micro-cogeneration: is there a kw in your future · micro-cogeneration: is there a kw in your...
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Micro-Cogeneration:Is There a KW in Your Future ?
Skip HaydenRenewable and Integrated Energy Systems
Better Buildings by Design 2010Burlington, February 2010
Natural ResourcesCanada
Ressources naturellesCanada
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Integrated Energy Systems
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Objectives• Appreciate what micro-cogeneration is
• Understand the range of advanced micro-cogeneration technologies now impending on the North American marketplace
• Understand the potential energy, environmental and system advantages offered by micro-cogeneration
• See how you may have your own kw in your future.
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What are youlooking for
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CCHT: Canadian Centre for Housing Technologies
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CCHT Research Houses
• Located in Ottawa and operated by three agencies – NRCan, NRC & CMHC
• Consists of two identical research houses and townhouse-type info-demo centre
• Houses Design Heat Loss – > 40,000 BTU/hr
• Both houses are under Simulated Occupancy Protocol
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Microgeneration• A notion of generation both heat and power on site
to serve the thermal load <50kW th and electrical <30kW el plus the grid
• May employ any combination of electrical generation and storage technologies that are on or off grid
• Technologies – Stirling Engines, IC Engines, Fuel cells, microturbines, thermophotovoltaics, thermoelectrics, solar
• or combinations of the above
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Micro-Cogen Concept
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Benchmark Architecture (natural gas fueled, outdoor unit, current technology)
Intelligent Home
Load management
Inverter / Charger
Battery
DC Bus:
AC Bus:gridparallel
Cogeneration System
IC engine + 3 way catalystVariable Speed DC outputShaft driven heat pumpHydronic Interface
electricity from grid
fuel
managed AC loads
radiant floor heat
pool heat
weather inputs
occupancy inputs
space heating
domestic hot water
normal AC loads
Inputs: Outputs:
space cooling
distilled water (?)
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Why Microgeneration?• Latest Advances in Building Technologies
• Security of Power Supply
• Control Over Assets
• Economics
• Reduce need for new power generation facilities
• Reduce GHG’s
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Potential functions / specifications
• “Occasional Stand-By Service”:– Drawn from battery storage for a couple of hours max during occasional grid interruptions– Supplies managed loads such as refrigerator, freezer, well pumps, controls, alarms etc– Availability of about 1000 hours over 10 years– Competes with the idea of buying a gasoline generator – Can recharge during night at lowest grid rates (Ontario model)
• “ Peak Rate Avoidance & Emergency Service”:– Drawn from engine during daily peak electricity pricing period (Ontario model)– Supplies heating / cooling needs, domestic hot water and selected loads– Availability of 4 to 6 hours x 5 days per week resulting in 13,000 hours over 10 years– Satisfies need for independence and preserves occupant comfort during emergencies – Theoretical potential to zero out electricity bill
• “Continuous Cogeneration Service”– Stirling engines and fuel cells will run longer at lower capacity with higher inherent E/Q ratios– May need electricity storage even more than the IC engine option above – Non-reciprocating systems promise longer life with lower maintenance
• “Off-Grid Luxury Service”– Architecture suitable for integration of solar- PV / wind and solar- thermal – Propane or Bio-diesel capability for luxury market segment
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Myths, Facts and Customer Mindset…
• Myths:– Grid interconnection is a must (it’s doubtful customers will invest
their own money to put electricity on the grid)– High electrical efficiency is a must (E/Q ratio is more significant)– 500 $/Kw must be attained (< 10 Kw it’s irrelevant, it’s the up front
incremental cost premium and monthly charges relative to other alternatives that counts – domestic cogeneration systems compete for disposable income like any other consumer purchase)
• Facts:– Reliability, low maintenance, low noise and low emissions are very
important • Customer Mindset:
– It’s an appliance - integrated products are essential– We are surveying how Canadian customers value each function– “independence”; “comfort” ;“value” and “image” may sell
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Microgeneration – Technology Options
• PEM and SOFC Fuel Cells• Stirling Engines• Reciprocating Engines• Thermophotovoltaics• Thermoelectric• others
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Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
• Modulating output • Efficiency 35-45% • Pure H2 or external reformer• Field trials around the globe
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
• Output 1-50 kW electric• Internal reforming• Efficiency 45-50%
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Trial• Fuel cell operated for over 2 months. • Operating period covered
– mid-winter conditions (outdoor temperatures for a few days in the range of –10C to –20C)
– Shoulder season conditions –Spring 2005
– Summer conditions – several days with no space heating.
• Fuel Cell was in good operating condition throughout the project, and on its return.
• Fuel Cell demo project was successful as it met the objectives of the project.
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Electrical Wiring
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Power Generation and Load SatisfiedTest House Electricity Consumption and Supplies(Excluding Data Acqisition and Heat Dissipation)
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Time
Pow
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W)
Fuel Cell Electricity supplied to House
Fuel Cell Electricity Exported to Grid
Utility Electricity supplied to House
CCHT Test House Consumption
20-Mar-05
19.148.40.6
19.7
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Stirling Engine• External combustor• Close to mass production • Electric efficiency 10-25%• Large field trials in Europe• Seen as a replacement of
heaters and boilers (& Central Generating Plant)
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External Combustor Cogeneration Stirling
Engine• Gaseous or Liquid (bio) Fuels – AC, and DC
“backbone”• Generates heat and electricity• Optimize BOP• Alternative renewable energy sources
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EnMax Pilot – Calgary, December 2007
• AC WhisperGen generating 1kW, propane fired
•• Provided both heat and DHW to
the home this winter
• Integrated with radiant floor heating through a LatentoTM latent heat exchange thermal storage tank
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Stirling Engine MicroCogen System with Electrical Storage
• Demonstrating combination system integration (forced air space heat and DHW)
• Investigating performance advantage of lithium-ion vslead-acid batteries
• Exploring economics and environmental impacts using typical house electrical and thermal profiles
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Stirling Engine Trials
• 6 kW (~20,000 BTU/hour) heat generated
• 750W electrical generated; 575W useable on the grid
• 115kg; 400mm x 550mm x 850mm
• Startup time before core reaches 70°C ranges from 0 - 30 min, depending on setup. The shortest uses no cooling water until core is at 60°C
• Shutdown time is 20-35 mins. Shortest uses fresh cooling water and dumps the heated cooling water.
• Since startup and shutdown times are long, it is most efficient to run the engine continuously.
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Stirling Engine Efficiency
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IC engines
• Proven technology• Integration with forced air
and water based heating systems
• Electrical output 1-6 kWelect• Large field trials in Japan
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Hybrid IC Sngle-Cylinder Engine – HE Condensing Furnace System
• Generate 1kW electric & 3.25/18kW thermal power (only heat –condensing)
• 50% of generated electricity was used to satisfy the house demand; the rest was exported to the grid
• Operated reliably and with high efficiency at CCHT for 4 weeks
• Second generation under development – modulating output and back up power + space/water heating
• Extremely quiet
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Hybrid ICE/HE Furnace System –CCHT Results
Cost of Heating System Operation
0
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Date and Time
Dai
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eatin
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/day
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Climate Energy SystemHigh Efficiency FurnaceTwo Stage Furnace Locked to HighOutdoor Temperature
Breakdown of Electrical Supply and Demand
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Date and Time
Elec
tric
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Wh/
day)
From Engine
From Grid
House Electrical Demand
Exported Electricity
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IC Micro-Cogen Aisin
• 6 Kw electric at 35% efficiency
• 10:1 turndown• Low NOx• Outdoor installation• Very long maintenance
interval
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Borehole Storage to Manage Excess Heat
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Micro-Cogen Integration
Micro-cogeneration technologies to supply space and water heating requirements, along with electricity at overall efficiencies of 90%
This potentially large (several million) distributed source would be a highly efficient way to reduce requirements for new large electricity generation with at least a 3-fold reduction in carbon emissions
Further coupling this with cost-effective borehole storage for heat and later extraction with a heat pump could further double the emissions reduction
Advanced, interactive smart controls are required to ensure optimally efficient energy generation and utilization within the residence and the grid
This is an important step on the road towards net-zero housing
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PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicleintegrated with house, micro-cogen and grid
PHEV feeding electricity back to grid during peak A/C demand
Micro-cogen unit
Micro-cogen system charging PHEV at night
Driving green and efficiently during day
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Seasonal Storage for Excess Heat with
Micro-turbine
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Thermophotovoltaics (TPV) & Thermoelectrics (TE)
• Ceramic, heated by flame with recirculation and evneO2 enrichment (membranes), becomes a highly luminous, tuned source, emitting light and generating electricity through a PV cell
• Self powered appliances• Cascading TPV and TE• Setting up commercial
prototype with client for water heating
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Balance of plant• To provide optimal
operational conditions for optimal combined heat and power generation
• To be generic and simple*• To minimize the MG
interruptions • To minimize water heater
burner operation (cycling)
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Vanadium-Redox Battery Energy Storage System (VRB-ESS)
• Canadian Manufacturer: VRB Power Systems Inc.
• First prototype unit shipped to customer site
• Specs: 3.3 kW max power output for 3 hours (10 kWh)
• Assess characteristics and performance
• Completed over 3000 hours and 120 full charge/discharge cycles at 60% depth of discharge
• No performance degradation observed so far
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Efficiency 20 % x 30%
Conventional Fluorescent Lighting
Overall efficiency = 6%
CO2 equiv effic = only 3% (coal-fired electicity)
“Efficient”Lighting
Coal-fired Electricity Generation
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Integrated GasLighting System
Eliminate need for electricity by generating light directly by burning natural gas in optimized visually-radiant burner as a central source in building
Distribute the light throughout the building by means of light pipes
Capture rest of heat for space/wtr htgCo-gen without electricity generation !
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Opportunities for Micro-CHP
• The preliminary results are very promising
• Special attention should be given to building integration
• A suitable thermal cooling will broader the application
• An optimal control strategy based on AI technologies should be developed
• High electrical efficiency is of little importance
• Exported electricity must have some value
• Virtual utilities• Effective for peak shaving
capabilities• Potential for retrofit and
combination with existing energy systems
• Incremental for high efficiency
• Combination with alternative generation systems
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Review of Objectives• Appreciate what micro-cogeneration is
• Understand the range of advanced micro-cogeneration technologies now impending on the North American marketplace
• Understand the potential energy, environmental and system advantages offered by micro-cogeneration
• See how you may have your own kw in your future.
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This is a technology whose time is coming quickly
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Microgen 2008
First International Conference and Workshopon
Micro-cogeneration Systems and ApplicationsApril 29-May 1, 2008
Ottawa, Canada
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For further information,
contact me (Skip Hayden)
Senior Research Scientist,D/S&T Director
Integrated Energy SystemsSBC, CETCO, NRCan
1 Haanel DriveOttawa, Canada K1A 1M1
tel: (613) 996 3186fax: (613) 992 9335
e-mail: [email protected]