micro-p 1

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

1/28

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER

UNIT 1 :INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORAND MICROCOMPUTER

INTRODUCTION:

Since the introduction of the IBM PC, the microprocessor market has matured

significantly. Today, several complete family of 16 and 32 bit microprocessors are

available. They all include support product such as a very large scale intergrated(VLSI)

peripheral devices, emulators, and high level software languages. Over the same period

of time, these higher performance microprocessors have become more widely used in

the design of new electronic equipment and computers.

This topic will review of the general architecture of microcomputer system, evolution of

the microprocessors system .

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of this topic are to:

1. Equip trainees with the basic knowledge of microcomputer system and its

components.

2. Lets trainees knows the evolution of microprocessors system

3. Introduce trainees with the new term of computer system

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

After completed this module trainees should be able to :

1. Understand the basic general architecture of microcomputer system.

2. Differentiate the microprocessor and microcomputer

3. Know the hardware of microcomputer

4. Know the function of the hardware of microcomputer

5. Know the evolution of the intel microprocessor architecture

5. Know the computer terminology

1

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

2/28


1.1 GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF A MICROCOMPUTERSYSTEM.

1.11 Overview of Microprocessor

Microprocessor is a special device ( IC ) which able to fetch , decode and execute theprogrammed instructions which stored in the memory.

* Fetch can read in , take out

* Decode translating , interpreting

* Execute take an action , run the program

Figure1.11 8088 Intel Microprocessor

Microprocessor consists of three elements , that is ALU , Register Unit and Control Unit.

ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction also logic

operations such as NOT, AND , OR and EX- OR. During the execution of a program ,

data are temporarily stored in any of the many registers that make up this unit.

Control Unit provides the timing and control signals for getting data into and out of the

microprocessor, for performing programmed instructions and for all others operations.

When a microprocessor is connected to a memory device and provided with ameans of transferring data to and from the outside world , you have a

microcomputer.

2

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

3/28


1.12 General Architecture

The hardware of a microcomputer system can be divided into four functional sections:

i. Input unit.

ii. Micro processing unit. (MPU)

iii. Memory unit.

iv. Output unit

Figure 1.12 General Architecture of a Microcomputer system.

Input Unit

This unit allows the user to input information or commands to the MPU; for instance, a

programmer could key in the lines of a BASIC program from the keyboard. Many other

input devices are available for the PC; examples include a mouse, for implementing a

more user-friendly input interface, and a joystick, for use when playing video games.

3

Memory unit SecondaryStorageMemory

Primary storage memoryData storagememory

Programstoragememory

MPUInputunit

Outputunit

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

4/28


MPU

The MPU is the part of the microcomputer that executes instructions of the program and

process data. It is responsible for performing all arithmetic operation and making the

logical decisions initiated by the computers program. It also controls overall system

operation.

Output Unit

This unit used to give feedback to user and for producing documented results. For

example, key entries from the keyboard are echoed back to the display; that is, by

looking at the screen of the display, the user can confirm that the correct entry was

made. The results produced by the MPUs processing can be either displayed or printed.

Memory

The memory unit is used to store information, such as number or character data. By

store it mean that memory has the ability to hold this information for processing or for

outputting at a later time. Programs that define how the computer is to operate and

process data also reside in memory.

The memory can be categorized in two sections:

i. Primary storage memory

ii. Secondary storage memory

i. Primary Storage Memory

Smaller in size.

Used for temporary storage of active information such operating system,

the program that is currently being run and the data that it is processing.

Implement with ROM and RAM. ROM is a nonvolatile; that is, the

information is not lost if power is turned off. RAM is volatile memory,when

power is turned off,the data will lost.

This memory storage is subdivided into two section; that is

4

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

5/28


(a) Program storage memory

- Store instruction of the operating system and application program.

( b) Data storage memory

-Contains data that are to be processed by the programs as they are

executed.

ii. Secondary storage memory

Used for long-term storage of information that is not currently being used.

Example; Programs, file of data and files of information.

(a)Floppy disk drive:

Media can be removed. R/W media, file of data can be read in from or written out to the

storage media.

Could store up to 1.44Mbyte.

(b) Pen drive

Media can be remove

R/W media, file of data can be read in or written out to the storagemedia.

Could store up to more than 1Gbyte.

(c) Hard disk drive:

Media cannot be removed fix and portable

Larger storage memory.

R/W media.

(d) CD drive:

Very large storage capacity, more than

Normally used for storage of large programs or files of data that are

not to be change.

Read only storage.

5

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

6/28


(e) CD R/W:

Very large storage capacity

Used to copy files or data to CD

R/W media.

6

Exercise 1.1

1. What are the four building blocks of microcomputer system ?

2. What is the heart of the microcomputer called ?

3. Is the 8088 an 8 bit or 16 bit microprocessor ?

4. What is the primary input unit of PC ?. give two examples of i/p unit available forthe PC .

5. What are the primary output devices of the PC ?

6. What do ROM and RAM stand for ?

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

7/28

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

8/28


Figure 1.2 Evolution of the Intel microprocessor architecture

Table 1.3 illustrates the evolution of Intels microprocessors since their introduction in

1972.

Year Processor 1972 4004

1974 80081975 8080

1977 8085

1979 8086

1980 8088

1982 80186,80286

1983 80188

1985 80C186,80C188

1986 803861990 80386EX, 80486

1993 Pentium processor1995 Pentium pro processor

1998 PentiumII processor

1999 Pentium III

2000 Pentium IV

2003 Pentium M

2004 Pentium 4 HT

2005 Pentium D

Table 1.3 evolution of Intel microprocessors

4004

The first generation of microprocessor

Design to process data arranged as 4 bit words (a nibble)

Implement a very low performance microcomputer by today standard.

Used for simpler, special purpose applications.

Commonly used in electronic calculators.

8008.8080 and 8085

The second generation of microprocessor.

8 bit microprocessors.

Design to process 8 bit ( 1 byte wide ) data.

Higher performance operation, larger system capabilities and greater ease ofprogramming.

Used for special purpose system designs. Example ; electronics instruments,cash register and printers.

8

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

9/28


8086 family (8086,8088,80186,80188 and 80286)

8086

The third generation of microprocessor.

The first Intel 16 bit processors.

Introduced in 1979

8088

16 bit processor and 8 bit external bus version.

Introduced in 1980

80186,80188 and 80286

16 bit processors.

Provided higher performance and had the ability to satisfy a broad scope of

special purpose and general purpose microcomputer application. Have ability to handle 8-bit,16-bit, and special-purpose data types and their

powerful instruction sets are more in line with those provided by a minicomputer.

80386DX

Introduced in 1985

The first generation of 32-bit microprocessor.

Change minicomputer level to microcomputer level.

80386SX

Introduced in 1988

32-bit microprocessor

16- bit external bus version.

80486DX

Introduced in 1989

Intel second generation of 32 bit microprocessors.

80486SX

Introduced in 1990

Intel 32 bit microprocessors and 16 bit external bus.

9

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

10/28


Pentium processor

Introduced in 1993

32 bit processor Higher performance family.

1.21 Microprocessor Performance: MIPS and iCOMP

Performance of microprocessors is measured in what are called MIPS that is how

many million instructions they can execute per second.

Notice that performance of microprocessor increased with each new generation.

MIPS are measured by running a test program called Drystone program, and the

resulting performance measurement are normalized to those of a VAX 1.1

computer (VAX 1.1 was a minicomputer manufactured by Digital Equipment

Corporation).

Example: The 80486DX is capable of delivering up to 27 VAX MIPS of

performance.

The second method of measuring microprocessor performance is the iCOMPindex.

This method is provided by Intel Corporation for comparison of the performance

of their 32-bit microprocessors in a personal computer environment.

The higher the iCOMP rating, the higher the performance offered by the MPU.

10

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

11/28


11

Exercise 1.2

1. What are the standard data word lengths for which microprocessor havebeen developed?

2. What was the first 4 bit microprocessor introduced by intel corporation? 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit.

3. Named five 16-bit members of the 8086 family architecture.

4. What do the MIPS stand for ?.

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

12/28


1.3 TERM AND CONVERSION

Term

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange )

The ASCII code has 128 standard characters and a further 128 characters that vary from

machine to machine and country to country. ASCII be being replaced by a 16 bit code

with 65536 characters that can represent every text character in the world including

those used historically.

Codes with special meanings to DOS, Printers or ANSI screens.

Decimal0 Nul NULL character. ( End of text string marker. )

7 Bel Bell or beep character.

8 Bak Delete or back space character.

9 Tab TAB character.

10 Lf Line Feed (start a new line).

13 Cr is the Carriage Return code.

26 Eof DOS End Of File code.

27 Esc Escape code. It has special effects on printers and ANSI screens.

ANSI = American National Standards Institute.

32 Spa Space Character.

255 Nul another NULL character.

12

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

13/28


386

CPU chips in IBM compatible computers are typically numbered 086, 186, 286, 386,

486, 586 or Pentium. 086 chips are now regarded as old fashioned and slow. The

Pentium pro was the latest chip when this was written. To run Windows, a 386 chip isthe minimum recommended.

8 Bit CPU

The CPU has registers and connections to the outside world that are 8 bits wide. 16

bit and 32 bit CPUs are also common, more powerful and more expensive. 64 bit

CPUs exist but are not common (1995)

80x86The family of Intel chips numbered 8086, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium.

Accelerator Key

Improves your productivity. For example Alt+F4 closes the current window and is

quicker to press than the equivalent mouse or menu actions.

Analogue

Electronic systems that deal with continuously varying signals. Radio, TV and HiFi

systems are all analogue. CD Players are digital but the digital signals must be

converted to analogue before being sent to the HiFi system.

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

Architecture

CPU designs are more complex than typical building designs. Computer architecture

is equivalent to building architecture. To make best use of a computer, it is useful to

know something about the computer design or architecture.

13

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

14/28


ASCII

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This is an eight bit code.

There are 128 characters which are standard. There are a further 128 characters

that vary depending on the country and the graphics symbols required by and

printers. American ASCII is being replaced by International Unicode.

ASCII

Code zero is used to mark the end of text strings.

ASM

The usual file extension for assembly code programs

Assembler

Assembly code

Human readable commands like MOV AL,33 correspond closely to CPU machine

codes. The assembler program translates the human readable codes into machine

codes readable by the CPU

Backup copy

Copies of files kept in case of disaster. These should be kept in a secure place away

from the computer system they belong to. Important files should be backed up in

more than one place. Sod's law applies to back up files. The file you is the one you

have failed to back up.

Base Address

The start address of an object stored in memory. For example : The IBM PC VGA

screen base address is B800:0000 followed by 4000 more bytes.

Binary

Base two numbers used by digital systems. Count with two symbols [ 0 1 ] Binary

numbers are composed of noughts and ones. Electronically this is achieved by

circuits that are switched off or on.

14

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

15/28


Bit Masks

Patterns of noughts and ones used with AND, OR and XOR to extract or inserts bits

into bytes.

Bits

Binary digits. Single digits that are nought or one.

Byte

Eight Bits.

Carriage Return

ASCII code 13 used to move the printer carriage or head to the left of the page. The

screen cursor performs in the equivalent way. See also - Line Feed

Case Sensitive

Upper and lower case are taken to be different. This simulator is not case sensitive.

Chip

Shorthand for microchip or integrated circuit. The CPU is often referred to as the

CPU Chip.

Click

Usually the left mouse button being pressed when the mouse is pointing at a screen

object.

Clock

The CPU clock steps the computer and CPU at regular time intervals keeping all

parts of the computer in step. A typical clock speed might be 160 Megahertz.

Comments

These begin with ';' and are used to explain what the program is doing. Good

comments explain why things are being done. Bad comments simply repeat what is

obvious by looking at the code.

15

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

16/28


Conditional Jumps

These jumps either take place or not depending on the flags in the status register.

See JS, JNS, JO, JNO, JZ, JNZ, JMP.

Control Key

This is used to give keys special meanings. For example the combination of the

control key with the F4 function key will close a window in some software packages.

Control Systems

Industrial and domestic equipment is frequently controlled by a small microcomputer

called a microcontroller. The control system is programmed once for life so a TV

remote controller can not be re-programmed as a washing machine controller.

CPU

Central Processing Unit. The part of the computer that does the computations.

Usually this is a single microchip.

Cursor

A flashing symbol that indicates position within text. Alternatively the mouse cursor

indicates the mouse position. Special purpose cursors are used in some software.

Data tables

These store numbers, text or pointers to other data objects. It is easier to look after

data in a table than data scattered throughout a program. It is good style to use data

tables.

Decimal Base 10 numbers.

Count with ten symbols. [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ]

Digital Electronic

Systems that use binary. Computers use binary numbers and are digital. HiFi

systems do not use binary and are not digital. (A HiFi remote control system is

digital) See analogue.

16

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

17/28


Direct

Same as Immediate.

Directory or Folder

File systems are organised into directories in much the same way that filing cabinets

are organised into draws and folders. Your files should be stored in a directory that

you have created. This keeps your files from getting muddled up with all the other

files on the computer.

Divide by zero

This will cause an error. Any number divided by zero is infinitely big. This can not be

calculated.

End Of File

ASCII code 26 used to indicate the end of MS DOS text files.

Escape ASCII code 27

This character is often interpreted in a special way by programs, VDUs and printers.

Executable Code

Non human readable program code executed by the CPU.

Explorer

See File Manager

Extension

The MS DOS file extension is zero or more characters after the dot in the file name.

Word processor files often have .DOC on the end. Assembly code files end in .ASM

F1 Key

Commonly this accesses the on line help.

17

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

18/28


File

Data stored on disk or tape. When the data is loaded from the file into RAM, it could

consist of a program or data used by the program.

File Manager or Explorer

A windows program that enables you to manage your files. Copying, renaming and

deleting files and directories are typical file management tasks.

Flags

The Sign, Zero and Overflow flags in the status register indicate the outcome of the

previous calculation. See S Flag, O flag and Z flag.

Floppy disk

Used to store files. 3.5 inch disks have a hard rectangular plastic casing to protect

the thin floppy disk inside. Older disks are actually floppy. The case is bendy

cardboard.

Folder

See Directory

Function keys

F1, F2 ... F10. These keys have special purposes depending on the software in use.

F1 usually activates help. F10 usually activates the menu.

General Purpose Registers

AL, BL, CL and DL are used to store data and perform calculations.

Graphics

Images, pictures and geometrical shapes are examples of graphics. Windowsdisplays everything as graphics. This gives good looking displays but a lot of

processing is needed to achieve it.

18

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

19/28


Hard disk

A disk that can not normally be removed from the computer. Most computer files are

stored on the hard disk. There should also be backup copies stored elsewhere in

case the hard disk fails.

Hexadecimal

Base 16 numbers. Count with 16 symbols. [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F ]

Hexadecimal and Binary are easily converted which is why hexadecimal is used.

Hot Keys

Ctrl+S and Ctrl+O are examples of hot keys. These give quick access to menu

options. Ctrl+S gives the File Save command. Ctrl+O gives the File Open command.

Immediate

The instruction MOV AL,25 is an example of an immediate instruction. See also :

Register, Indirect, Register indirect and MOV.

Indirection

This is where data in RAM is referred to with a pointer. For example MOV AL,[20]

moves the data from RAM location 20 into the AL register. [20] is a pointer to the

RAM location. The technique is called indirection. See MOV, Immediate, Register,

Register indirect

Instruction Pointer

IP points to the instruction being executed. When the instruction is complete, the IP is

moved onto the next instruction. In the RAM displays, the instruction pointer is

highlighted red with yellow text.

Instruction SetThe set of instructions that are recognised by a CPU. Typical instructions are Move,

Add and Subtract.

19

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

20/28


Interrupt routine

A program fragment designed to be activated at any time that an interrupt occurs.

The fragment is stored at an address pointed to by an interrupt vector. Interrupts can

be triggered by hardware. For example a key press or the printer running out of

paper cause a hardware interrupt. The CPU switches to the code that handles the

interrupt. When finished, the CPU continues with its earlier task.

Interrupt Vector

A pointer stored in a table. The pointer points at the interrupt handler. See INT.

IO

Short for Input Output. See IN and OUT

Least significant bit

LSB. The right most bit in a byte which is worth 0 or 1.

LIFO

See Stack.

Line Feed

ASCII code 10 used to start a new line on the printed page or screen. See also -

Carriage Return.

List File

This is generated by the simulator assembler. It contains the program written by the

programmer. It also contains the machine codes generated by the assembler.

Low level

Low level programming is done using the CPU machine code or mnemonics the areclose to the machine codes.

LSB

Least Significant Bit. Right hand bit in a byte. Has a value of 1.

20

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

21/28


Machine codes

Machine codes are executed by the CPU See Assembly codes.

Human readable commands MOV AL,55

Hexadecimal equivalent D0 00 55

Binary machine code 110100000000000001010101

Megabytes

One million bytes.

Megahertz

MHz. Million clock cycles per second. A 33 MHz clock means that the CPU performs

33 million steps per second. These sorts of speeds are needed to fill screens with

high resolution graphics quickly.

Memory Mapped

Memory mapped hardware is controlled by writing data into memory locations

occupied by that hardware device. This simulator has a memory mapped screen so

each screen position corresponds to a memory location.

Microchip

Complex electronic circuits miniaturised onto a single wafer or chip of silicon

Microcontroller

Usually a single chip microcircuit containing a CPU and RAM. Microcontrollers are

used in TV remote controllers, washing machines, digital clocks, microwave ovens,

industrial plant controllers, car engine management systems and computer games.

MicroprocessorA single chip CPU.

Mnemonic

A memorable and human readable item like MOV that corresponds to a non

memorable item like 11010000 that means the same thing.

21

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

22/28


Most significant bit

MSB. The left most bit in a byte which is worth 128.

MSB

Most Significant Bit. The left hand bit in a byte. It has a value of 128 decimal or

80Hex if the byte is unsigned (positive numbers only). It has a value of -128 if the

byte is signed (positive and negative numbers). The MSB has a value that depends

on how wide in bits the data storage location is.

Multiplexing

Combining two or more data flows onto a single carrying medium. For example a

thousand telephone calls can be carried on a single cable. De-multiplexing separates

the channels and routes them to their correct destinations.

NULL

ASCII code zero used to mark the end of text strings.

O Flag

The O or overflow Flag in the status register indicates if the previous calculation

overflowed its register.

Off Line

Computer resources that will be connected and made available at some later time.

Off line resources do not need interaction with the user.

On Line

Computer resources that are connected and can be accessed with a negligible or

short time delay. On line resources usually need interaction with the user.

OP Code

A binary code that the CPU can interpret as a command. These correspond to

commands like MOV and ADD.

22

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

23/28


Overflow Flag

This is set if the result of the previous calculation was too big to fit the register.

Parameters

Data passed into procedures of functions. Parameters can be passed using

registers, RAM locations or the Stack.

Peripherals

Hardware plugged into the computer. Anything from a keyboard or mouse to a power

station or chemical works.

Pointers

In the command MOV AL,[25] the 25 is a pointer to the RAM location with address

25. See indirection.

Ports

Input Output Ports. Peripherals are connected to ports. The IN and OUT machine

instructions are used to communicate with the peripherals.

Procedures

Code fragments that can be used many times during the execution of a program.

See CALL and RET in the instruction set.

Programs

Instructions executed by a computer to perform tasks.

Ram

Random access memory. Electronic memory that stores bytes. Normal RAM forgets

what it was storing when switched off.

Recursion

A powerful technique where a procedure or function re-uses itself to achieve a task.

23

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

24/28


Register

A location in the CPU where data is stored. This simulator has four general purpose

registers called AL, BL, CL and DL. It has special purpose registers called IP, SR

and SP.

Register

In the instruction CMP AL,BL registers are being compared. See also : Immediate,

Indirect, Register indirect.

Register indirect.

In the instruction MOV AL,[BL] the BL register contains a pointer to a RAM location.

The data in this RAM location is moved into AL. This is a register indirect move. See

also : Immediate, Indirect and Register.

Repetition

This is achieved by using jump commands to make the program jump back and

repeat instructions.

Reset CPU

Clear the general purpose registers to zero. Set IP to zero. Set the flags to Zero. Set

the stack pointer to BF. The stack grows downwards from address FB.

Return address

The address stored on the stack that the program returns to when a procedure or

interrupt is complete.

Run

Run a program. Programs are collections of stored instructions that are usually

inactive. To run a program, it must be copied from disk into RAM and the CPU isgiven the address of the first instruction in the program so it can run it

Unicode

A 65536 character code including every text character for all languages in the world

including most dead (disused) languages. This code is replacing ASCII

24

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

25/28


S Flag

The S or sign flag in the status register indicates if the previous calculation gave a

negative result.

Save a file

Copy processed data from RAM onto disk.

Seven segment

displays are used in digital clocks, watches, calculators and so on. Numbers are built

up by illuminating combinations of the seven segments.

Sign bit

The left most bit in a binary number that is used to indicate if the number is positive

or negative.

Sign Flag

This is set if a calculation gives a negative result.

Signed Numbers

Numbers where the left most bit is the sign bit.

Simulator

Computer software that models reality in some way. Virtual reality aims to make the

simulation so realistic that it seems real. Most simulations are designed to be useful

rather than realistic.

Source Code

The human readable program code typed into the computer. See executable code.

SP

The stack pointer register. In the RAM displays, the stack pointer is highlighted blue

with yellow text.

25

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

26/28


SR

The status register.

Stack

An area of memory used for temporary storage according to the LIFO rule. Last in

First out. The stack is used to save register contents for later restoration, pass

parameters into procedures and return results, reverse the order in which data is

stored, save addresses so procedures can return to the right place and there are

other uses include doing postfix arithmetic.

Stack Pointer

Points to the next free location on the stack. In the RAM displays, the stack pointer

is highlighted blue with yellow text.

Status Register

The status Register contains status flags that indicate the outcome of the previous

calculation. The flags are Sign, Zero and Overflow.

Stepper motor

A special motor that rotates in small controlled angular movements. It is used

commonly in printers, plotters and medical instruments.

Task Switching

Use Alt Tab to task switch manually. Operating systems also task switch

automatically. For example when word processing, the clock display continues to

work because from time to time the operating system switches tasks to keep both

going.

ThermostatA temperature controlled switch. On when too cold. Off when too hot.

26

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

27/28


Token List

When programs are translated into machine code, one of the first steps is to convert

the source code of the program into tokens. These are not usually human readable.

The tokens are designed to occupy minimal memory.

Twos complement

Binary numbers where the left most bit determines whether the number is positive or

negative.

Unsigned numbers

Numbers without a sign bit. These are always positive.

VDU

Visual display unit. Computer output is commonly displayed on the VDU. There are

several VDU display technologies.

Write

A simple Windows word processor. Data is saved to disk in a format unique to the

Write program.

Z Flag

The Z or zero flag is set it the previous calculation result was zero.

27

8/8/2019 Micro-p 1

28/28


SUMMARY

In this unit we have studied :

1. The hardware of a microprocessor system can be divided into four section , that is

input unit , micro processing unit ( MPU ), memory unit and output unit.

2. Evolution of the 8088 microprocessor system begin with 4 bit micprocessor , then

8 bit , 16 bit 32 bit and 64 bit.

3. Microprocessor performance is measured in MIPS and Icomp.

4. Term and conversion in the microprocessor and microcomputer world.

ANSWERS

EXERCISE 1.1

1. Four building blocks of microprocessor system are , input unit , output unit , MPU ,

and memory unit.

2. The heart of microcomputer called MPU.

3. 8088 IS 16 bit.

4. Primary input unit is keyboard. 2 another examples of input unit are joystick and

mouse.

5. The primary output device of the PC is printer.

6. ROM Read only memory, RAM Random Access Read / Write Memory.

EXERCISE 1.2

1. 4 bit , 8bit , 16 bit , 32 bit and 64 bit.

2. First 4 bit is 4004 , 8 bit is 8008/ 8080, 16 bit is 8086 and 32 bit is 80386DX.

3. Five , 16 bit members of the 8086 family are 8086 , 8088 , 80186, 80188 and 80286.

4. MIPS million instruction per second.

micro-p 1

Documents