. Bekämpa med toxiska ämnen.

Ingen av dessa metoder är generellt tillförlitliga.

Kunskapen om filamentbildande bakteriers svar olika parametrar är bristfällig.

Page 37: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Minskad filamenthalt efter ozonbehandlingTotal Filament Growth

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Extended Filament Growth

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Page 38: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2010-09-06 · SQI. Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb . ml/g. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Control Experimental. NH4 After Final Settler. Aug Sep

Bättre slamkvalitet – oförändrad N-rening efter ozonbehandling

SQI

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