microanatomy-cytology (cells) - cuyamaca college · 2020-05-05 · • extra cellular matrix •...
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Microanatomy-Cytology(cells)
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Levels of Organization
least complex most complexChemical level>cellular level>Tissue level>Organ level>Organ system level>Organism level
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Cytology• Cytology-the study of the structure and function
of cells• Cells are:
– the structural “building blocks” of all life – smallest structural unit that performs all vital functions
• The humans body is made of 75 trillion cells• Two main types-
– Reproductive cells-sperm & ova-reproductive cells• Cells are produced by division of preexisting cells
– Somatic cell-all other cells of the body (muscle, bones, fat, neural, skin, blood, immune cells…)
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Fig
2.3
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Fig
2.2
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plasma membrane/ phospholipidbilayer/cell membrane/ plasmalemma
• Isolates the cell from the environment• Structural support-intercellular attachment• The membrane regulates interaction with
the environment
Intracellular fluid
Extracellularfluid
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• The membrane selectively allows the passage of water, nutrients, gases, wastes, secretory products, ions, & gases into/out of the cell
• The structure of the plasma membrane allows for its selectivity (Remember structure follows function!)
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Membrane Structure
• The plasma membrane is made of phospholipid molecules
• Phospholipids are amiphipathic molecules• Amiphipathic - opposite ends of the molecule
have a different affinity for H2O
hp
hb
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• Hp-hydrophilic “loves”, interacts with water• Hb-hydrophobic “hates”, will not interact with
water• A phospholipid bilayer has two layer of
phospholipids arranged with the hb regions facing each other
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Membrane Structure
H2O
H2O
hb
hp
hp
H2O
H2Ohp
hbhp
H2O
H2O
H2O
Membrane structure is fluid
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Proteins
• Types:– Integral proteins-span across the membrane– Peripheral proteins-on one side of the
membraneProteins function as: Channels thru a membraneReceptors
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Carbohydrates-sugar
• On outer surface of membrane• Function as receptors
• Glycolipids• Glycoproteins
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Cholesterol
• Adds stability to a membrane
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Fig
2.5
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Membrane permeabilityPassive transport
• Passive transport– Dependant on a concentration gradient– Passive = requires no energy
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable• Some material can pass thru the membrane
some material can’t
• Distinction based on size, charge, shape, & solubility
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• Diffusion• Osmosis• Filtration• Facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion
• Tendency for molecules to spread out from each other
• Molecules move from a concentrated area to a less concentrated area
• The membrane selectivelyrestricts diffusion in & out ofthe cell
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Fig
2.6
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Osmosis-diffusion of water
• Diffusion of H20 across a membrane from a region of high [H20] to a region of low [H20]
• If an osmotic gradient exists water will diffuse until the gradient is eliminated
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The difference in solute concentration and the selectively permeable membrane allows for osmosis
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• Facilitated diffusion-receptors aid in diffusion
• Filtration-hydrostatic pressure forces movement of water and solutes
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Membrane permeability-Active Transport
• Uses energy to move molecules across a membrane
• Movement of molecules from a [lower] to a [higher]
• Involves the use of proteins and energy• Cells use energy call ATP
– Adenosine Triphosphate
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• Ion pumps
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Membrane & endocytosis
• Membrane distorts its shape to move molecules
• Endocytosis-moving molecules into the cell
• three types: • phagocytosis, pinocytosis,
receptor mediated endocytosis
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Phagocytosis
• Pseudopodia surround the molecule and the membranes fuse to trap the molecules in the cell
Fig
2.7
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Pinocytosis
• The cell membrane forms an invaginationthen pinches it off trapping the molecules in the cell
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Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
• A more selective form of pinocytosis• The vesicles contain a specific molecule in
higher concentration than in pinocytosis
• The ligands bind to the receptors then the vesicle forms bringing specific molecules into the cell
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The receptors make this more selective about what enters the cell
The receptors make this more selective about what enters the cell
Fig
2.8
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Exocytosis
• Moving molecules out of the cell
• A vesicle fuses to the inside of the membrane releasing contents to the extracellular fluid
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Intercellular attachment
• Extra Cellular Matrix• Proteins & sugars that hold adjoining cells
together
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Cell Junctions
• There are three major types of cell junctions:
• Tight junction• Desmosome• Gap junction
Fig
2.19
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• Tight junction-holds cells together
• Does not allow molecules & water to pass between adjacent cells.
• Found near the surface of exposed tissues
Fig
2.19
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• Desmosome-holds cells together, much stronger than tight junctions Fig
2.19
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• Gap junction-a channel between adjoining cells.
• Allows molecules to directly pass from one cell to another
Fig
2.19
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Organelles
• The space inside of a cell is called the cytoplasm.
• Many organelles (tiny organs) are located within the cytoplasm
• Intracellular fluid is cytosol– Membrane regulates contents of cytosol
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CytoskeletonFig
2.9
At the inside boarder of cell membrane
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Thick filaments
microtubules
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Microvilli
Fig
2.3
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Centrioles
Fig
2.10
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Fig
2.3
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Fig
2.3
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Fig
2.3
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Fig
2.3
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Fig
2.3
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Fig
2.3
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Fig
2.3
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• Quiz 1-1st two lectures, lab 1 & 3
• Lab clean up- chairs & models
• Labs 2 & 3 in 10 minutes
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Projector screenDoor
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Microscopes
• Carry with both hands
• When finished:• Turn off lamp, turn intensity to zero• Lower & center stage• Put to low power objective• Wrap up cord• Place in appropriate space in cabinet
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Cross sections
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